Temperature and surface-ocean water balance of the mid-holocene tropical western pacific

Skeletal Sr/Ca and 18O/16O ratios in corals from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, indicate that the tropical ocean surface approximately 5350 years ago was 1 degrees C warmer and enriched in 18O by 0.5 per mil relative to modern seawater. The results suggest that the temperature increase enhanced the evaporative enrichment of 18O in seawater. Transport of part of the additional atmospheric water vapor to extratropical latitudes may have sustained the 18O/16O anomaly. The reduced glacial-Holocene shift in seawater 18O/16O ratio produced by the mid-Holocene 18O enrichment may help to reconcile the different temperature histories for the last deglaciation given by coral Sr/Ca thermometry and foraminiferal oxygen-isotope records.     

Radium-226 and radon-222: concentration in atlantic and pacific oceans

Measurements of radon-222 in seawater suggest the following. The radium-226 content of surface water in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans is uniformly close to about 4 x 10(-14) gram per liter. The deep Pacific has a concentration of radium-226 that is four times higher and the deep Atlantic a concentration twice as high as that of the surface. These distribution profiles can be explained by the same particle-settling rate for radium-226 from surface to depth for the two oceans and by a threefold longer residence time of water in the deep Pacific than in the deep Atlantic. The vertical distribution of the deficiency of radon-222 in the surface water of the northwest Pacific Ocean suggests a coefficient of vertical eddy diffusion as high as 120 square centimeters per second and a gas-exchange rate for carbon dioxide in surface water between 14 and 60 moles per square meter per year. Vertical profiles of the excess of radon-222 in near-bottom water of the South Atlantic give coefficients of vertical eddy diffusion ranging from 1.5 to more than 50 square centimeters per second.     

DNA 条形码在山茶属近缘植物鉴别中的应用

山茶属(Camellia)是山茶科(Theaceae)中物种丰富、经济效益较高的属.分类学上对山茶属的亚属、组以及种的划分争议较大,著名的3大山茶属植物分类系统分别由Sealy、张宏达和闵天禄提出.DNA条形码技术是指通过对植物基因组中的特定基因进行片段扩增、测序发现其碱基变化规律的技术手段,在分类学研究中显示出巨大的应用潜力.选取trnH-psbA和matK序列的通用引物,对山茶属不同植物基因组DNA进行扩增和序列测定,分别得到了ttrnH-psbA序列和marK序列各61条,山茶属matK序列相似度极高(98.40％),物种分辨率较低.trnH-psbA的属间物种分辨能力达到100％,而在山茶属内物种分辨率仅为13.11％.结果表明:trnH-psbA序列能够有效地区分不同属间的植物,但种间分类能力较弱.     

Paleoceanography of the tropical eastern pacific ocean

The East Pacific Barrier (EPB) is the most effective marine barrier to dispersal of tropical shallow-water fauna in the world today. The fossil record of corals in the eastern Pacific suggests this has been true throughout the Cenozoic. In the Cretaceous, the EPB was apparently less effective in limiting dispersal. Equatorial circulation in the Pacific then appears to have been primarily east to west and the existence of oceanic atolls (now drowned guyots) in the eastern Pacific probably aided dispersal. Similarly, in the middle and early Mesozoic and late Paleozoic, terranes in the central tropical Pacific likely served as stepping stones to dispersal of tropical shelf faunas, reducing the isolating effect of an otherwise wider Pacific Ocean (Panthalassa).     

Pleistocene climates in the atlantic and pacific oceans: a comparison based on deep-sea sediments

Comparison of Pleistocene climatic records defined by variations in abundance of planktonic Foraminifera in three cores from the southeastern Pacific with similar records in cores from the Atlantic suggests that times of warm surface water in this region of the Pacific were at least partly synchronous with times of cool water in the Altantic. This conclusion opposes the Milankovitch theory of the causation of ice ages, but it harmonizes with a modified form of Simpson's hypothesis.     

Pleistocene climates in the atlantic and pacific oceans: a reevaluated comparison based on deep-sea sediments

Variations of the Globorotalia menardii complex in cores from the Indian Ocean can be interpreted as indicating climatic changes that are opposite to trends exhibited by the total planktonic fauna. The questionable value of correlations between different water masses based on a single species can be shown by Neogloboquadrina dutertrei subcretacea in cores obtained off the coast of California and Baja California. This information, in addition to previous correlations between Quaternary cores of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, indicates that the Pleistocene history of the two oceans was parallel.     

rRNA基因间隔区序列用于亲缘关系密切的根瘤菌种群鉴定及系统发育分析

通过rRNA基因内转录间隔区的碱基序列分析,对中华根瘤菌属Sinorhizobium、慢生根瘤菌属Bradyrhizobium和中慢生根瘤菌属Mesorhizobium种间亲缘关系十分密切的菌株进行区分．结果表明,rRNA基因间隔区序列能很好地区分种间亲缘关系十分密切的菌株．用rRNA基因间隔区序列构建的系统发育树与rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树结果十分相似．     

灰茶尺蛾和小茶尺蠖两近缘种的生物学特性差异

灰茶尺蛾(Ectropis grisescens)和小茶尺蠖(Ectropis obliqua)外形极其相似,为近缘种,但其生物学特性的差异尚不明确。本文采用室内饲养观测的方法,比较了两近缘种各发育阶段在体长、体质量、发育历期及种群增长指数等方面的差异。结果表明,两近缘种在虫体发育的各个阶段,以高龄幼虫、蛹和成虫阶段的体长、体质量差异明显,灰茶尺蛾均显著高于小茶尺蠖;灰茶尺蛾的全世代发育历期为36.6 d,极显著短于小茶尺蠖39.7 d的发育历期;灰茶尺蛾的世代存活率为0.60,种群增长指数为58.1,而小茶尺蠖分别为0.28和24.9,灰茶尺蛾均极显著高于小茶尺蠖。分析认为,灰茶尺蛾比小茶尺蠖具有较大的虫体、较快的发育速率和较强的繁殖能力。     

菊花近缘种属植物抗蚜性机制研究

以高抗蚜虫材料‘黄金艾蒿’和不抗材料菊花脑为材料,比较分析两者叶片解剖结构及蚜虫接种对防御酶活性和基因表达量变化的影响。结果表明:高抗材料‘黄金艾蒿’栅栏组织厚度(77.3μm)、栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比(0.9)大于不抗材料菊花脑(57.3μm、0.4),而海绵组织厚度(93.6μm)和层数(2.9层)小于菊花脑(139.8μm、6.2层)。接种蚜虫后,2种材料叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)3种抗虫相关酶的活性及相关基因的表达量均有所提高,且高抗材料的上升速度比不抗材料快、幅度大,并在接种后期保持较高水平;2种材料的酶活性变化均比相对应的基因表达量变化滞后。抗感材料叶片解剖结构和蚜虫接种前后防御反应与抗虫水平相关,可以作为其苗期蚜虫抗性评价的指标。     

Oceanographic observations of the 1982 warming of the tropical eastern pacific

Moored current meter, sea level, hydrographic, and surface drifter measurements show the large changes that took place in the eastern tropical Pacific during the onset of the warm episode of 1982. In August the near-surface flow at 0 degrees , 110 degrees W reversed direction to eastward. By October the sea surface temperature in the equatorial zone increased by 5 degrees Celsius above the long-term monthly mean value, sea level rose by 22 centimeters at the Galápagos Islands, and the thermocline was displaced downward by 50 to 70 meters along the equator and the South American coast.     

Loss of a harvested fish species disrupts carbon flow in a diverse tropical river

Harvesting threatens many vertebrate species, yet few whole-system manipulations have been conducted to predict the consequences of vertebrate losses on ecosystem function. Here, we show that a harvested migratory detrital-feeding fish (Prochilodontidae: Prochilodus mariae) modulates carbon flow and ecosystem metabolism. Natural declines in and experimental removal of Prochilodus decreased downstream transport of organic carbon and increased primary production and respiration. Thus, besides its economic value, Prochilodus is a critical ecological component of South American rivers. Lack of functional redundancy for this species highlights the importance of individual species and, contrary to theory, suggests that losing one species from lower trophic levels can affect ecosystem functioning even in species-rich ecosystems.     

Temperature and size variabilities of the Western pacific warm pool

Variabilities in sea-surface temperature and size of the Western Pacific Warm Pool were tracked with 10 years of satellite multichannel sea-surface temperature observations from 1982 to 1991. The results show that both annual mean sea-surface temperature and the size of the warm pool increased from 1983 to 1987 and fluctuated after 1987. Possible causes of these variations include solar irradiance variabilities, EI Ni?o-Southern Oscillation events, volcanic activities, and global warming.     

Microsatellite characterization of closely related fine-wool sheep breeds

Nine fine-wool sheep breeds from Russia, Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan are analyzed with respect to 20 microsatellite genes. A high level of heterozygosity for each locus is shown. A low level of interbreed differentiation (θ = 1.9%) is established. A complex origin of the investigated Merino sheep breeds is shown genetically.     

Resource partitioning and sympatric differentiation among closely related bacterioplankton

Identifying ecologically differentiated populations within complex microbial communities remains challenging, yet is critical for interpreting the evolution and ecology of microbes in the wild. Here we describe spatial and temporal resource partitioning among Vibrionaceae strains coexisting in coastal bacterioplankton. A quantitative model (AdaptML) establishes the evolutionary history of ecological differentiation, thus revealing populations specific for seasons and life-styles (combinations of free-living, particle, or zooplankton associations). These ecological population boundaries frequently occur at deep phylogenetic levels (consistent with named species); however, recent and perhaps ongoing adaptive radiation is evident in Vibrio splendidus, which comprises numerous ecologically distinct populations at different levels of phylogenetic differentiation. Thus, environmental specialization may be an important correlate or even trigger of speciation among sympatric microbes.     

Climatic anomalies in the tropical pacific ocean and corn yields in the United States

The association between climatic anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean, often called El Ni?o events, and annual corn production in the United States was investigated. Temperature and atmospheric pressure in parts of the United States have been correlated with El Ni?o events. This research suggests that in years in which an El Ni?o event causes surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific to become warmer than normal, there is a higher probability of an above-average corn crop in the United States. For years when sea surface temperatures are average or cool, no significant association is observed.     

Controls on the preservation of biogenic opal in sediments of the eastern tropical pacific

A map of the preservation pattern of siliceous microfossils was constructed from an examination of 125 piston and gravity cores of Quaternary sediments from throughout the eastern tropical Pacific. Preservation is enhanced where high surface water productivity supplies a high input rate of siliceous tests to the sea floor, except in a large area north of 5 degrees N, east of the East Pacific Rise. Here a high input rate of terrigenous silicates may adversely affect preservation of biogenic opal in the sea-floor sediments.     

Hurricane disturbance and tropical tree species diversity

The debate over the maintenance of high diversity of tree species in tropical forests centers on the role of tree-fall gaps as a primary source of disturbance. Using a 10-year data series accumulated since Hurricane Joan struck the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua in 1988, we examined the pattern of species accumulation over time and with increased sampling of individuals. Our analysis shows that the pattern after a hurricane differs from the pattern after a simple tree-fall disturbance, and we conclude that pioneers are limited in large disturbances and thus do not suppress other species the way they do in smaller disturbances.     

Long-range atmospheric transport of soil dust from Asia to the tropical north pacific: temporal variability

The concentration of airborne soil dust at Enewetak Atoll(11 degrees N, 162 degrees E) in April 1979 was 2.3 micrograms per cubic meter but decreased steadily to 0.02 microgram per cubic meter over the next 5 months. The spring dust is probably derived from China; its deposition rate ( approximately 0.3 millimeter per 1000 years) suggests that it may be a significant contributor to the deep-sea sediments of the North Pacific.