豆科牧草紫云英追施钾肥试验报告

本试验通过追施氯化钾,对提高豆科牧草紫云英的生产力和经济效益进行了研究、分析。结果是:1、土壤肥力中等、耕作层速效钾含量45×10~(-6)和40×10~(-6)时,紫云英每公顷追施氯化钾112.5kg,平均鲜草产量为21166.5kg和18499.5kg,分别较对照增产6750.0kg和6499.5kg,增产率46.8％～54.2％。每公顷平均增值221.10元。2、土壤肥力中下,速效钾含量36.5×10~(-6)及31.7×10~(-6)时,紫云英每公顷追施氯化钾112.5kg和157.5kg,鲜草产量为32500.5kg/hm~2和51333.5kg/hm~2,比对照185000.0g/hm~2和34000.0kg/hm~2增产14000.0kg/hm~2和17333.5kg/hm~2,增产率达75.7％和51.0％,差异极显著。每公顷增值589.80元和715.95元。每公顷追施氯化钾45.0kg,增产鲜草5167.0kg,增产率15.2％,效果不明显。     

有机肥对农作物及饲草增产效果试验报告

在陇东旱塬降水条件和肥力条件下，每公顷施６０ ０００ｋｇ有机肥，春玉米和冬小麦籽实产量分别增加４５９．０和６１６．５ｋｇ，提高９．５９％和４４．０５％（Ｐ〈０．０５）。每公顷施１００ ００５．０和２００ ０１０ｋｇ有机肥，紫花苜蓿草地二茬鲜草产量增加１６２４．０和３０６７．５ｋｇ，提高２４．６％（Ｐ〈０．０５）和５５．６％（Ｐ〈０．０１），三茬草增产效果不明显。每公顷施５０００２．５和１００ ００     

东北玉米主产区玉米,草木樨间种轮作农牧结合综合效益的研究

在中低产黑土区进行了为期三年的玉米、草木樨２：１、４：２间种轮作试验,玉米单种为对照。结果表明粮草间作区较对照区土壤有机含量平均提高６１．５％,速效氮、碘、钾及田间持水量均有显著增加,容重降低;玉米平均减产产９．５％,但每年平均增收草木樨鲜草３６５３９．２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,吃草木樨的奶牛产奶期延长１２ｄ,产奶量增加７７７．５ｋｇ／年,鲜奶蛋白质含量提高１０．３％,粮草间作养奶牛比单种玉米奶牛经济效     

半干旱草原松土改良增产效益分析

在内蒙古锡林郭勒半干旱草原区使用松土补播机进行了三种免耕试验,结果改良效果以松土、松土＋施肥为好,在植被盖度４０－６０％,年降雨量３１０ｍｍ的草场早,一次松土 产量比对照增产４５％,松土＋施肥耕作一次当年鲜草产量（９４５４．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２）比对照提高１４２．５％。这两种免地均可连续保持４年增产期,而松土＋施肥＋补播成功率较低,是当所需条件满足时才能获得成功。     

兴义市退化天然草地改良试验初报

研究结果表明,退化天然草地通过补播,鲜草产量每公顷提高６８％,经ｔ检验差异显著（ｐ＜００１）。施肥试验组与对照比较,各处理差异极显著（ｐ＜００１）,其中每公顷施１８７５ｋｇ尿素效果最佳。刈割试验与对照比较差异极显著（ｐ＜００１）,鲜草产量每公顷提高６１１％。     

有机肥对苜蓿产量及红壤肥力的影响

在亚热带红壤地区研究有机肥（Ⅰ基肥、Ⅱ基肥＋石灰、Ⅲ基肥＋猪粪、Ⅳ不施肥）对苜蓿产量及红壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明，在相同的管理条件下，施用有机肥普遍提高苜蓿鲜草产量（P〈0．01）。处理Ⅱ增产效果最好，比不施肥处理可提高苜蓿鲜草产量14．52％（P〈0．05）。施有机肥可增加土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷及速效钾的含量（P〈0．05），但全钾含量则减少，其中第Ⅲ组提高土壤全量养分和速效养分含量显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组，第Ⅱ组对速效养分的增加高于第1组：     

燕麦与箭栝豌豆混播试验报告

在湟源县脑山地区进行燕麦与箭栝豌豆混播试验，每亩撒播燕麦籽１０公斤，箭栝豌豆７．５公斤，施底肥用尿素５公斤，追肥用尿素５－７．５公斤，试验结果，第一茬每田收鲜草２２９４公斤，第二茬每田收割鲜草２４０９公斤，平均亩产鲜草４７０３公斤，比单种一茬燕麦可增产鲜草１７０３公斤，增产率为５６．８％，效益显著。     

氮磷钾配施水平对无芒雀麦产草量的影响

应用正交试验方法,对无芒雀麦施用不同水平氮、磷、钾化肥搭配组合增产效果进行了试验研究。结果表明,本试验条件下,N4P2K1处理每公顷产鲜草29．76t为最高,说明每公顷纯施氮112．5kg、磷82．5kg、钾12kg的搭配组合为最佳组合,比其它组合增产25．7％～61．9％、增收485．41～1151．73元／公顷。     

有机肥对苜蓿产量及红壤肥力的影响

在亚热带红壤地区研究有机肥(Ⅰ基肥、Ⅱ基肥+石灰、Ⅲ基肥+猪粪、Ⅳ不施肥)对苜蓿产量及红壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明,在相同的管理条件下,施用有机肥普遍提高苜蓿鲜草产量(P<0.01)。处理Ⅱ增产效果最好,比不施肥处理可提高苜蓿鲜草产量14.52%(P<0.05)。施有机肥可增加土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷及速效钾的含量(P<0.05),但全钾含量则减少,其中第Ⅲ组提高土壤全量养分和速效养分含量显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,第Ⅱ组对速效养分的增加高于第Ⅰ组。     

苜蓿施用磷、钾肥效应的研究

采用过磷酸钙与氯化钾进行2因素4水平随机区组施肥试验,结果表明:过磷酸钙600kg hm2与氯化钾100kg hm2施肥处理,苜蓿鲜草产量最高,较对照增产20 0%,纯收入增988元 hm2。新复极差测验表明:不同水平施用过磷酸钙各次刈割鲜草产量及鲜草总产量间差异均达到显著水平(P<0 05),且随着过磷酸钙用量的增加鲜草产量相应地增加。不同水平施用氯化钾与不施氯化钾鲜草总产量差异均达到极显著水平(P<0 01),但施氯化钾150kg hm2与50kg hm2鲜草总产量差异不显著;随着施用氯化钾水平的提高,各次刈割鲜草产量及鲜草总产量均呈先升高后略有下降的趋势,氯化钾施用量以100kg hm2为宜。氯化钾、过磷酸钙及其互作效应均以第1次刈割显著,第2次刈割施肥效应均有所下降,其中氯化钾及氯化钾与过磷酸钙互作效应下降更为明显。增施氯化钾有利于提高苜蓿粗蛋白含量,但粗蛋白含量不随施用量的增加而增加;施过磷酸钙200kg hm2苜蓿粗蛋白含量最高,施400kg hm2苜蓿粗蛋白含量下降。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in