Ultraviolet spectrometer observations of uranus

Data from solar and stellar occultations of Uranus indicate a temperature of about 750 kelvins in the upper levels of the atmosphere (composed mostly of atomic and molecular hydrogen) and define the distributions of methane and acetylene in the lower levels. The ultraviolet spectrum of the sunlit hemisphere is dominated by emissions from atomic and molecular hydrogen, which are kmown as electroglow emissions. The energy source for these emissions is unknown, but the spectrum implies excitation by low-energy electrons (modeled with a 3-electron-volt Maxwellian energy distribution). The major energy sink for the electrons is dissociation of molecular hydrogen, producing hydrogen atoms at a rate of 10(29) per second. Approximately half the atoms have energies higher than the escape energy. The high temperature of the atmosphere, the small size of Uranus, and the number density of hydrogen atoms in the thermosphere imply an extensive thermal hydrogen corona that reduces the orbital lifetime of ring particles and biases the size distribution toward larger particles. This corona is augmented by the nonthermal hydrogen atoms associated with the electroglow. An aurora near the magnetic pole in the dark hemisphere arises from excitation of molecular hydrogen at the level where its vertical column abundance is about 10(20) per square centimeter with input power comparable to that of the sunlit electroglow (approximately 2x10(11) watts). An initial estimate of the acetylene volume mixing ratio, as judged from measurements of the far ultraviolet albedo, is about 2 x 10(-7) at a vertical column abundance of molecular hydrogen of 10(23) per square centimeter (pressure, approximately 0.3 millibar). Carbon emissions from the Uranian atmosphere were also detected.     

Detection of molecular oxygen on Mars

Molecular oxygen was detected in martian spectra near 7635 angstroms and its abundance measured both during and after the 1971 dust storm. Its column abundance in the clear martian atmosphere is about 10.4 +/- 1.0 centimeters amagat, giving a mixing ratio of molecular oxygen to carbon dioxide of 1.3 x 10-(3). The mixing ratio of molecular oxygen to carbon monoxide (1.4 +/- 0.3) is quite different from the value of 0.5 that would result from the photolysis of a pure carbon dioxide atmosphere, which indicates that there is or was a net source of oxygen relative to carbon (probably water) in the martian atmosphere.     

The photosynthetic unit of hydrogen evolution

A study of the absolute photoproduction of hydrogen by autotrophically grown Chlorella vulgaris with single-turnover flashes of light indicates that (i) while the Emerson and Arnold photosynthetic unit has the value chlorophyll: oxygen approximately 1700 : 1, the hydrogen analog of this unit has the value chlorophyll: hydrogen approximately 1400 : 1, and (ii) whereas the yield of oxygen from dark-adapted algal cells is zero on the first flash and then undergoes damped oscillations of period 4 about the steady-state value, the corresponding yield of hydrogen is fixed at the steady-state value from the first flash onward. These observations suggest that in the molecular mechanism of photosynthetic hydrogen evolution (i) the light reaction is at least 60 percent as efficient as the corresponding oxygen evolution reaction as measured by the ability to utilize absorbed visible quanta, and (ii) there are no sequential, photoproduced, metastable intermediates as there are in the case of oxygen evolution. Therefore, a minimum of two reducing equivalents from two different photosystems must have access to a common pool in producing molecular hydrogen if these photosystems each produce one electron per single-turnover flash.     

Spectroscopic detection of stratospheric hydrogen cyanide

A number of features have been identified as absorption lines of hydrogen cyanide in infrared spectra of stratospheric absorption obtained from a high-altitude aircraft. Column amounts of stratospheric hydrogen cyanide have been derived from spectra recorded on eight flights. The average vertical column amount above 12 kilometers is 7.1 +/- 0.8 x 10(14) molecules per square centimeter, corresponding to an average mixing ratio of 170 parts per trillion by volume.     

基于CFD两级注入式射流混合器设计与试验研究

为解决射流混合器混合比小且不精确的问题,设计了一种两级注入式射流混合器。采用计算流体力学方法对两级注入式射流混合器内部的药水流动特性进行数值模拟。根据文丘里管的设计标准,借助CFD模拟计算不同喷嘴直径,获得最佳混合的喷嘴直径分别为9和21 mm。利用四因素四水平仿真设计,探究了喉管长度、扩收管短轴长度和扩散管角度对混合器出口面均匀度的影响。模拟结果表明,在一级喉管长度45 mm、 二级喉管长度80 mm、一级射流扩收管短轴长度26 mm、二级射流扩散管角度7°时,变异系数最小,混合均匀度最佳。进一步仿真分析了不同混药比对混合器混合变异系数的影响,得出两级混合器可以在不同的混合比下达到相同混合效果。根据优化仿真结果,选取不同的流量与混药比对混合器进行对比试验,结果表明,同一混合比的试验值与实际值的最大误差为3.5%,且混合变异系数均在0.041 2以下,证明混合器在300∶1~3 000∶1时,均能达到较好的混合效果。同一混合比的模拟值与试验值的最大误差为12.1%,证明两级注入式射流混合器符合设计需求。     

A hydrogen-rich early Earth atmosphere

We show that the escape of hydrogen from early Earth's atmosphere likely occurred at rates slower by two orders of magnitude than previously thought. The balance between slow hydrogen escape and volcanic outgassing could have maintained a hydrogen mixing ratio of more than 30%. The production of prebiotic organic compounds in such an atmosphere would have been more efficient than either exogenous delivery or synthesis in hydrothermal systems. The organic soup in the oceans and ponds on early Earth would have been a more favorable place for the origin of life than previously thought.     

Multiplex spectroscopy: determining the transition moments and absolute concentrations of molecular species

A procedure is described that uses two spectroscopic techniques, absorption and infrared degenerate four-wave mixing, in tandem (multiplex) to measure the transition dipole moments and absolute concentrations of molecular species in situ. The method is demonstrated by the measurement of the relative transition moments and concentrations of two dissimilar sample gas components, hydrogen chloride and nitrogen dioxide, but is applicable to a wide variety of molecules and, thus, can provide new information for transient molecular species. Further, difficulties in obtaining quantitative information through techniques such as laser-induced fluorescence, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, and degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopies can be overcome when a multiplex approach is used.     

造纸黑液与玉米秸秆堆肥实验

[目的]开发利用玉米秸秆资源,解决造纸黑液对环境的污染问题。[方法]通过用不同方法使玉米秸秆与造纸黑液混合发酵,对其混合的比例、发酵时间、pH值、玉米秸秆粉的细度等因素进行研究,确定混合发酵的最佳配比、最佳中和时间和最佳发酵条件。[结果]造纸黑液与玉米秸秆混合发酵的最佳条件为:将玉米秸秆与水按质量比1∶1混合在常温隔绝空气的条件下发酵4周,然后将造纸黑液与所得的玉米秆发酵产物按质量比15∶1混合在常温隔绝空气的条件下发酵4周,可得到pH值在6.0~7.0富含腐殖酸的有机绿肥。[结论]该研究对有效利用玉米秸秆资源和治理环境污染具有重要意义。     

Deuterium on Mars: The Abundance of HDO and the Value of D/H

Deuterium on Mars has been detected by the resolution of several Doppler-shifted lines ofHDO near 3.7 micrometers in the planet's spectrum. The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen is (9 +/- 4) x 10(-4); the abundance of H(2)0 was derived from lines near 1.1 micrometers. This ratio is enriched on Mars over the teiluric value by a factor of6 +/- 3. The enrichment implies that hydrogen escaped more rapidly from Mars in the past than it does now, consistent with a dense and warm ancient atmosphere on the planet.     

油茶壳活性炭的制备及其吸附性能研究

[目的]制备油茶壳活性炭,并对其吸附性能进行研究。[方法]以油茶壳为原料,通过磷酸活化法制备油茶壳活性炭,考察磷酸浓度、浸渍比、活化温度、活化时间对活性炭的得率和吸附性能的影响;并对制得的活性炭结构进行表征。[结果]当磷酸浓度为70%,浸渍比为1∶3,活化温度为600℃,活化时间为90 min时,活性炭得率可达34%以上;碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值分别大于1 000、150mg/g;所得活性炭结构以微孔为主,且富含一定比例的中孔,孔径分布相对集中在1.4～5.0 nm。[结论]该研究为油茶壳的综合利用提供了新的途径。     

Was venus wet? Deuterium reconsidered

The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen on Venus has been accepted as proof of a wetter, more Earth-like past on that planet. However, the present-day water abundance and the nonthermal hydrogen escape flux on Venus imply that hydrogen is in a steady state and that a hydrogen source, most likely cometary infall, is present. An alternative interpretation of the D/H ratio is offered, in which the measured value is consistent with a steady-state evolution over the age of the solar system. No past water excess is required to explain the isotopic data.     

超声波对肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶化学作用力与保水性的影响

【目的】研究超声波对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶化学作用力与保水性的影响,并探讨化学作用力与保水性之间的内在联系。【方法】取活AA鸡屠宰,提取肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar proteins,MP),用不同超声时间处理MP并制成热诱导凝胶,运用凝胶中总巯基含量的变化来反应二硫键的形成;凝胶的表面疏水性S0和Zeta电位值来表征疏水作用力和静电斥力;用拉曼光谱的I850/I830比值大小反映凝胶氢键的变化;凝胶保水性用高速离心机测定。【结果】超声波处理0—6 min时,MP凝胶的总巯基含量随时间的增加而减少,活性巯基含量显著增加;处理6—15 min时,MP凝胶的总巯基以及活性巯基均随时间延长而显著减少,而对MP原料进行同样处理时,处理时间在0—6 min内,MP总巯基和活性巯基变化趋势与MP凝胶相同;超过9 min后,活性巯基和总巯基没有显著变化,且二者含量逐渐接近。表明短时间超声波处理促进了MP分子内部巯基转变成二硫键,长时间超声波处理和加热成胶的共同作用促进了活性巯基转变成二硫键。MP凝胶的表面疏水性先随超声时间延长从1 194.1显著上升到1 489.5(6 min),随后逐渐降至1 230.8,表明超声波产生的空穴效应能够使MP分子内部疏水基团暴露到分子表面,但超过6 min后,增加的蛋白表面疏水性又被包裹在凝胶网络中。MP凝胶的Zeta电位绝对值随超声时间的增加从6.03显著增加到7.68(P0.05),超过6 min后显著减少,表明超声波处理使MP分子逐渐展开,蛋白质分子间静电作用增强,但过度展开后对其形成凝胶的静电作用力不利。适度的超声时间(0—6 min)使MP凝胶的归一化强度I850/I830比值从0.9805增加至1.023(P0.05),表明MP与水分子形成的"蛋白-水分子"氢键增多,6 min过后比值减少,蛋白与水分子之间的氢键减弱;超声波处理0—6 min后的MP凝胶保水性从47.5899%快速升至72.9855%(6 min)(P0.05),之后随时间延长,凝胶的保水性减少至44.356%。相关性分析结果表明,保水性与总巯基的相关性不大(P0.05),与活性巯基显著相关(P0.05),与表面疏水性、电位绝对值和氢键都极显著相关(P0.01)。【结论】超声波显著影响肌原纤维蛋白凝胶化学作用力与保水性;疏水作用力、静电斥力和氢键是决定保水性的主要作用力,而二硫键次之;超声波处理时间为6 min时为最优条件,在此条件下,凝胶的疏水作用力、氢键和静电斥力均达到最大,致使凝胶网络结构均匀致密,能最大限度的保留水分。     

基于氢稳定同位素技术对中国地区红脂大小蠹溯源追踪的可行性分析

红脂大小蠹是一种外来蛀干类害虫，它可以通过自然传播和人为传播途径进行远距离扩散。目前最为有效的防治手段就是及时进行监测和预警，但是由于缺乏快速追踪和溯源的手段，使得防治工作变得困难。  目的  基于氢稳定同位素溯源技术，建立可用于追踪中国地区红脂大小蠹的溯源模型。  方法  从全球降水氢同位素数据库中下载中国地区的栅格数据，利用ArcGIS 10.4.1构建中国大陆地区降水氢同位素区划图（坐标系统为Beijing 1954）。在5个样地累计诱捕红脂大小蠹成虫153头，利用稳定同位素质谱仪和元素分析仪测定样品的氢稳定同位素比值（δ2H）。利用R软件构建红脂大小蠹与降水δ2H值的标准曲线方程。  结果  通过中国大陆地区降水氢同位素区划图得出:在东部季风区，降水δ2H值呈现出区域性变化，并大致表现为从东南向西北递减的梯度变化。5个样地的红脂大小蠹的δ2H值之间具有显著性差异。红脂大小蠹与降水的δ2H值呈正相关关系，并基于试验数据建立线性回归方程式:y = 3.166x + 86.050，经t检验、F检验、R2检验以及残差检验证明模型的显著性和匹配度都很高。  结论  红脂大小蠹的δ2H值与其生境中的降水δ2H值呈现出高度相关的线性关系，且降水δ2H值在红脂大小蠹分布区具有可用于判别的规律。因此，基于本试验的数学模型可以实现中国地区红脂大小蠹的溯源追踪。      

Thermal spectrum of uranus: implications for large helium abundance

An analysis of the infrared spectrum of Uranus' disk between 7 micrometers and 3 millimeters suggests a volume mixing ratio for helium in the atmosphere of 40 +/- 20 percent, more than for the sun, Jupiter, or Saturn. Alternative explanations require even more extreme assumptions regarding gas abundances or aerosol vertical distribution and spectral properties. The most serious difficulty with a model containing large amounts of helium is devising a credible evolutionary or chemical model explaining the absence or segregation of so much hydrogen.     

Use of two-stage dough mixing process in improving water distribution of dough and qualities of bread made from wheat–potato flour

The two-stage dough mixing process was innovated to improve the qualities of bread made from potato flour (PF) and wheat flour at a ratio of 1:1 (w/w). The final dough was first prepared from wheat flour before being added with PF. The effects of the method on enhancing the dough qualities were verified, and the distribution of water in gluten-gelatinized starch matrix of the doughs was investigated. We observed that the bread qualities were improved, as reflected by the increase of specific volume from 2.26 to 2.96 mL g^–1 and the decrease of crumb hardness from 417.93 to 255.57 g. The results from rheofermentometric measurements showed that the dough mixed using the developed mixing method had higher maximum dough height value, time of dough porosity appearance, and gas retention coefficient, as well as enhanced gluten matrix formation compared to that mixed by the traditional mixing method. The results from low-field nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed that the competitive water absorption between gluten and gelatinized starch could restrict the formation of gluten network in the dough mixed using the traditional mixing process. Using the novel mixing method, gluten could be sufficiently hydrated in stage 1, which could then weaken the competitive water absorption caused by gelatinized starch in stage 2; this could also be indicated by the greater mobility of proton in PF and better development of gluten network during mixing.     

冬播麦区Glu-1和Glu-3位点变异及1B/1R易位与小麦加工品质性状的关系

 贮藏蛋白组成是决定小麦加工品质的重要因素。本文调查了我国冬播麦区251份主栽品种和高代品系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）和1B/1R易位的分布状况，研究了它们与加工品质性状的关系。结果表明，品质较差的HMW-GS N、7+9、2+12和LMW-GS Glu-A3a与Glu-B3j（1B/1R易位）在冬播麦区分布较广，频率分别为39.4%、45.0%、59.8%、37.1%和44.6%。HMW-GS和LMW-GS等位变异对籽粒蛋白质含量影响较小，对SDS沉降值、和面时间与耐揉性的加性和互作效应达1%的显著水平。按位点对加工品质性状的贡献大小，Glu-D1>Glu-B3>Glu-B1>Glu-A3>Glu-A1；就单个亚基而言，Glu-A1位点，1>2*>N；Glu-B1位点，7+8>14+15>7+9；Glu-D1位点，5+10>4+12>2+12；Glu-A3位点，Glu-A3d>Glu-A3a>Glu-A3c>Glu-A3e，Glu-B3位点； Glu-B3d>Glu-B3b>Glu-B3f >Glu-B3j。1B/1R易位对SDS沉降值、和面时间和耐揉性等加工品质性状有显著负面效应。通过选择优质高低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基和淘汰1B/1R易位系，将有助于提高我国小麦的面筋质量。     

铁屑-炭粒微电解法处理模拟有机废水研究

以废铁屑和活性炭制作了微电解反应器,对铁屑-炭粒微电解法处理含甲基橙和苯酚的模拟有机废水试验的效率和影响因素,得到了铁炭微电解处理模拟有机废水的最佳条件。结果表明,废水pH值、铁炭混合比、处理时间、废水矿化度等因素对铁炭微电解法去除废水COD和色度有显著影响,在最佳条件废水pH为3．0,处理时间为70min,铁炭质量比为6：1,CaCl2加量为3．0g／L下处理模拟有机废水,COD去除率为72．5％;脱色率为98％。因此,微电解法可作为有机废水有效的预处理方式。     

酸奶中添加DHA微胶囊发酵工艺的优化

[目的]优化添加微胶囊的酸奶发酵工艺,为微胶囊型功能性酸奶的开发提供技术支持。[方法]考察了影响酸奶发酵品质的接菌量、发酵温度、微胶囊与牛奶混合比例、菌种比例等因素,通过酸奶发酵过程中的酸度指标与感官评定分值对产品进行评判。[结果]确定了添加二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)微胶囊的酸奶最佳工艺条件为接菌量3%,发酵温度42℃,微胶囊与鲜乳混合比例在0.10 g/mL,菌种配比为1∶1。[结论]试验所得到工艺适合添加微胶囊酸奶的工业化生产,在实际生产中有一定的推广应用价值。     

Titan: discovery of carbon monoxide in its atmosphere

The 3-0 rotation-vibration band of carbon monoxide in the near-infrared spectrum of Titan has been identified, and a reflecting layer model mixing ratio of carbon monoxide to molecular nitrogen of 6 x 10(-5) has been determined. This result supports the probable detection of carbon dioxide by Samuelson and his co-workers and strengthens possible analogies between the atmosphere of Titan and conditions on primitive Earth.     

Sign Change of Poisson's Ratio for Carbon Nanotube Sheets

Most materials shrink laterally like a rubber band when stretched, so their Poisson's ratios are positive. Likewise, most materials contract in all directions when hydrostatically compressed and decrease density when stretched, so they have positive linear compressibilities. We found that the in-plane Poisson's ratio of carbon nanotube sheets (buckypaper) can be tuned from positive to negative by mixing single-walled and multiwalled nanotubes. Density-normalized sheet toughness, strength, and modulus were substantially increased by this mixing. A simple model predicts the sign and magnitude of Poisson's ratio for buckypaper from the relative ease of nanofiber bending and stretch, and explains why the Poisson's ratios of ordinary writing paper are positive and much larger. Theory also explains why the negative in-plane Poisson's ratio is associated with a large positive Poisson's ratio for the sheet thickness, and predicts that hydrostatic compression can produce biaxial sheet expansion. This tunability of Poisson's ratio can be exploited in the design of sheet-derived composites, artificial muscles, gaskets, and chemical and mechanical sensors.