安徽省农民林业专业合作社建设现状分析及发展对策

集体林权制度改革以来,安徽省农民林业专业合作社建设与发展取得了显著成效,已成为林农进入市场的重要载体,有力地促进了林业增效、农民增收,加快了新农村建设。本文通过对具有代表性的部分市县林业合作社的调查,总结了集体林权制度改革催生的农民林业专业合作组织建设发展的主要特点及成效,剖析了存在的主要问题,并就如何促进林业合作社发展提出了对策建议。     

韩国山林组合发展及启示

在林权制度改革后,我国林业小规模经营与市场间的矛盾渐渐显现出来,林业专业合作社可以解决小生产与大市场连接的交易费用和风险成本高的问题。在设立以来的50多年间,韩国山林组合对韩国林业发展起到重要作用。文中介绍了韩国森林资源、木材供需情况、森林公益价值等林业基本概况以及山林组合的发展历程,分析了山林组合在韩国林业发展过程中的作用。韩国与我国互为邻国,韩国山林组合的发展对我国发展林业专业合作社具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Cooperation in private forestry of post-soviet system: Forest owners’ cooperatives in Lithuania

The current state of cooperation in private forestry in Lithuania is examined, with a focus on the analysis of objectives, organisational structure and the ways forest owners’ cooperatives operate. A postal survey has been used as a main research instrument, the questionnaire consisting of a series of multiplechoice close-ended questions. This paper provides insights into the state forest enterprises and other private companies operating in the private forestry sector, and places forest owners’ cooperatives in a broader context of the private forestry sector. A typical forest owner’s cooperative in Lithuania has up to 10 members and about 20 clients to whom services are provided. The leaders of cooperatives indicate that the optimal number of clients using their services should not exceed 40. The main stated objectives of cooperatives are the provision of services to their members under the most attractive conditions, uniting members, and earning a profit for the members. These activities of cooperatives revolve around timber harvesting and trade. It is concluded that the process of cooperation of private forest owners in Lithuania is rather slow, although positive development can be observed.     

Innovation and forest industry: domesticating the pine forests of the southern United States, 1920–1999

The history of forest management in the southern United States has been a process of intensification and the pine forests of the Coastal Plain can be regarded as in the early stage of crop domestication. Silviculture research into tree improvement and other aspects of plantation establishment and management has been critical to the domestication process, which began in the early 1950s with the paradigm shift from natural stand management to plantation forestry. Advances were incremental innovations that relied heavily on basic knowledge gained in other disciplines and from formal university–industry silviculture research cooperatives. These cooperatives played a critical role in the domestication process, especially as they disseminated technological innovations. Sixteen major pulp and paper companies were examined in terms of participation in research cooperatives, expenditures on research and implementation of innovations. Despite a lack of relationship between company size (gross sales) and expenditures on forestry research, implementation of innovations was significantly related to research expenditures, timberland owned and total sales. Adjusting for timberland ownership or annual sales, the companies that spent the most on forestry research did the best job implementing research results. Emerging trends in industry structure and support for research may indicate a new role for public research institutions in the South, and call into question the need for silviculture research cooperatives.     

基于林业自然灾害的农户森林保险需求实证分析——以福建、江西、湖南、陕西4省为例

森林保险具有分担农户林业经营风险、扩大林业融资规模的显著作用。文中利用对江西、湖南、陕西和福建4省农户的647份调研数据,对农户参与森林保险的需求进行实证分析,利用Logistic模型对包括林业自然灾害在内的影响农户参与森林保险的各项因素进行回归分析。结果表明,林业自然灾害、受教育程度、健康状况、家庭外出打工人数、家庭人口规模、林地面积、林业收入占比、参加合作组织情况对森林保险需求的影响在不同省份显著不同,其中林业自然灾害对农户的森林保险需求呈显著影响的省份为福建和湖南。     

林业专业合作组织绩效研究进展及趋势分析

发展林业专业合作组织是全面推进集体林权制度改革的重要内容,是集聚林业资源、发挥合作经济优势的一种新型组织形式。林合组织的发展绩效既关系到集体林权制度改革成果的巩固,又影响林农根本利益的实现。对合作组织运行绩效的现实表现、评价指标、评价方法、影响因素等研究成果进行归纳和述评,并在此基础上提出未来研究的方向。     

Willingness of Nonindustrial Private Forest Owners in Norway to Supply Logging Residues for Wood Energy

Norway has set ambitious targets for increasing bioenergy production. Forest residue extraction levels are currently very low, but residues have the potential to be an important component of the wood energy supply chain. A representative sample of Norwegian nonindustrial private forest owners having at least 8 ha (20 acres) of productive forest land was surveyed about their willingness to supply logging residues for wood energy production. About 59 % responded that they were willing to do so. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the following factors were positively associated with the likelihood of being willing to supply logging residues: total forest area, education level, living in a region with active timber markets and a history of forest production, and having positive perceptions of residue extraction and forestry’s role in mitigating climate change. Four variables were negatively associated with the likelihood to supply residues: living on property, being older than 65 years, having family or friends who are opposed to residue extraction, and having negative perceptions of residue extraction. The study provides insight regarding nonindustrial forest owners’ attitudes towards extraction of forest residues that may aid policy-makers designing effective means to meet national bioenergy production goals.     

尼泊尔社区林业发展历史和现状探析

尼泊尔社区森林管理属于世界领先水平。文中介绍尼泊尔社区林业的起源和发展经历的4个阶段; 阐述尼泊尔社区林业的运行体系, 重点是林业部门、森林使用者联合会、森林使用者小组的角色; 分析尼泊尔社区林业在提高森林质量和产出、帮助社区群众增收、促进REDD+机制和PSE机制发展、提高妇女等弱势群体参与性等方面取得的成效; 探讨森林使用小组在内部治理、利益分配和运行成本等方面存在的问题以及面临的挑战; 总结尼泊尔社区林业的特点, 并提出对于林业发展模式选择的启示。     

How to improve the marketing of timber in France?

Large forest estates actively participate in the marketing of timber in France. However, the marketing of wood from private and public large forest estates (over 25 ha) could be improved by better managing price risk in multiannual supply contracts of the timber industry: creation of compensation funds for forest owners or calls to financial markets linked to processed timber products for industrialists. But, the development of supply contracts does not mean that private or public auction procedures should be abandoned. Similarly, by supplementing “forest area development schemes”, it would be possible to increase the mobilisation of timber produced on small (1 to 10 ha) and medium (10 to 25 ha) forest estates: more forestry cooperatives or local forest agencies and a new timber pre-sale mode adapted to small forest estates are necessary (sales subject to the buyer's choice of purchasing standing timber or cut wood delivered to a depot by the seller).     

关于林业发展战略研究问题

文中阐述了林业发展战略研究的任务及其必要性,还分析了我国基本国情和林业面临的主要问题。根据我国自然生态和社会经济条件在地域上的分异,作者提出了关于林业战略布局和重点的构想。文章就各重点区域所处的地位、作用、存在问题和解决途径分别作了具体论述。     

黑龙江省林业采运机械化发展变化及驱动力分析

林业机械化是实现林业现代化的基础,采运机械化是林业机械化的重要组成部分.黑龙江省是我国的重点国有林区和主要木材生产地之一,研究黑龙江省的采运机械化发展对于实现我国林业现代化具有重要意义.以黑龙江省森林工业统计资料为基础,对其采运机械化的发展变化进行分析.采用主成分分析法,在SPSS软件中定量计算,找出采运机械化发展的5个驱动因素,并认为驱动采运机械化发展的直接原因是生产成本等经济因素,而根本原因在于森林资源状况的变化.最后预测,未来几年黑龙江省采运机械化水平不会发生显著变化.     

Forest management educational needs in South African forestry companies

South Africa is a world leader in the forest products industry and this industry contributes significantly to the country's economy. Challenges to the industry's future include land reform, water use, global competition, regulations, outsourcing and privatisation (the decreased role of government in forest management). These issues impact forestry skills, jobs and education. As part of the Department of Forest and Wood Science's curriculum revision at Stellenbosch University, a survey was sent to forest industry representatives to better understand the transition in forestry and what is expected from upcoming forestry graduates, specifically in business and economic-related studies. Major issues that surfaced included skill shortages, timber supply constraints and land/legal issues. The most important skills lacking in future foresters were people and business management skills. The survey results confirm that, although forest managers still need a core technical toolbox, they are also required to address multiple issues and require a broader 'package' of skills.     

Social Heterogeneity and Community Forestry Processes: Reflections from Forest Users of Dhading District, Nepal

Community forestry has been characterized as a successful model of community-based forest governance in Nepal that shifts forest management and use rights to local users, often socially heterogeneous in caste, gender and wealth status. This heterogeneity forms the basis of social groups, which differ in their needs, priorities and perceptions regarding community forestry implementation processes. This paper explores the dynamics of three community forestry processes—users’ participation, institutional development, and decision-making and benefit-sharing—among forest user groups as perceived by three social groups of forest users—elite, women and disadvantaged—from eight community forests of Dhading district, Nepal, using qualitative and quantitative techniques. It is found that social groups have differing levels of perception about community forestry processes occurring in their user groups. In particular, social elites differ from women and disadvantaged members of the group in users’ participation in community forestry activities and institutional development of forest user groups. An important policy implication of the findings is that social inclusiveness is central to the effective implementation of community forestry processes, not only to safeguard its past successes but also to internalize the economic opportunities it poses through reducing deforestation and forest degradation in the future.     

Potential of Community-Based Forest Management to Mitigate Climate Change in the Philippines

Community-based forest management (CBFM) is the principal strategy in managing inhabited ‘forest land’ in the Philippines. It involves the participation of local communities in various forestry activities to achieve sustainable forestry, advance social justice and improve socioeconomic welfare, and promote a stable and healthy environment. This paper analyses the potential benefits of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites to mitigate climate change. The incorporation of trees in farms and landscapes has led to enhanced carbon storage and sequestration. Half a million hectares of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites in the Philippines are estimated to store 25 MtC while sequestering 2.7 MtC annually. Lessons are drawn from three carbon sequestration projects under development using CBFM as the main approach. Income from carbon credits is not sufficient to recover the cost of tree planting. The transaction costs of forestry CDM projects are substantial and could prove to be the greatest barrier to project fruition. Government institutions must find ways to encourage project developers by simplifying rules and regulations for forestry carbon projects. Forest definition must be assessed. Project developers and the government could also explore the voluntary carbon market which is more flexible than the CDM market. Policy and technical studies must be conducted to ascertain the potential of the REDD for CBFM sites in the country.     

我国林业定位的研究

随着我国经济的发展，人民生活水平的提高，以及自然生态问题的日趋严重，林业被赋予了更新的使命。对林业的正确定位正是保证林业合理发挥其作用的重要前提。本文从市场定位学的思想出发，结合我国目前林业发展的实际情况，对林业定位的历史过程、林业定位所要考虑的因素进行了简单的回顾和分析，并对如何定位进行了探讨。     

朝鲜森林培育、保护与管理政策

朝鲜多山的地形条件决定了其森林资源在朝鲜经济建设、社会发展、民生福祉等方面的重要作用。自2015年以来,作为国家战略,朝鲜大力开展了“山林复原战斗”,目标是在10年之内把所有山野改造成树木茂密的“宝物山”和“黄金山”,使“全国树林化、园林化”。文中介绍了朝鲜森林资源、林业发展阶段及其政策法规、保护林和自然保护区、林业管理机构、林产品生产与贸易以及林业教育与科研等现状,总结了朝鲜森林培育、保护与管理的政策特点,并探讨在林业领域的中朝合作、朝韩合作以及国际组织合作的前景,以期为我国林业等相关领域对朝合作提供借鉴与帮助。朝鲜林业发展实践表明,朝鲜已经形成了较为完善的政策目标体系、法规管理制度和组织保障机制,相关领域的国际合作也在不断深化。     

美国引导林农参与碳市场的经验及启示

林农参与林业碳汇项目对提高其生计能力和收入以及应对气候变化具有重要意义.文中主要以美国家庭林主为研究对象,简要介绍其参与碳市场的背景、美国碳市场关于林业项目的规定以及美国引导家庭林主参与碳市场的经验,针对我国林农参与碳市场遇到的障碍,提出如下建议:1)合理制定碳汇交易规则,保障林业碳汇项目有序开展;2)完善中介服务体系...     

Non-industrial private forest owners' willingness to supply forest-based energy wood in the South Savo region in Finland

The consumption of energy wood in Finland has increased dramatically since the early 2000s, and the region of South Savo is a bellwether for its usage across the country. This increase is partly due to the national policy of sustainable energy, region's wealth of forests but is also dependent on non-industrial private forest owners (NIPF) deciding to sell energy wood. In this study, a survey with a structured questionnaire was conducted among the NIPFs in the region of South Savo to enlarge the understanding of their willingness to sell energy wood in the future and adopt new approaches to forestry that involves energy wood thinning as well as their current production of energy wood. Moreover, the factors influencing forest owner's motivations relating to energy wood thinning as well as information needs were analysed with multivariate techniques. The results show that almost half of the forest owners in the South Savo region had not sold energy wood. However, forest owners within the region generally had positive attitudes towards selling small-sized energy wood and forestry methods that involve energy wood thinning. Moreover, forest owners' willingness to sell different types of energy wood varied, depending on their background. The study suggests that the increase in supply of energy wood presumes both intensified extension services for forest owners and markets that are better organised than at the moment. The results may also prove beneficial in informing policy-makers regarding which specific target group(s) to focus on when promoting energy wood sales among NIPFs and which aspects of energy wood harvesting and sales to promote.     

日本林业团体标准实践经验及启示

林业团体标准是在市场经济条件下推动现代林业持续健康发展的重要手段,日本通过林业团体标准化工作有效地促进了森林资源保护与利用和林产品国际贸易。文中总结了日本林业团体标准制修、发布、实施、认证、评价和监管中的规范做法,归纳了实践经验,并探讨了启示,提出了我国林业团体标准的建设路径、发展模式和运行机制,对于推动我国林业团体标准建设、提高林产品质量与国际竞争力具有参考意义。     

Factors affecting participation of user group members: comparative studies on two types of community forestry in the Dry Zone, Myanmar

Drawing on the example of community forestry in Myanmar’s Dry Zone area, this paper conceptualizes and empirically assesses key factors for obtaining the participation of user group members, with emphasis on the implementation stage. More specifically, the study clarifies the commonalities and differences in influential factors between two types of community forestry: agroforestry and natural forest types. Field data were collected by semi-structured interviews with 54 households in four selected user groups, by key informant interviews, by informal interviews, and by direct observations. Our analysis was conducted in accordance with a framework in which selected social/institutional, economic, and physical factors affect participation. The results show that social/institutional factors are the most influential factors in both types, while economic factors are directly related to participation of user groups in the agroforestry type alone. Results indicated that preconditions, such as selection of leaders, should be considered in accordance with the local context in which the people have a shared recognition of what confers legitimacy to leadership. We recommend collaboration of the Forest Department with user group members in providing information regarding the use and selling of forest products from agroforestry-type community forest, as well as frequent communication with user groups to provide incentives regarding property rights stability for future benefits to continue participation of user group members in managing the dry forest.