中国近岸海域船舶压载水浮游植物特征分析

船舶压载水作为不同海域之间浮游植物传播的重要途径,可能会引发一系列生态风险。2015年4月到2016年7月选取停靠在上海洋山港且上一压载地为中国近岸海域的6艘船舶,分析船舶压载水浮游植物。共采集到浮游植物3门22种,包括硅藻门17种、甲藻门4种、金藻门1种,优势种为硅藻。其中渤海海域压载水浮游植物2门5种,包括硅藻门4种、甲藻门1种,丰度为9.66×10~2cells/L;黄海海域3门10种,包括硅藻门7种、甲藻门2种、金藻门1种,丰度为8.955×10~2cells/L;东海海域2门4种包括硅藻门3种、金藻门1种,丰度为6.83×10~2cells/L;南海海域2门11种包括硅藻门6种、甲藻门5种,丰度为22.915×10~2cells/L。调查发现到港船舶压载水中浮游植物与其压载地的浮游植物间存在差异,压载水中浮游植物种类组成可能受压载地当地受气团、季节等因素影响。压载水中少量物种为传入其他海区的外来物种或其它海区的赤潮种。     

Carbon dioxide in the ocean surface: the homogeneous buffer factor

The amount of carbon dioxide that can be dissolved in surface seawater depends at least partially on the homogeneous buffer factor, which is a mathematical function of the chemical equilibrium conditions among the various dissolved inorganic species. Because these equilibria are well known, the homogeneous buffer factor is well known. Natural spatial variations depend very systematically on sea surface temperatures, and do not contribute significantly to uncertainties in the present or future carbon dioxide budget.     

Calcium Carbonate: Factors Affecting Saturation in Ocean Waters off Bermuda

Bermuda marine waters are not in equilibrium with the bulk carbonate sediments with which they are in contact, and they are supersaturated with respect to pure calcite. This apparent supersaturation seems to result from a metastable equilibrium between sea water and the most soluble solid phase available locally in excess.     

Linking Earth, Ocean, and Air at the AGU

December's annual fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union presented another opportunity for specialists in everything from air pollution to the origin of Earth to immerse themselves in their narrow disciplines as well as cross into related areas. Overlap between disciplines can be peripheral but interesting, as in the examples below. The amount of salt in surface water can influence ocean circulation and thus climate, and water passing from the crust through sediments into the ocean can help control the concentration and composition of seawater salts.     

Antarctic timing of surface water changes off Chile and Patagonian ice sheet response

Marine sediments from the Chilean continental margin are used to infer millennial-scale changes in southeast Pacific surface ocean water properties and Patagonian ice sheet extent since the last glacial period. Our data show a clear "Antarctic" timing of sea surface temperature changes, which appear systematically linked to meridional displacements in sea ice, westerly winds, and the circumpolar current system. Proxy data for ice sheet changes show a similar pattern as oceanographic variations offshore, but reveal a variable glacier-response time of up to approximately 1000 years, which may explain some of the current discrepancies among terrestrial records in southern South America.     

南极普里兹湾关键物理海洋学问题研究进展及未来趋势

南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域关键物理海洋学问题包括水团特性、环流特征和冰架 海洋 海冰相互作用过程等。该海域水团可以分为南极表层水、绕极深层水、南极底层水、南极陆架水和南极冰架水等,受外部条件影响,这些水团时空变化显著。普里兹湾区域的环流以普里兹湾流涡,西向的沿岸流和东向的绕极流,以及两者之间的南极辐散带的环流为主要特征,地形是环流特征的关键影响因素。埃默里冰架 海洋的相互作用过程显著影响普里兹湾海域的水团特性和环流状况。冰泵机制,是埃默里冰架外海水进入冰穴,并引起冰架底部消融和冻结的重要原因。冰架 海洋 海冰相互作用形成的低温高盐水,是普里兹湾形成南极底层水的潜在因素之一。加强现场观测,并建立高分辨率的冰架 海洋 海冰耦合模型系统是研究普里兹湾海域物理海洋学关键过程和变化机制的重要手段,是南极研究的发展趋势。     

On Pleistocene Surface Temperatures of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans

Two additional interpretations are given for the important data of D. B. Ericson on the correlation of coiling directions of Globigerina pachyderma in late Pleistocene North Atlantic sediments with ocean surface temperatures. One interpretation relates the distribution of this species to the distribution and circulation of ocean water masses. On the basis of our ice-age theory, our second interpretation uses the data and correlations of Ericson to establish temperature limits of a thermal node, a line on which glacial and interglacial temperatures were equal, for the North Atlantic Ocean. This line crosses the strait between Greenland and Scandinavia. Further, Ericson's interpretation of the 7.2 degrees C isotherm implies that the glacial-stage surface waters of the Arctic Ocean were between 0 degrees and 3.5 degrees C.     

黄河河口生态需水量研究

【目的】针对黄河入海口流量减少导致的河口生态环境破坏、生物多样性降低和生态系统退化问题,研究确定黄河口的生态需水量,为黄河口的生态系统平衡和环境改善、生物多样性维护及生态稳定提供参考。【方法】在分析历史文献和调查资料的基础上,进行关键物种的识别,确定食物网中优先保护的序列;分析河口生态系统的限制因子,建立入海径流量与近岸海洋站盐度之间的相关关系;根据优先保护物种的关键生命阶段,用相关分析方法计算黄河河口近海海域不同时期的入海流量和径流量。【结果】在近海生态系统中,鱼类是关键物种,鳀和黄鲫为优先保护物种。盐度为河口及附近海域生态系统的限制因子,鳀和黄鲫的优先保护生命阶段为4月、5-6月和7-10月3个阶段,盐度分别为27～31,28～32和27～31。根据黄河入海径流量与盐度的相关关系,确定黄河河口生态需水量约为124亿m³。【结论】关键种和关键性指数能够用于生态系统结构比较复杂的河口及附近海域优先保护生物类别的选择,根据关键种占优势的种类以及限制因子盐度,可以计算渤海河口及附近海域的盐度阈值,进而可以确定黄河入海径流量。     

Globorotalia truncatulinoides as a Paleo-oceanographic Index

In Recent surface sediments of the ocean floor Globorotalia truncatulinoides (d'Orbigny) grades from highly conical forms in tropical areas to rather compressed forms in cold-water areas. An interdependence exists between temperature of the surface water and form ratios as defined by mean ratio of width to height and mean ratio of width to the height from keel to ventral extremity. Values of these ratios serve to identify various water masses and thus constitute a potentially useful method in determining paleo-temperatures in Quaternary marine sediments. Subpolar populations, as end members of the cline, are found only in the Southern Hemisphere.     

Chemical waves

Spatial structures may occur in nonlinear systems far from equilibrium. Chemical waves, which are concentration variations of chemical species propagating in a system, are an example of such structures. A survey is given of some experiments on chemical waves by spectroscopic and microphotographic techniques, arranged according to different types of waves, different geometries, and various properties.     

Assessment of oceanic productivity with the triple-isotope composition of dissolved oxygen

Plant production in the sea is a primary mechanism of global oxygen formation and carbon fixation. For this reason, and also because the ocean is a major sink for fossil fuel carbon dioxide, much attention has been given to estimating marine primary production. Here, we describe an approach for estimating production of photosynthetic oxygen, based on the isotopic composition of dissolved oxygen of seawater. This method allows the estimation of integrated oceanic productivity on a time scale of weeks.     

Interstitial nitrate profiles and oxidation of sedimentary organic matter in the eastern equatorial atlantic

Pore-water nitrate concentrations in six pelagic eastern equatorial Atlantic cores increase from bottom water values (22 micromolar) to 40 micromolar at a depth of about 5 centimeters, then decrease to undetectable levels at depths as shallow as 40 centimeters. These nitrate concentrations and concentration gradients reflect zones of oxygen reduction, nitrate reduction, and sulfate reduction in the sediments. The estimated benthic flux of nitrate to the ocean from our data is much less than the total globalflux of nitrate to deep waters, even though these equatorial sediments underlie a productive upwelling zone. The estimated denitrification rate in our study area suggests that pelagic sediments may be important sites of marine denitrification.     

不同初始磷浓度下湖泊沉积物对磷吸附的动力学特征

通过选取自然湖泊梅梁湾和人工湖泊华家池2个湖泊的沉积物,研究不同初始磷浓度(C0)对沉积物磷吸附动力学的影响以及2种沉积物磷吸附动力学的类型.结果表明:1)梅梁湾沉积物对磷的吸附量大,吸附过程明显分为快、慢吸附2个阶段,华家池沉积物对磷的吸附过程较慢且吸附量小;2)梅梁湾与华家池沉积物零净吸附磷浓度(EPC0)分别为0.03和0.42mg爛L-1,当C0相似文献   

The ocean: a natural source of carbon monoxide

The surface waters of the western Atlantic are supersaturated with respect to the partial pressure of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Under these conditions, the net transport of carbon monoxide across the air-sea interface must be from the sea into the atmosphere. Thus, the ocean appears to act as a source of carbon monoxide. The ocean may be the largest known natural source of this gas, contributing possibly as much as 5 percent of the amount generated by burning of fuels by man.     

高蛋白酶活性的地衣芽孢杆菌热带菌种的筛选与鉴定

从海南省文昌市、海口市的海水养殖池和天然海域中采集的海水与底泥样品中分离和筛选出13株具有高蛋白酶活性的地衣芽孢杆菌菌株,经菌落形态观察、标准生理生化分析和16S rDNA测序,确定获得的菌株均为野生型热带种地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）。     

Oxygen-18 variations in sulfate ions in sea water and saline lakes

A new method measures the oxygen-isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate ions and barium sulfate. Sulfate ions in the oceans are enriched in oxygen-18 by 9.5 per mille relative to mean ocean water and show only minor variations, probably because the exchange rate with water is slow enough to prevent local equilibrium with surface waters. Sulfate ions in saline lakes and brines have oxygen-18 enrichment of from 7 to 23 per mille relative to mean ocean water;the value of the highest enrichment observed is about the same as that of atmospheric oxygen.     

Ridge spreading, subduction, and sea level fluctuations

A numerical model of mantle convection shows that sea level fluctuations are not simply associated with temporal changes in ocean c plate spreading. In the dynamic model, sea level rises rapidly and then falls toward a steady value (but one still higher than the initial) following increased ridge spreading; this time dependence results from profound changes in the deep thermal structure under ocean and continent. The use of past variations in oceanic spreading to infer sea level fluctuations is called into question. With more realistic models and better continental stratigraphy, constraints may be placed on the viscosity structure of the mantle.     

鲸落生态研究进展与展望

鲸落是指须鲸（Balaenoptera）和抹香鲸（Physeter macrocephalus）等大型鲸类死亡后,尸体沉入海底,形成的一个长期以鲸尸为营养源的生态系统。鲸落研究始于1987年,迄今已经积累了一些生态认识,对这些认识的梳理将为我国即将兴起的鲸落研究提供借鉴。鲸落的演替可分为移动清道夫、机会主义者、化能自养和礁岩阶段,促进、耐受和抑制作用是推动不同阶段演替的主要生态因子,而水深、水温和地理位置对各演化阶段的物种组成和群落结构具有重要影响。目前尚未在移动清道夫阶段发现鲸落专性物种,但已经在机会主义者和化能自养阶段发现了包括食骨虫在内的129种专性物种,这些物种通过洋流将生活史早期产生的浮游幼虫在鲸落间进行扩散。基于全球大型鲸类种群数量和死亡率,有学者粗略估算出相邻且演化阶段相同鲸落的平均距离为5～16 km,这些鲸落随机散布于各大洋海底,可为生物在位置固定、区域距离较远的冷热泉间扩散提供垫脚石,共同维持深海生物多样性水平。有研究认为,捕鲸业对大型鲸类的大肆捕杀导致全球鲸落减少了65%～90%,这已引起深海物种生物多样性水平的严重下降甚至大规模灭绝。鲸落研究极具挑战性,无论探测自然鲸落还是人工植入鲸落都要求配备高性能潜水器和具备熟练深潜作业能力,是一个国家对深海探索能力和综合海洋科技水平的体现。根据国际鲸落研究进展和我国深海探测技术现状,提出我国鲸落研究应充分利用区域优势、聚焦共性科学问题和注重新技术应用的建议。     

Molybdenum isotope evidence for widespread anoxia in mid-Proterozoic oceans

How much dissolved oxygen was present in the mid-Proterozoic oceans between 1.8 and 1.0 billion years ago is debated vigorously. One model argues for oxygenation of the oceans soon after the initial rise of atmospheric oxygen approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Recent evidence for H(2)S in some mid-Proterozoic marine basins suggests, however, that the deep ocean remained anoxic until much later. New molybdenum isotope data from modern and ancient sediments indicate expanded anoxia during the mid-Proterozoic compared to the present-day ocean. Consequently, oxygenation of the deep oceans may have lagged that of the atmosphere by over a billion years.     

Major role of the cyanobacterium trichodesmium in nutrient cycling in the north atlantic ocean

The diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is a large (about 0.5 by 3 millimeters) phytoplankter that is common in tropical open-ocean waters. Measurements of abundance, plus a review of earlier observations, indicate that it, rather than the picophytoplankton, is the most important primary producer (about 165 milligrams of carbon per square meter per day) in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium introduces the largest fraction of new nitrogen to the euphotic zone, approximately 30 milligrams of nitrogen per square meter per day, a value exceeding the estimated flux of nitrate across the thermocline. Inclusion of this organism, plus the abundant diazotrophic endosymbiont Richelia intracellularis that is present in some large diatoms, in biogeochemical studies of carbon and nitrogen may help explain the disparity between various methods of measuring productivity in the oligotrophic ocean. Carbon and nitrogen fixation by these large phytoplankters also introduces a new paradigm in the biogeochemistry of these elements in the sea.