日粮中添加菊粉和不同脂肪类型对肉鸡行为、血清代谢物、肝脏脂肪、腹脂沉积以及组织中脂肪酸成分的影响

该试验旨在评价2种不同脂肪来源的饲料中添加菊粉对肉鸡行为、血清代谢物、肝脏脂质、腹脂、胸肌和腿肌中脂肪酸组成的影响。将240只1日龄雌性肉鸡随机分成6组,每组8个重复,每个重复5只肉鸡。试验采用3×2双因子试验设计,菊粉设3个水平（0、5和10g/kg）,日粮中2种类型的脂肪[棕榈油（PO）组和葵花籽油（SO）组]含量均为90g/kg。试验期为1～34d。日粮中的脂肪不影响肉鸡的体重增长,但PO组肉鸡的消化率低于SO组（p〈0.001）。日粮中含棕榈油增加了肉鸡腹脂沉积和血清中脂质及葡萄糖的含量。PO组肉鸡肝脏中的三酰甘油含量高于SO组。同样,日粮中的脂肪改变了肉鸡腹脂和肌内的脂肪酸组成,导致PO组肉鸡的C16：0和C18：1n-9含量高于SO组,C18：2n-6含量却更低。日粮中添加菊粉对肉鸡体重的增长（p=0.017）有二次效应,而对消化率没有影响。与对照组相比,菊粉减少了肉鸡肝脏油脂的总含量（p=0.003）、血清中甘油三酯含量以及低密度的脂蛋白胆固醇（31%）。菊粉添加到含葵花籽油的日粮中,增加了肉鸡腹脂和肌内多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值。该研究结果表明：日粮中添加菊粉对肉鸡血脂的有益作用,是因为减少了三酰甘油含量。该结果同样证明,菊粉增强了葵花籽油提高肉鸡肌内多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值的能力。     

日粮共轭亚油酸对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、腹脂沉积的影响

共轭亚油酸（CLA）是必需脂肪酸亚油酸的立体和位置异构体的混合物，是一种新型功能性脂肪酸，具有多种生理功能。而近年来的研究表明，动物口粮中添加共轭亚油酸安全无毒性，可以明显降低脂肪沉积，改善肉品质。但这类研究多以啮齿动物为研究对象，而以家禽为研究对象方面的资料较为缺乏。在养禽业中，肉鸡腹脂沉积过多会影响胴体的商品价值。因此，为了更好地了解共轭业油酸对肉鸡生产的影响，本试验以黄羽肉鸡为受试动物，通过在日粮中添加共轭亚油酸，研究其生长性能、腹脂沉积及肉质的变化等。     

Effects of dietary betaine on growth performance,fat deposition and serum lipids in broilers subjected to chronic heat stress

We evaluated the effects of supplementing betaine on growth performance, fat deposition and lipid metabolism status in broilers kept under chronic heat stress. Five hundred and forty chicks were randomly divided into six groups and the two normal temperature groups were held at normal ambient temperature and fed the basal diet (CONT) and basal diet plus 0.1% betaine, respectively. Heat stressed (HS) broilers were held at 32 ± 1°C from days 22 to 42 and fed the basal diet containing variable levels of betaine. Broilers were examined at days 28, 35 and 42 for body weight, feed consumption, fat deposition and serum lipids. The CONT and betaine‐supplemented groups showed higher (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) feed consumption, body weight gain, and lower feed : gain ratio compared with the HS‐CONT group. Meanwhile, heat stress increased abdominal, intermuscular and subcutaneous fat deposition, whereas the supplemental betaine significantly decreased those compared with the HS‐CONT group. Additionally, betaine supplementation significantly decreased triglyceride, free fatty acids, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with HS‐CONT. Chronic HS reduces broiler production performance. However, betaine can reverse these negative effects partially and thus improve carcass composition by changing lipid metabolism.     

Effects of immunisation against leptin on feed intake, weight gain, fat deposition and laying performance in chickens

1. Three experiments were conducted to study the effects of leptin on weight gain and body composition in laying hens. 2. The effects of immunisation against chicken leptin on feed intake (FI), fat deposition and laying rate were observed in laying Guangdong yellow-feathered hens. Ten hens were inoculated with leptin immunogen on d 3, 31, 63 and 84, together with 10 control hens immunised with bovine serum albumin (BSA). In the 100-d experiment, immunisation against leptin increased blood anti-leptin antibody titres, slightly reduced plasma T3 concentrations, slightly decreased FI and increased live weight; however, laying rate was significantly depressed and abdominal fat mass was increased by the end of the 100-d experiment. 3. Passive immunisation of 50-d-old pullets with yolk extract containing anti-leptin antibody IgY significantly increased FI within 6 h of treatment compared with physiological saline treated controls. 4. In growing 70-d-old pullets, inoculation with 0.5 (group 1) or 1 (group 2) ml leptin immunogen on d 1 and 28 of the experiment slightly increased FI and significantly increased daily gain compared with BSA-immunised control pullets. Abdominal fat mass on d 49 increased from 48+/-4.5 g in controls to 66+/-3.5 and 80+/-3.1 g in groups 1 and 2, respectively. 5. It was suggested that immunisation against leptin mimicked loss of leptin bioactivity and might become a novel technique to stimulate fat growth in certain types of animal production.     

壳聚糖对肥育猪生产性能、体脂沉积及血脂的影响

选用72头体重为(54.8±3.2)kg健康的商品长荣杂交猪,按体重随机分为3个处理(分别为对照组、0.5%壳聚糖组、1%壳聚糖组),每个处理4个重复,每个重复6头猪,研究日粮中添加壳聚糖对肥育猪生产性能、体脂沉积及血脂的影响。试验期为43d,试验结束时从每个处理中选6头80kg左右的猪空腹采集血样测定血脂,并屠宰测定胴体指标。结果表明:日粮中添加壳聚糖对猪生产性能无显著影响,但可降低猪皮下脂肪及体脂沉积,提高瘦肉率;添加0.5%的壳聚糖可降低血清中胆固醇及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量。     

Influence of amount and type of dietary fat on deposition, adipocyte count and iodine number of abdominal fat in broiler chickens

This study described the relation between the type and amount of dietary fat on the deposition of abdominal fat by broiler chickens. It was hypothesized that at higher fat intakes, the well-known lowering effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the deposition of abdominal fat would be diminished. Experimental diets were formulated to contain three levels of added fat (3%, 6% and 9%). Each level had different proportions of the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) by installing the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 with the use of tallow and soybean oil. Arbor Acres chicks, aged 7 days, were fed one of the 15 experimental diets until they were aged 42 days. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. There was no systematic effect of the dietary fat type and the amount on the weight gain and the feed intake. The lowest SFA:UFA ratio of 1:5 produced the lowest feed conversion rates, irrespective of the amount of the fat in the diet. The abdominal fat deposition was similar in the birds fed on diets containing either 3% or 6% added fat, but deposition was lower than in those fed 9% fat. A decrease in the SFA:UFA ratio of the diet was associated with a dose-dependent decrease in abdominal fat, irrespective of the amount of fat in the diet. This observation leads to the rejection of the hypothesis stated above. A decrease in the dietary SFA:UFA from 1:1 to 1:4 caused a decrease in the number of the fat cells per surface unit of breast meat. It is concluded that an increased intake of soybean oil at the expense of tallow reduced the abdominal fat deposition and the number of fat cells in the breast meat of broiler chickens.     

Effects of dietary chitosan on fat deposition and lipase activity in digesta in broiler chickens

1. The effect of dietary chitosan on fat deposition and lipase activity in the small intestinal contents was investigated in broiler chickens fed an adequate or high metabolisable energy (ME) diet. 2. Male broiler chickens at 14 d old were fed on the adequate or high ME diet supplemented with 0 or 50 g/kg chitosan, which has a low viscosity, for 3 weeks. 3. Dietary chitosan did not affect food intake, body weight gain or food efficiency in either dietary ME groups. 4. Dietary chitosan reduced the excessive abdominal fat deposition induced by the high ME diet. 5. Dietary chitosan increased the weight of intestinal contents irrespective of dietary ME concentration. 6. Dietary chitosan decreased the lipase activity per g of small intestinal contents. 7. These results suggest that dietary chitosan with low viscosity decreases lipase activity and fat absorption in the small intestine, consequently resulting in a reduction of fat deposition in broiler chickens. 8. It was concluded that dietary chitosan with low viscosity can decrease body fat deposition without reducing food intake and body weight gain in broiler chickens.     

不同抗氧化剂和添加水平对肉仔鸡生产性能和抗氧化性影响的研究

为了研究不同抗氧化剂产品和添加水平对肉仔鸡生产性能和抗氧化性能的影响,本研究选用1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡96只,随机分为3个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复8只鸡。对照组(CTR)饲喂不添加任何抗氧化剂的基础日粮;SQM6组饲喂基础日粮+48mg/kgSQM6;SQMax组饲喂基础日粮+80mg/kgSQMax。记录肉仔鸡的日均采食量和平均日增重,并于28日龄时,随机在每个重复中选取1只鸡进行翅静脉采血,测定血清抗氧化指标。研究结果表明:与CTR相比,肉仔鸡日粮中添加抗氧化剂有改善饲料转化率的趋势(P>0.05);添加SQM6显著提高了血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性(P<0.05),并显著降低了丙二醛(MDA)的含量(P<0.05);日粮中添加SQMax显著提高了肉仔鸡血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,肉仔鸡日粮中添加抗氧化剂SQM6和SQMax能够提高血清中超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,降低丙二醛含量,改善肉仔鸡机体抗氧化功能。     

发酵桑叶粉对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道组织形态结构的影响

试验旨在研究基础饲粮中添加2%的发酵桑叶粉对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、内脏器官指数、血清生化指标及肠道发育的影响。选取120只1日龄罗斯308白羽肉鸡母雏,随机分成2组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮加2%的发酵桑叶粉,试验期为42 d。结果显示:(1)与对照组相比,添加2%发酵桑叶粉提高1~21日龄及1~42日龄肉鸡体增重、采食量(P0.05),提升肉鸡42日龄的腿肌率(P0.05)。(2)基础饲粮中添加2%发酵桑叶粉可显著降低42日龄肉鸡心脏、肝脏及肾脏相对重量(P0.05),降低21日龄血清总胆固醇含量(P0.05)。(3)与对照组相比,添加2%发酵桑叶粉可显著提升42日龄空肠和回肠绒毛高度(P0.05),增加21日龄回肠和42日龄十二指肠、空肠、回肠的隐窝深度(P0.05)。试验结果表明:添加2%的发酵桑叶粉能够显著提升肉鸡体增重和采食量,改善肠道形态结构,促进肠道发育。     

Effects of dietary inclusion levels of palm oil on growth performance,antioxidative status and serum cytokines of broiler chickens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary palm oil inclusion levels on growth performance, serum antioxidative status and cytokines in Sanhuang broiler chickens. A total of 208 one‐day‐old female Sanhuang chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with four replicates per group and of 13 birds each for a 42‐day feeding trial. Dietary treatments were basal diet without palm oil (control) and diets containing 2%, 4% or 6% palm oil. During days 22 to 42 and the overall experimental period, chickens fed diets supplemented with 4% and 6% palm oil had a lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p = 0.019) and feed to gain ratio (F/G) (p = 0.031). Average daily gain (ADG) tended to be higher (p = 0.089) for palm oil inclusion treatments compared with the control treatment from days 1 to 42. Dietary 2% and 4% palm oil treatments significantly lowed serum malondialdehyde concentration on day 21 when compared to the control and 6% palm oil treatments (p = 0.027). Dietary 6% palm oil treatment significantly reduced the catalase (CAT) activity (p = 0.018) and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) (p = 0.027) in serum in comparison with the control treatment on day 21. No significant differences were observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activities in serum among dietary treatments on day 21. There were no significant differences in T‐AOC, CAT, SOD and GSH‐Px activities among dietary treatments on day 42. Dietary inclusion of 4% and 6% palm oil significantly increased (p = 0.01) serum interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) content, but improved transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) content in serum on both days 21 and 42 (p = 0.032 and 0.022 respectively) as well as IL‐10 content on day 42 (p = 0.022) when compared with the control treatment. Furthermore, dietary inclusion of 6% palm oil significantly reduced tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) content on days 21 and 42 (p = 0.021 and 0.001 respectively) compared with the control treatment. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of 4% and 6% palm oil could improve the growth performance, modulate the balance between pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, and show limited effect on antioxidative status in Sanhuang broiler chickens.     

日粮添加大豆发酵肽粉对肉鸡生长和血清生化指标的影响

选用1日龄艾维因肉仔鸡320只,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每重复16只。第一组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;其余4组分别添加0.1%、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的大豆发酵肽粉等量替代基础日粮中的豆粕,以研究对肉仔鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。结果表明:肉仔鸡日粮中添加大豆发酵肽粉有提高肉仔鸡日增重和饲料转化率的趋势,血清中总蛋白和白蛋白含量提高,对血清球蛋白和血清尿素氮无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

Effects of inulin on growth performance,nutrient digestibility and metabolisable energy in broiler chickens

1. A 35 d feeding trial with 480 d-old male broiler chickens (Cobb) was conducted to evaluate the effects of graded levels of inulin (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg diet) in a maize-soybean meal based diet on growth performance, AME_N and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein, amino acids, starch, crude fat and fatty acids. A commercial product (Inulina 95®) containing 914?0 g/kg of inulin and a degree of polymerisation (DP) ranging from DP 1–10 to DP 51–60 was used.

2. The performance of birds (feed intake, BW gain and feed to gain ratio) was not affected by the different dietary inclusions of inulin.

3. Dietary inulin significantly improved the AID coefficient of crude protein and crude fat. Also, there was a significant effect of inulin on the digestibility of most amino acids (10 out of 15) and major fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids). The AID coefficient of starch and the AME_N content of diets were not affected by inulin inclusion.

4. In conclusion, the current study showed that inulin supplementation improved the digestibility of protein and fat in a maize-soybean meal based diet, but had no effect on the performance of broiler chickens.     

Effects of dietary concentrations of methionine on growth performance and oxidative status of broiler chickens with different hatching weight

1. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two hatching weight (HW) levels and two dietary concentrations of methionine on the growth performance and oxidative status of broilers. Male Arbor Acres chickens were divided into two groups on their HW (low and high HW, H and L). Each HW group was then distributed into two subgroups, of similar HW, receiving either low or high dietary concentrations of methionine (4.9 g methionine/kg, LM; 5.9 g methionine/kg, HM). Thus, all day-old birds were distributed into 4 treatments (H-LM, H-HM, L-LM, L-HM) × 6 replicates × 10 birds for 21 d.

2. Broilers with high HW were heavier than those with low HW during the 21 d assay, which appeared to result from increased body weight gain rather than improved feed conversion efficiency. A higher dietary concentration of methionine (5.9 g/kg) improved growth performance of broilers with low HW in terms of body weight gain and feed conversion ratio.

3. Broilers with different HW had similar antioxidant status both in serum and liver.

4. Broilers given a diet containing 5.9 g/kg methionine had enhanced serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content at day 7.

5. Broilers given a diet containing 5.9 g/kg methionine had a higher hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH):glutathione disulphide (GSSG) ratio than those given a diet containing 4.9 g/kg methionine at day 21. High dietary methionine concentration reduced hepatic GSH content and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity of broilers with high HW at day 7 and at day 21, respectively, but increased hepatic GSH content of broilers with low HW at day 7.

6. Although broilers with different HW had similar oxidative status as indicated by several parameters in blood and liver, HW can have positive effects on the subsequent growth performance of broilers, and a higher dietary methionine concentration (5.9 g/kg) can improve growth performance and antioxidant status in broilers exhibiting low HW.     

同源乳酸菌对雏鸡生长性能和盲肠菌群的影响

选择1日龄从肉仔鸡90只,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只鸡,公母各半.对照组饲喂基础目粮,饮用清水;抗生素组饲喂基础日粮+0.02%土霉素,饮用清水;乳酸茵组饲喂基础日粮,饮用清水+同源乳酸茵液[108CFU/(d·只)].试验期21 d.研究结果表明:同源乳酸菌的饲喂能够提高1～3周龄肉仔鸡的平均日增重,降低料肉比,差异显著(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,添加同源乳酸菌能更好抑制盲肠内大肠杆茵的繁殖,增加乳酸茵的数量.     

谷氨酰胺对肉鸡生长性能、脂肪沉积和脂质代谢的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平的谷氨酰胺(Gln)对肉鸡生长性能和脂质代谢的影响。采用单因子完全随机设计,选用1日龄AA肉仔公鸡240只,随机均分为4组。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组日粮的配制是在基础饲粮中分别添加0.4%、0.8%和1.2%谷氨酰胺,试验期42 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.8%谷氨酰胺可显著提高肉鸡1～42日龄平均日采食量、平均日增重和试验末体重(P0.05)。0.8%谷氨酰胺试验组肉鸡42日龄腹脂率显著低于对照组(P0.05),胸肌脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,添加0.8%谷氨酰胺显著降低了肉鸡42日龄血清中甘油三酯和胆固醇含量(P0.05),0.4%和0.8%谷氨酰胺显著提高血清胰岛素含量(P0.05),各试验组均显著降低了血清脂联素含量(P0.05)。肉鸡腹脂率与瘦素和胰岛素含量显著负相关(P0.05),与脂联素含量显著正相关(P0.05);胸肌脂肪含量与脂联素含量显著负相关(P0.05);腿肌脂肪含量与瘦素和胰岛素含量显著正相关(P0.05);瘦素含量与胰岛素显著正相关(P0.05)。由此可见,肉鸡饲粮中添加谷氨酰胺可以提高肉鸡的生长性能,并通过影响肉鸡体内胰岛素和脂联素的分泌调控脂质代谢和脂肪沉积,0.8%谷氨酰胺的添加量效果为最佳。     

Single injection of clenbuterol into newly hatched chicks decreases abdominal fat pad weight in growing broiler chickens

The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of clenbuterol injection into newly hatched chicks on both the abdominal fat pad tissue weight and the skeletal muscle weight during subsequent growth. Twenty‐seven 1‐day‐old chicks were divided into two groups, receiving either a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of clenbuterol (0.1 mg/kg body weight) or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by clenbuterol injection during the 5‐week experimental period, while the abdominal fat pad tissue weight of the clenbuterol‐injected chicks was lower than that of the control chicks at 5 weeks post‐injection. Plasma non‐esterified fatty acid concentrations were significantly increased in the clenbuterol‐injected chicks, while plasma triacylglycerol concentrations did not differ. Additionally, the enzymatic activity of fatty acid synthase was lower in the liver of the clenbuterol‐injected chicks. Conversely, the skeletal muscle weights were not affected by clenbuterol injection. These results suggest that a single clenbuterol injection into 1‐day‐old chicks decreases the abdominal fat pad tissue weight, but may not affect skeletal muscle weights during growth. © 2015 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

Effects of chitosan on growth performance and energy and protein utilisation in broiler chickens

1. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan on growth performance, energy availability and protein retention in broilers. 2. Experiment 1 was a 42-d growth assay, in which 294 1-d-old male broilers were given one of 7 dietary treatments. A control feed was supplemented with 5 levels of chitosan (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 g/kg) or 50 mg/kg chlortetracycline (CTC). 3. Increasing chitosan inclusion gave a nonlinear increase (P< 0.001) in feed conversion efficiency (FCE). Optimal growth and feed conversion were obtained with 0.5-1.0 g/kg chitosan. 4. In experiment 2, 42 1-d-old male broilers (6/treatment) were individually housed but fed on the same diets as in experiment 1. Excreta were collected from d 19-21 and d 40-42. 5. The addition of 0.5-1.0 g/kg chitosan increased nitrogen retention compared with the control group (P< 0.01), while apparent metabolisable energy in the diets was not altered.     

Effects of Astragalus membranaceus on growth performance,carcass characteristics,and antioxidant status of broiler chickens

Abstract

An experiment was conducted using 720 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens to evaluate the effects of Astragalus membranaceus root powder (AMP), Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and antioxidant enzymes, and metabolites of blood and liver in broiler chickens. The six dietary treatments included a control that was a corn–soybean meal basal diet; basal diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg antibiotic; 350 mg/kg APS; or 5000, 10,000, or 15,000 mg/kg diet of AMP. Supplementation of 10,000 mg/kg AMP increased average daily gain and feed conversion rate of broilers in grower period (22–42 d) and over the entire experiment compared to basic diet. Responses of antioxidant status to dietary APS and AMP varied depending on the age of the broilers. Beneficial effects of AMP on growth and feed utilization of broilers could be obtained by inclusion of AMP at the rate of 10,000 mg/kg diet.