花粉管通道法转化大豆的分子表征

采用花粉管通道技术将含有gus基因的pBI121质粒DNA导入辽豆14，从处理的100朵花中获得53粒种子。经PCR检测53粒种子的幼苗，共检测出6株阳性植株。采用RT—PCR和GUS组织化学染色法对所获得阳性植株进行检测，其中2株幼苗(T0代17号和33号)均出现阳性结果，进一步对这2株阳性植株进行Southern blot检测，同样获得了阳性结果。上述检测结果表明，gus基因已整合到染色体上并得到了表达。对转基因植株后代进行了PCR跟踪检测，结果从17号株系的28株中检测出19株阳性植株，33号株系的35株幼苗中检测出17株阳性植株，表明gus基因可以在转基因植株后代遗传。本研究结果为大豆花粉管通道转化技术提供了比较充分的分子生物学证据。     

导入Chi-linker-Glu和Bar基因获得抗真菌和抗除草剂的转基因烟草

构建重组表达载体pBIb-CG(含有Chi-linker-Glu融合基因和Bar基因),利用农杆菌介导法将其携带的Chi-linke1r-Glu融合基因和Bar基因转化烟草(Nicotiana tobaccum L.)品种红花大金子.经根癌农杆菌侵染和共培养后,用100mg/L Kar+500mg/L Cef筛选抗性芽,获得30株抗性植株,抗性植株再生率为37％;分别对抗性再生植株中Chi-linker-Glu融合基因和Bar基因的特异性引物进行PCR检测,结果27株为阳性,占90％.PCR、Southern杂交结果证明,外源基因已整合到烟草基因组中.离体抑菌试验和除草剂抗性试验表明,转基因烟草植株对木霉菌(Tricho derma viride)、镰刀菌(Fusarium solanif sppisii)和除草剂都表现出一定的抗性.     

转棉花叶绿体Cu/Zn-SOD基因烟草的获得及其功能的初步验证

构建了棉花叶绿体Cu/Zn-SOD基因的植物表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法将其导入NC89烟草,PCR、Southern blotting检测结果显示有4个烟草株系中整合了棉花叶绿体Cu/Zn-SOD基因,SOD酶活性测定结果显示4株转基因烟草植株SOD酶活性都明显高于非转基因烟草,离体叶片暗处理试验结果也证明四株转基因烟草比非转基因烟草SOD酶活下降速度明显减慢,百草枯喷施试验表明,转基因烟草都比非转基因烟草对百草枯的耐性增强,这一系列试验间接地说明外源基因的导入增强了烟草的耐衰老能力,本研究为今后利用SOD基因研究作物的早衰性状奠定了基础.     

转il-4基因番茄的分子检测及田间分析

通过花粉管通道介导il-4基因转化番茄L402、中疏4号、强力米寿和大黄4个品种.利用PPT抗性筛选、PCR扩增、PCR-Southern杂交和Western技术,对il-4基因转化番茄的后代进行检测,并对il-4基因在T3代番茄中的传递规律、T3代植株的田间表现进行调查.研究结果表明,T3代植株中il-4基因的分离情况不符合阳性植株数:阴性植株数=3:1的孟德尔分离规律,转il-4基因阳性植株数偏低.与非转基因植株(对照)相比,转il-4基因阳性植株的开花期延迟、田间抗病性下降、植株高度变矮、结实数/株减少、单株结果数减少,生长势和结实能力等综合农艺性状明显降低.而转基因阴性植株的综合农艺性状与非转基因植株(对照)相比,则差异不显著.花粉管通道法可以介导il-4基因转化番茄,il-4基因可以在转化后代中遗传.     

叶酸生物合成途径中调控基因folB表达载体的构建及在大豆中的转化

叶酸是一种水溶性B族维生素,是维持人体正常活动所必需的营养元素之一,也是植物体内参与一碳单元反应的重要辅酶。folB基因是叶酸调控基因,来源于拟南芥,调控叶酸合成途径中的关键酶DHNA的生成。本研究将人工合成的folB基因转入大豆受体材料Williams82中。共侵染200个大豆外植体,得到26株转化苗。通过对转化苗的草丁膦(浓度150 mg/L)涂抹鉴定,获得16株除草剂抗性转化苗。通过PCR检测,得到12株PCR阳性转化苗。经过bar试纸条检测,其中10株为阳性。Southern杂交结果表明,9株转化苗为Southern杂交阳性。研究结果表明:外源功能基因folB和筛选标记基因bar已经整合到大豆基因组中。相应的转基因后代表现出除草剂抗性和folB基因Southern杂交阳性。本研究通过将folB基因转入大豆,获得了转基因后代,以此为基础可进一步选育高叶酸含量的转基因大豆品种。     

利用农杆菌介导法将柠檬酸合成酶基因(CS)导入籼稻品种明恢86

磷是生命的必需元素之一,在作物的生长发育中起着重要的作用。然而,大多数土壤中有效磷的含量很低,而作为磷肥生产的磷矿资源正趋于耗竭,与此同时,土壤中的磷大部分以作物难以利用的形态存在。已有的研究表明植物通过分泌柠檬酸活化土壤中难溶性无机磷从而提高了土壤磷的可利用性。本研究采用根癌农杆菌介导法将柠檬酸合成酶(citratesynthase)基因CS导入杂交籼稻优良恢复系明恢86,共获得48株T0再生植株。经PCR检测,其中22株为转基因阳性植株。对阳性转基因植株的Southern及Northern分析表明,外源基因已整合到了水稻基因组中并得以有效表达。转基因植株后代的生理学和农艺学性状的研究正在进行之中。     

农杆菌介导轮状病毒抗原蛋白VP4基因遗传转化花生的研究

选用鲁花14与花育23花生品种, 通过农杆菌介导开展了轮状病毒抗原蛋白VP4基因遗传转化研究, 从转化植株中随机选取26株表现Kan抗性植株进行npt II基因的PCR检测, 结果有22株能扩增出620 bp左右的npt II基因条带, 阳性率约为84.62%。提取npt II基因显示为阳性的植株叶片DNA作模板, 用VP4基因特异引物进行PCR扩增, 经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析, 所有npt II基因阳性的植株均扩增出了约2 350 bp的特异性条带, 而野生型没有。对部分转基因植株进一步进行PCR-Southern杂交和Southern杂交分析, 发现转基因植株中出现了阳性杂交信号, 表明VP4基因的确已经整合到花生的基因组中, 并且是1~2个拷贝。用RT-PCR分析了11株转G1VP4基因的植株, 证明插入鲁花14中的VP4基因已经正常转录, 利用Western blot方法检测筛选到的4株转基因花生, 分别提取其蛋白, 在30 kD处出现特异性蛋白条带, 这为获得转基因创新种质材料奠定了基础。     

农杆菌介导轮状病毒抗原蛋白VP4基因遗传转化花生的研究

选用鲁花14与花育23花生品种, 通过农杆菌介导开展了轮状病毒抗原蛋白VP4基因遗传转化研究, 从转化植株中随机选取26株表现Kan抗性植株进行npt II基因的PCR检测, 结果有22株能扩增出620 bp左右的npt II基因条带, 阳性率约为84.62%。提取npt II基因显示为阳性的植株叶片DNA作模板, 用VP4基因特异引物进行PCR扩增, 经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析, 所有npt II基因阳性的植株均扩增出了约2 350 bp的特异性条带, 而野生型没有。对部分转基因植株进一步进行PCR-Southern杂交和Southern杂交分析, 发现转基因植株中出现了阳性杂交信号, 表明VP4基因的确已经整合到花生的基因组中, 并且是1~2个拷贝。用RT-PCR分析了11株转G1VP4基因的植株, 证明插入鲁花14中的VP4基因已经正常转录, 利用Western blot方法检测筛选到的4株转基因花生, 分别提取其蛋白, 在30 kD处出现特异性蛋白条带, 这为获得转基因创新种质材料奠定了基础。     

优化的VHb基因和GFMcryIA基因构建的双价基因在烟草中的表达

利用人工合成的、密码子优化后的透明颤菌血红蛋白（VHb）基因与人工合成的GFMcryIA基因构建成双价基因植物高效表达载体。通过根癌农杆菌介导转化烟草,获得了36株卡那霉素抗性植株。经转基因植株的PCR及Southern blot检测,证实了双价基因在35株烟草基因组中的整合。Western blot检测证实了VHb基因的表达,杀虫实验证实GFMcryIA基因也表达出活性毒蛋白。且转基因烟草平均每株干重比非转基因烟草植株高7％。本研究结果表明转基因育种技术在培育出既高产又具抗虫性的作物或经济作物新品种方面具有良好的应用前景。     

蛋白激发子基因pemG1转化三生烟中及其对TMV抗性的提高

通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobactrium tumefaciens)介导转化法,将含有稻瘟菌蛋白激发子基因pemG1的植物表达载体pCAMBIA2300-Ubi-pemG1-Ocs转化三生烟(Nicotiana tobacum cv. Samsun NN),获得了转基因植株。用PCR检测抗卡那霉素烟苗确认阳性转化株,用Southern、Northern和Western杂交进一步证实了pemG1基因的整合、转录和表达。对T2代转基因阳性株进行烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco Mosaic Virus)接种试验。接种5 d后发现,与非转基因对照相比,表达pemG1的烟草叶片枯斑数量减少,表明稻瘟菌蛋白激发子基因pemG1的表达提高了转基因烟草对TMV的抗性。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.