豇豆根腐病的发生与防治

丽水市地处浙西南山区.近几年来,随着农业产业结构调整,菜农利用生态优势发展无公害长豇豆生产,至2003年仅丽水市莲都区豇豆播种面积达3 500hm2,产量近10万t,产值近亿元,长豇豆已成为丽水市效益农业生产中具有代表性的蔬菜品种之一.     

农业生态经济学的发展现状分析——评《农业生态经济学》

正要弥补农业资源短板、促进农业产业转型升级、保障农产品高质高效供给,单纯依赖农业高新技术、先进机械设备、优质种子农药等是不够的,还要构建良好的农业生态经济体系,实现农业生产、农业生态、农业经济三个模块的协同均衡发展。在现阶段,我国迎来了发展农业生态经济的利好时期,一方面,在"乡村振兴""扶贫攻     

再论21世纪中国东北地区农业可持续发展战略

本文在前文"中国东北地区21世纪农业可持续发展战略研究"基础上,对该问题进行深入的再探讨。本次在重点分析了区域农业发展的空间结构优势基础上,分地区诊断了可持续发展的主要障碍因素,提出在优化配置农业资源前提下,重组而不仅仅是一般性调整农业产业结构,提升农业知识经济含量,快速实现农业现代化的新战略。     

毛乌素沙地农业生态系统优化模式研究

在分析毛乌素沙地环境背景与系统结构缺陷和功能缺陷的基础上,按照沙地农业生态系统模式优化必须从产业结构调整出发进行系统功能整合的思路,以沙地生态恢复、生态工程、资源高效利用及农业产业互补理论为指导,提出毛乌素沙地农业生态系统功能的有效化,必须协调处理好系统内的农业与畜牧业、农业与林业、农业与能源开发工业等的关系,构建防护型生态结构、节水型种植结构、稳定型畜牧结构和效益型农业产业结构为中心内容的沙地脆弱性农业生态系统优化模式体系.并指出注重系统模式之间互补、协调与整合尤为重要.     

安塞县粮食生产的资源高效利用研究

鉴于西部地区粮食生产总体水平较低,资源利用效率低下,危及农业持续发展,选取陕西省安塞县作为案例,通过分析当地粮食生产的资源条件,对粮食生产的资源利用效率展开综合评价,在此基础上从资源配置、利用模式和生产技术方面分析了资源低效利用原因,并从合理配置资源、优化利用模式和集成技术体系有机结合方面探讨了粮食生产的资源高效利用对策.     

降雨聚集条件下节水高效农业综合技术

干旱半干旱地区雨水资源潜力巨大,蓄雨用水是解决干旱缺水,提高作物生产潜力,发展旱区高效农业的重大举措,因此,大力开发利用雨水资源是解决该地区农业缺水的主要途径,这也是区域农业持续发展的战备性问题,分析雨水高效利用的几种途径,主要包括：水就地入渗,雨水的叠加利用和雨水的聚集利用技术,其中雨水聚集利用是干旱半干旱地区农业征税中雨水利用的最主要形式。     

西部有机特色小杂粮产业发展战略研究

我国西部地区是小杂粮的主产区和优势产区,西部发展有机特色小杂粮具有明显的地域优势、生产优势、品质优势和市场优势。本文通过分析我国西部地区有机小杂粮生产现状和存在问题,提出了西部发展有机特色小杂粮产业的思路和对策,以促进西部地区农业发展和农民增收。     

农业产业集聚对农业绿色全要素生产率增长的空间溢出效应研究

农业产业集聚是农业绿色高质量发展的重要推力，而农业绿色全要素生产率(GTFP)增长是农业绿色高质量发展的重要目标。探究农业产业集聚对农业GTFP增长的影响，将有助于实现农业绿色转型和高质量发展。在对中国各省份农业产业集聚和农业GTFP进行科学评价的基础上，进一步构建空间杜宾模型，实证检验农业产业集聚对农业GTFP增长的空间溢出效应。研究表明：1)从莫兰指数和莫兰散点图分析结果来看，我国农业GTFP存在显著的空间相关性，并呈现高-高、低-低的正向溢出效应。2)从空间杜宾模型回归结果来看，农业产业集聚通过显著的正向直接效应和空间溢出效应促进了农业GTFP增长。此外，农业产业结构、土地利用能力以及城镇化水平对农业GTFP具有显著的正向直接效应，财政支农力度和单位面积农村用电量则具有显著的负向直接效应；单位面积农村用电量、土地利用能力和城镇化水平对农业GTFP具有显著的正向空间溢出效应。     

半干旱地区雨水高效富集利用技术应用

在我国半干旱山区,高效利用雨水资源发展高效节水农业,提高灌溉水的利用率和农田水的利用效率,是解决水资源短缺问题的重要措施。"半干旱区雨水高效富集利用技术"是指天然降水在250～600mm的地区汇集降水进行农田补充灌溉的一整套实用技术。它紧紧围绕提高有限降水的高效富集高效利用,对集雨工程技术、灌溉技术、农业与生物技术、节水农机具及防渗新材料、运行管理模式进行了集成、创新研究及示范,形成了农业高效用水的技术体系。     

区域农业经济结构的动态对比分析及优势产业的发展研究——以伊犁州三大区域为例

利用动态分辨系数,通过灰色关联分析对伊犁州三大区域的农业经济结构、农林牧渔业总产值结构、粮食产量以及肉类产量结构进行了初步的对比研究,分析了关联程度较高的影响因子,并通过相关时序模型进行预测分析,结果表明：新疆伊犁州三大地区非农产业所占的比重越来越大,目前已形成以农牧为主的产值结构,小麦、玉米为主的优势产业,以及牛肉、羊肉等为主的生产优势区。伊犁州三大区域应立足于各地区的资源和地域优势,因时制宜,充分发挥各地区优势非农产业以及优势牛羊畜牧业和优势粮食作物,提高优势产品的加工转化,延长产业链,发挥龙头企业的带动作用,进一步促进伊犁州三大地区农业以及农村经济的可持续发展。     

Contribution of the life-history traits of a plant pathogen to the development of field epidemics

The pathogenicity-related traits of biotrophic plant pathogens are usually measured on the individual host plant, at the scale of a single pathogen life cycle, whereas epidemic development in the field encompasses a succession of cycles. It remains unclear which traits make the greatest contribution to pathogen fitness in the field and to epidemic severity. The objective of this study was to determine the contributions of elementary pathogenicity traits to epidemic development in field conditions. We challenged a set of wheat cultivars with three different leaf rust isolates, under both controlled and field conditions, in 3 consecutive years. Infection efficiency, latent period, lesion size, spore production per lesion and spore production capacity were measured in the greenhouse, whereas disease severity was measured in the field. Most, but not all, of the pathogenicity traits were related to each other. All traits contributed to epidemic development in the field, but to different extents. Surprisingly, lesion size and spore production per lesion were inversely correlated with epidemic severity. Conversely, there was a strong positive correlation between spore production capacity and pathogen fitness in the field, in accordance with the concept of propagule pressure as a strong determinant of invasion success. Severe epidemics were mostly associated with small lesions with a high spore production capacity, high infection efficiency and a short latent period.     

Eco‐efficiency as a strategy for optimizing the sustainability of pest management

Agricultural industrialization and the subsequent reliance on pesticides has resulted in numerous unintended consequences, such as impacts upon the environment and by extension human health. Eco‐efficiency is a strategy for sustainably increasing production, while simultaneously decreasing these externalities on ecological systems. Eco‐efficiency is defined as the ratio of production to environmental impacts. It has been widely adopted to improve chemical production, but we investigate the challenges of applying eco‐efficiency to pesticide use. Eco‐efficiency strategies include technological innovation, investment in research and development, improvement of business processes, and accounting for market forces. These components are often part of integrated pest management (IPM) systems that include alternatives to pesticides, but its implementation is often thwarted by commercial realities and technical challenges. We propose the creation and adoption of an eco‐efficiency index for pesticide use so that the broad benefits of eco‐efficient strategies such as IPM can be more readily quantified. We propose an index based upon the ratio of crop yield to a risk quotient (RQ) calculated from pesticide toxicity. Eco‐efficiency is an operational basis for optimizing pest management for sustainability. It naturally favors adoption of IPM and should be considered by regulators, researchers, and practitioners involved in pest management. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于海藻糖的生物节水抗逆农业研究进展

生物节水农业主要包括新品种选育、外源有益物质和激素的添加及高效节水栽培措施的建立三个方向。海藻糖是国际上开发的主要低聚糖之一,常被作为外源有益物质应用于农业生产。在综合国内外相关研究文献的基础上,对海藻糖的性质及其提高植物抗逆性的机理、海藻糖与气孔免疫的关系等方面进行分析,发现外源性的海藻糖具有良好的非特异性保护作用,它能有效提高植物的抗逆性以及抗病虫害的能力。其次,海藻糖能通过调节气孔发育和气孔运动进一步增强农作物的抗旱性。本文认为海藻糖在生物节水农业方面有广阔的应用前景,是提高农作物水分利用效率的重要途径。     

人工饲草料地生产效能的研究

在牧区草料的匮乏严重阻碍着草地畜牧业的发展 ,牲畜头数增加 ,草地过牧 ,使生态环境遭受着严重破坏。选择了具有代表性的新疆天山北坡中段昌吉市阿什里哈萨克民族乡 ,对其畜牧业生产系统的草、家畜生产和能物流流转情况进行了研究。运用能物流高效持续利用原则和线性规划法 ,提出了切实可行的人工饲草料生产子系统的优化配置模式。结果表明 ,系统优化后 ,全年舍饲的载畜水平大大提高 ;人均年收入由现行系统的 1 70 2元增加到 5 4 86元 ;系统优化后不仅大大减轻了放牧对天然草地造成的压力 ,而且显著提高了土壤肥力 ,改善土质     

4种杀菌剂防治淮山炭疽病药效试验

选用4种杀菌剂防治淮山炭疽病田间药效筛选试验。结果表明:10%世高WG和80%代森锰锌WP(大生M-45)校正防治效果在药后7 d为86.7%、72.9%;药后10 d为78.0%、63.83%。其中10%世高WG具有内吸性能好、渗透性强,双向传导杀菌活性,持药期长和耐雨水性好等特点,在生产上可作为防治淮山炭疽病首选药剂。     

黄土高原县域农业生产效率时空变化分析

运用DEA模型,以耕地面积、粮食播种面积、乡村从业人员数、农业机械总动力、农用化肥施用折纯量为投入指标,以农业生产总值、粮食产量、油料产量为产出指标,对1987—2014年黄土高原281个县(市)的农业生产效率及时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)综合效率平均值为0.694,处于中等水平,并且保持了一定的增长态势,但区域差异较大;其变异系数高值(V0.250)出现在黄土高原北部和东部的部分县(市)域;(2)黄土高原纯技术效率主要表现为3种基本类型,其中高效率县(市)数量有所增加,并有向北部扩大的趋势;综合效率受纯技术效率和规模效率二者共同影响,纯技术效率对综合效率的影响大于规模效率;(3)该区农业生产规模效率值大于0.9,平均水平较高,分布也较为均衡。在2005—2014年期间,黄土高原大部分县(市)处于规模报酬递增阶段,可以通过扩大农业生产规模来获得更高的生产效益。     

Impact of agricultural development on variation in surface runoff in arid regions: a case of the Aksu River Basin

Located in the south of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,the Tarim River is the longest inland river in China.Agricultural development,excessive exploitation and low surface water use efficiency in the headstream regions have led to a marked decrease in the water supply to the mainstream.This,in turn,has resulted in the drying-up of the watercourse in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and serious deterioration of the eco-environment.The Aksu River Basin,the most important headstream of the Tarim River,was selected as the research area in this study.Taking elastic coefficient,water demand coefficient and water utilization intensity as the indices,we studied the impact of agricultural development on decreasing surface runoff since the 1950s.The results indicated that(1) the increasing rate of consumption of surface runoff outstripped the rate of increase measured in the natural catchment discharge,resulting in ever diminishing stream discharge into the Tarim River.Agricultural irrigation and seepage loss in irrigation canal systems were the major sources for runoff consumption,taking 63.72% of the overall runoff consumption.What's more,agricultural water consumption took up more than 97% of the water used for long-term production;(2) the expansion of cultivated land,change of planting structure and comparatively low agricultural irrigation efficiency all contributed to the decrease in surface runoff of the Aksu River.The elasticity coefficient of surface runoff reduction corresponding to the increase in planted area was 0.34 in the 1950s,while in the 2000s it had increased to 7.87.This reflected a more sensitive response of runoff decrease to cultivated land expansion.The increase in cotton and fruit production,without widely-used scientific irrigation methods and water-saving technology,led to considerable waste of the water resources.Meanwhile,the irrigation efficiency was still quite low,characterized by the waste of water resources,and the decrease of surface runoff;(3) in different stages,cultivated land area,planting structure and agricultural water use efficiency exerted different effects on runoff decrease.In the early stage,agricultural development showed no obvious effect on runoff decrease.Since the 1960s,the expansion in cultivated land resulted in large consumption of surface runoff;since the 1990s,not only expansion in cultivated land expansion,but also planting structure exerted significant impact on the consumption of surface runoff.Recently,though agricultural water use efficiency has improved in some regions to reduce the consumption of runoff to a certain extent,overall agricultural water use efficiency is still quite low;(4) during the investigation period,water consumption by agricultural development reflected the unbalanced relationship between human activities and water resources.     

Efficiency of pyramiding of three quantitative resistance loci to apple scab

Quantitative plant resistance is supposed to be more durable than qualitative resistance for the control of plant diseases. However, it has been experimentally shown that erosion of quantitative resistance can occur. Cumulation of quantitative resistance loci (QRLs) in the same cultivar is considered to improve the efficiency and durability of quantitative resistance, but the choice of QRLs to be combined is of crucial importance. This study investigated whether the combination of QRLs acting on different stages of pathogen development could improve the efficiency of resistance in the apple scab pathosystem. The efficiencies of three QRLs were evaluated against 10 isolates of Venturia inaequalis and the stages of pathogen development that were affected by the QRLs were defined microscopically. A gain in the efficiency of resistance was observed when QRLs were pyramided compared to when they acted alone. Thanks to the combined effects of the individual QRLs, the pyramiding of the three QRLs hindered fungal development at different stages: before the penetration of the plant cuticule, after the penetration with hypersensitivity reaction, and during the colonization and asexual reproduction. These effects were dependent on the V. inaequalis isolates. These results suggest that the gain in efficiency of resistance by pyramiding may derive from the combination of different and complementary molecular mechanisms underlying QRLs. Thus, the resistance achieved from pyramiding such a combination of QRLs should be durable.     

论新绿洲──沙产业的建设基地

在钱学森沙产业理论指导下，建设以提高光合作用效率为目标的新绿洲，已不再是远不可及的科学构想。用塑料大棚为主要设施，人工控制水热条件的温室作业，是今天新绿洲建设的主要方向。未来的高效绿洲，是用微藻做为太阳能转化器，全天候固定转化太阳能，广泛采用现代技术，把天赋的光热资源用一切可能的方式加以转化，用来提高光合作用的产出，把沙漠地区建成为人类创造食品和工业原料的新基地，变不毛之地为沃土。