利用核心简单重复序列(SSR)标记分析无籽西瓜品种的DNA指纹及遗传多样性

为构建无籽西瓜品种的DNA指纹,实现无籽西瓜品种的快速准确鉴定,客观评价品种的遗传多样性,本研究利用核心SSR标记对我国54份无籽西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)主栽品种进行了分析。结果显示,23对多态性引物共扩增出63种基因型,基因型数2～5个不等,平均2.74个;平均多态性信息量(PIC)为0.39,变化范围为0.04～0.67,有5个品种具有特征谱带;54个品种遗传相似系数变化范围为0.643 9～1.0,平均0.859 3,参试品种具有较高的遗传相似性;组合23对引物,除无法区分雪峰花皮无籽与郑抗无籽1号、郑抗新1号与广西3号、黒宝无籽与桂冠1号,其余品种均能一一区分开,利用PIC0.4的10对引物构建了5份主要参试品种的DNA标准指纹图谱;采用类平均法进行聚类分析,在相似系数0.82处,可将54个品种分为7大类。本研究建立了参试品种的标准DNA指纹图谱,为我国无籽西瓜品种的真实性鉴定和知识产权保护提供了技术基础。     

中国姜品种遗传多样性的研究与应用

利用RAPD技术对20个姜(Zingiber officinale)品种进行了遗传多样性的研究。从200多个引物中筛选出25个有效引物，共扩增出171条DNA带，其大小分布在100~3 500 bp之间，其中111条为多态性，约占总数的64.91%，平均每个引物的扩增带为6.8条。利用25个有效引物扩增的DNA带数计算出品种间的J系数，并进行UPGMA聚类分析，在此基础上，建立了中国姜品种亲缘关系系统树。在相似性系数0.67处，20个品种分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ类。Ⅰ类可分为A、B和C组；Ⅳ类可分为D和E组。其中，A组可再分为A1和A2亚组；B组可再分B1和B2亚组。各亚组内相似性系数较大，表明它们之间的亲缘关系较近，但也存在着一定的差异。     

应用RAMP标记研究黑麦属遗传多样性*

对黑麦属(Secale L．)10个野生居群和11个栽培居群共21份材料进行了RAMP(random amplified microsatellite polymorphism)标记分析，结果表明，被测材料间RAMP标记多态性较高。80个：RAMP引物中，有41个引物(占50．5％)可扩增出清晰且具多态性的条带。这41个引物共扩增出445条带，其中428条(占95．9％)具有多态性，每个引物可扩增出3—19条多态性带，平均10．4条。RAMP标记遗传相似性系数(GS)变异范围为0．266-0．658，平均值为0．449。RAMP标记可将所有21份黑麦材料完全区分开，聚类结果与材料的地理分布有一定关系，但与黑麦属传统的系统分类体系存在明显差异。据此认为，RAMP标记可以有效地评价黑麦属植物的遗传多样性，并为其物种亲缘关系的界定提供信息。     

姜品种遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对20个姜(Zingiberofficinale)品种进行了遗传多样性的研究。从200多个引物中筛选出25个有效引物,共扩增出171条DNA带,其大小分布在100￣3500bp之间,其中111条为多态性,约占总数的64.91%,平均每个引物的扩增带为6.8条。利用25个有效引物扩增的DNA带数计算出品种间的J系数,并进行UPGMA聚类分析,在此基础上,建立了中国姜品种亲缘关系系统树。在相似性系数0.67处,20个品种分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ类。Ⅰ类可分为A、B和C组;Ⅳ类可分为D和E组。其中,A组可再分为A1和A2亚组;B组可再分B1和B2亚组。各亚组内相似性系数较大,表明它们之间的亲缘关系较近,但也存在着一定的差异。     

杨梅不同品种的ISSR分析

利用ISSR－PCR方法对杨酶（Myrica rubra Sieb.et Zucc．)。植物的7个品种2个无性系进行了基因组多态性分析。选用11个引物扩增出116个DNA片段，其中48个片段呈现多态性，占总扩增片段的41．4％，依据扩增结果进行遗传距离分析，构建了分子树状图，研究结果表明，ISSR分析中产生了一些品种特有的指纹图谱。利用DNA扩增结果进行聚类分析，把供试验酶的7个品种和2个无性系分为3类，并对基本品种及种下品种群的遗传关系进行了探讨。     

基于ISSR分析28份香蕉种质的基因组DNA多样性

利用ISSR标记技术分析了28份香蕉种质的遗传多态性。从100个ISSR引物中筛选出8个多态性引物,共扩增出55条DNA带,其中46条为多态性带,占83.6%,平均每个引物扩增的DNA带数为6.88条。依相似系数0.73的水平,将香蕉28个品种划分为6大类。其中云南BB（BB）和东莞高把大蕉（ABB）在相似系数为0.94时,二者的亲缘关系较近。Pisang Ceylan（AAB）和FHIA-18（AAAB）相似系数水平接近为1,表明二者亲缘关系最近。本研究为香蕉遗传关系的建立及品种鉴定提供理论基础。     

河南省不同产地3种菊头蝠RAPD分析

用随机引物对河南省角菊头蝠（Rhinolophus cornutus）、不同产地的中菊头蝠（Rhinolophus affinis）和马铁菊头蝠（Rhinolophus ferrumequinum）进行DNA多态性研究,以探讨它们之间的亲缘关系。从20个随机引物中优化出15个引物对基因组DNA进行扩增,10个标本共扩增出184条DNA谱带,平均每个引物扩增出12条谱带,其中多态性谱带173条,多态率为94%。聚类结果表明：对同种蝙蝠,同一地理区域的个体之间分化较小,不同地理区域的个体之间分化较大;中菊头蝠与角菊头蝠之间的亲缘关系较近,而与马铁菊头蝠之间的亲缘关系较远。     

适于玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的SSR核心引物的确定

为了确定一套适于玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的核心SSR引物,利用10个SSR引物对420份已知玉米(Zea mays)杂交种进行DNA指纹分析。综合考虑多态性和杂合率两个指标,确定bnlg161和bnlg1450为玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的首选核心引物,利用这两个引物进行筛选,412个品种(占98%)能够找到具有杂合带型的鉴定引物,确定5个引物bnlg439、bnlg125、umc2105、umc1705和bnlg1792为玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的备选核心引物。研究了纯度鉴定所用特异引物的选择,将特异引物分为两类:第一类是利用单个引物检测,某品种的基因型仅出现1次,将该引物作为该品种在特定品种范围内的特异引物,在420个品种中,累计29个品种具有第一类特异引物,其中umc1705和bnlg1450作为特异引物的次数最多,均为8个,phi072和phi065没有作为特异引物;第二类是根据引物基因频率表,将预测基因型频率低于2.40E-03(即1/420)的基因型作为特异基因型,除了phi072和bnlg161外,其它8个引物均可能成为具有特定基因型品种的第二类特异引物。利用推荐的7个纯度鉴定用核心引物可进一步筛选每个玉米杂交种的双亲互补型引物,建立了已知玉米杂交种的纯度鉴定DNA指纹图谱。     

根瘤菌RAPD引物筛选及条件优化

用改良的SDS-CTAB酶裂解法提取了根瘤菌基因组DNA的模板,从100个10bp的随机引物中筛选出了16条在20个菌株上均能扩增出清晰的片段。应用L16(45)正交表研究了DNA模板、Mg2+、Taq酶d、NTPs和引物浓度对扩增迁移率重现性的影响,用这种方法建立的根瘤菌RAPD-PCR优化反应体系为:20μl体系中含2.5mg/L的DNA模板、2.00mmol/L的Mg2+、1.00U的Taq酶、0.05mmol/L dNTPs、0.35μmol/L随机引物。     

利用小麦微卫星引物建立偃麦草Ee染色体组特异SSR标记

选用40对小麦SSR引物对17份偃麦草(Thinopyrum sp．)、2份小麦(Triticum aestivum)材料进行了PCR扩增分析，从中筛选到引物Xgwm325能在不同偃麦草材料中扩增出4条长度分别为1400、440、120和100bp的特异DNA片段，可以作为偃麦草种质的特异SSR标记。利用小麦-二倍体长穗偃麦草(Th.elongatum)异代换系和异附加系对引物Xgwm325进行了扩增鉴定，结果只有100bp左右的片段出现在长穗偃麦草所有E^e组染色体上，该片段可以作为E^e染色体组的特异SSR标记。     

8份广西产绞股蓝种质的RAPD引物筛选及其遗传多样性分析

本研究的目的在于筛选合适的RAPD随机引物,应用RAPD技术对药用植物绞股蓝进行遗传多样性分析,并构建DNA指纹图谱。研究结果表明,我们利用生物信息学方法挑选出的20条引物中有19条引物的扩增条带清晰且多态性好;在清晰稳定出现的354条带中,294条具有多态性;其中有3条引物的扩增条带可清楚区分绞股蓝与混淆品种乌蔹莓,可建立其DNA指纹图谱。按UPGMA法进行聚类分析,计算其遗传相似系数,结果显示,8份绞股蓝供试材料聚为两类,聚类结果与其地理区域远近和生长环境一致。本研究中筛选出的19条引物适用于绞股蓝遗传多样性分析,且获得的DNA指纹图谱可用于鉴别绞股蓝。     

Measurement of genetic dissimilarity in fieldpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis> L.) genotypes using RAPD markers

The present investigation was carried out on fifteen germplasm lines of Pisum sativum L. were used for characterization using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. While 12 random primers were taken, out of them 11 primers gave amplification. These primers gave a total of 133 bands out of which 106 were polymorphic. Genetic similarities of the RAPD profiles were estimated by using Jaccard’s coefficient with NTSYSpc 2.0 software. The similarity index values ranged from 0.263 to 0.793 indicating the presence of enormous genetic diversity at molecular level. A dendrogram generated by cluster analysis divided fifteen fieldpea genotypes into two Groups A and B. Major Group A have five genotypes and major Group B have nine genotypes.     

中国南瓜种质资源农艺性状与RAPD标记分析

本研究利用形态学标记和RAPD分子标记同时对70份来自我国不同地区的中国南瓜种质进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。在所观察的56个有差异的农艺性状中,变异系数从6.60%~262.22%,平均变异系数为37.50%。从150个随机引物中筛选出21个进行RAPD分析,结果表明,在检测到的167条带中有130条具有多态性,多态带比率为73.23%;平均每个引物检测到的条带数多达8条,平均Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.268。基于农艺性状的聚类分析将70份中国南瓜种质分为七类。基于RAPD标记的聚类分析将70份中国南瓜种质分为五类,其聚类结果与形态特征有一定的相关性。但两种聚类结果均无法从地理来源上进行区分。     

草莓品种的亲缘关系及其不同继代次数的叶片组培苗的RAPD分析

从100个随机引物中筛选出10个引物,对16个草莓品种进行RAPD分析。结果显示,10个引物共扩增出73条DNA谱带,其中多态条带49条,多态性程度为67.13%;遗传距离D值在0.40水平上能将供试材料聚为3类,表明RAPD能很好地鉴别草莓品种之间的遗传关系。利用前面筛选的10个随机引物和其他20个随机引物对不同继代次数的草莓组培继代苗进行了RAPD分析,其特征带型表现一致,未发现变异,说明草莓叶盘离体继代培养30次以内能稳定遗传。     

Relationships between an Italian Strawberry Ecotype and its Ancestor using RAPD Markers

Random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to evaluate genetic variability among populations of an Italian strawberry ecotype, and to determinate genetic relationships between genotypes and their putative ancestor. A total of 65 selections and one cultivar ‘Madame Moutot’ (MM), were analysed to evaluate genetic variability present in Etna mountain area and to confirm as MM was one of the cultivars that originated the ecotype. A total of 222 RAPD markers was obtained using 16 decamer primers and 6 longer primers, 90.8% of the markers obtained by selected primers resulted polymorphic at least within analysed genotypes. RAPDs were used to calculate genetic similarity coefficients and to generate dendrograms representing genetic relationships among genotypes analysed. Cluster analysis displays as RAPD polymorphisms were able to characterize the genotype variability among closely related groups. The data show as MM could be considered the ancestral genotypes introduced in that area. The results obtained confirm that RAPD markers could be used as reliable markers to perform phylogenetic studies in Fragaria×ananassa Duch. ex Rozier. Giuseppe Bertino and Piero Spada - Coauthor involved in genotype selection and field management     

RAPD and ISSR molecular markers in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Olea europaea</Emphasis> L.: Genetic variability and molecular cultivar identification

Thirty Portuguese and eight foreign olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars were screened using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Twenty RAPD primers amplified 301 reproducible bands of which 262 were polymorphic; and 17 ISSR primers amplified 204 bands of which 180 were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands detected by ISSR and RAPD was similar (88 and 87%, respectively). The genetic variability observed was similar in the Portuguese and foreign olive cultivars. Seven ISSR and 12 RAPD primers were able to distinguish individually all 38 olive cultivars. Twenty specific molecular markers are now available to be converted into Sequence Characterised Amplified Region (SCAR) markers. Relationships among Portuguese and foreign cultivars is discussed.     

Genetic variability evaluation in a Moroccan collection of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., by means of storage proteins and RAPDs

The genetic variation existing in a set of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landrace samples recently collected in Morocco was estimated. Two kinds of genetic markers, seed storage proteins (hordeins) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), were used. Only six out of 31 landraces were subjected to RAPD analysis. Both kinds of markers, RAPD and storage proteins, yielded similar results, showing that the level of variation observed in Moroccan barley was high: all landraces showed variability; 808 different storage protein patterns (multilocus associations) were observed among 1897 individuals (2.32 seeds per association, on average) with an average of 43 multilocus associations per accession. In general, genetic variation within accessions was higher than between accessions. The 100 polymorphic RAPD bands generated by 21 effective primers were able to generate enough patterns to differentiate between uniform cultivars and even between individuals in variable accessions. One of the aims of this work was to compare the effectiveness of RAPD versus storage protein techniques in assessing the variability of genetic resource collections. On average hordeins were more polymorphic than RAPDs: they showed more alternatives per band on gels and a higher percentage of polymorphic bands, although RAPDs supply a higher number of bands. Although RAPD is an easy and standard technique, storage protein analysis is technically easier, cheaper and needs less sophisticated equipment. Thus, when resources are a limiting factor and considering the cost of consumables and work time, seed storage proteins must be the technique of choice for a first estimation of genetic variation in plant genetic resource collections.     

Genetic diversity of Pakistan wheat germplasm as revealed by RAPD markers

Wheat breeding in Pakistan started in 1930s before partition in the United India and so far has released more than 68 cultivars, but no systematic analyses of the genetic diversity of Pakistan wheat have been made. Twenty Pakistan wheat cultivars released from 1933 to 2002 were examined for genetic diversity and relationships using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Forty-two RAPD primers were applied and 184 polymorphic bands were generated for each cultivar. Most of the cultivars were genetically interrelated, although six of them displayed some genetic distinctness. The RAPD variation observed among these cultivars was low. Only 40.7% of the total scorable bands were polymorphic, and 26.1% of the polymorphic bands were observed most frequently (f = 0.95) among the 20 cultivars. The proportions of polymorphic bands for each cultivar ranged from 0.67 in ‘Yecora’ to 0.84 in ‘C-250’ with an average of 0.76. About 1.4% of the RAPD variation might have been fixed over the 69 years of wheat breeding, but such fixation was not statistically significant. These results are significant for future improvement and conservation of Pakistan wheat.     

Characterization of Some Italian Common Bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus Vulgaris</Emphasis> L.) Landraces by RAPD,Semi-random and ISSR Molecular Markers

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and a semi-random PCR system were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 16 Italian common bean landraces and their relationship to four commercial cultivars. Of the primers tested, 8 ISSR, 6 RAPD and 7 semi-random primers produced polymorphic and reproducible DNA fragments. A higher proportion of polymorphic bands were observed using ISSR (85%) and semi-random (90%) primers than RAPD (69%) method. The combination of any two semi-random markers allowed the identification of all 20 bean genotypes. In contrast ISSR (except for primer (CAC)₃GC) and RAPD markers appeared to be less informative as more than two markers were necessary to achieve the same diagnostic level. Moreover, 7 ISSR, 2 RAPD and 8 semi-random exclusive bands were identified as putative population-specific markers. Semi-random and ISSR derived dendrograms showed similar tendencies in terms of genetic relatedness, whereas clustering of genotypes within groups was not similar when compared with the RAPD technique. Despite the different ability to resolve genetic variation among the investigated landraces, two major clusters with less than 60% (ISSR) and 40% (RAPD and semi-random) genetic similarity were formed with all three marker systems. The two groups were correlated with the phaseolin patterns and seed size of the landraces. The analysis showed that the cultivar ȁ8Lingua di Fuocoȁ9 and most of the landraces (13 out of 16) collected in Italy belong to the Andean gene pool, whereas only the three populations from Pratomagno belong to the Middle American gene pool.     

Assessment of genetic relationships among Pyrus species and cultivars using AFLP and RAPD markers

Twenty-five Pyrus communis L. cultivars including eight traditional Portuguese pears, and four commercial Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nak. (Japanese pear or `nashi') cultivars were analysed by RAPD and AFLP techniques focusing on their molecular discrimination and the assessment of their genetic relatedness. Twenty-five primers generated 324 RAPD markers, among which 271 (84%) were polymorphic. The AFLP technique, using seven primer combinations, revealed a similar level of molecular polymorphisms (87%), representing 418 polymorphic bands among a total of 478 scored in autoradiographs. The high reproducibility of RAPD and AFLP techniques was confirmed comparing DNA samples from different extractions and different digestions of DNA from the same plant. Three genetic similarity matrices and respective dendrograms were elaborated on using RAPD, AFLP or joint RAPD and AFLP data. Both molecular marker techniques proved their reliability to assess genetic relationships among pear cultivars. P. pyrifolia cultivars exhibit a closer genetic relatedness, clustering apart from P. communis cultivars. Within P. communis, `William's', as well as `Doyenne du Comice', cluster close to their hybrids. Most of the Portuguese cultivars tend to cluster together, indicating to constitute a relatively independent genetic pool, which can be of interest in pear breeding programs.