棉花冠层温度的变化规律及其用于缺水诊断研究

作物冠层温度是反映作物水分状况的一个良好标准，在研究环境因素对冠层温度影响的基础上，分析了不同土壤水分条件下棉花冠层温度的变化规律。研究表明了冠层温度与细胞液溶液浓度之间存在良好关系，建立的冠层温度与气温差同气象因素和土壤水分的关系可用于判断作物的缺水状况。     

基于冠层温度的水稻关键生育期缺水诊断

以船行灌区水稻为试验作物,在2014年7-10月水稻生长发育的分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、开花结实期等3个关键期进行水稻需水试验,研究水稻冠层温度、大气温度与土壤含水量的关系,提出作物缺水诊断方法.研究结果表明:冠层温度晴天变化趋势随气温变化差异较大,阴雨天与大气温度差异不大,这与晴天水稻蒸发蒸腾强度高而阴雨天蒸发蒸腾强度低有关;抽穗开花期冠气温差在午间呈现正值,其他时间大多为负值,而成熟期冠气温差基本为正值且午间最大;通过水稻拔节孕穗期和开花结实期间冠气温差和对应时段内土壤适宜含水率上下限的对比,确定直播和插秧稻在拔节孕穗期的冠气温差上限达到1.5 ℃时,在开花结实期冠气温差上限分别超过2.4 ℃和2.5 ℃时,土壤水分已达胁迫水平,应对水稻进行灌溉.通过监测冠层温度,可以便捷地获取水稻缺水状况.     

冠层温度定量诊断覆膜作物水分状况试验研究

作物缺水指标CWSI（Crop Water Strese Index)和冠层－空气温差（Tc-Ta)是利用冠层温度评价作物水分状况的重要方法。1998年1999年在新乌兰乌苏农业气象站试验田内开展了对覆膜棉花和玉米的研究。结果表明：CWSI能够指示作物根系层的水分状况，而（Tc-Ta)受到环境因素（太阳辐射、空气饱和差）的较大影响。另外，对用标准化的冠层－空气温差法NDT（Normalized Difference of Temperature)定量诊断作物水分状况的可行性进行了研究。结果表明该方法在很大程度上能消除环境因素的影响，直接指标作物根系层的水分状况，并提出了覆膜棉花和玉米各生育阶段需灌溉的临界CWSI及NDT值。     

用冠层温度定量诊断作物根系活动层

冠层温度在定量诊断作物水分亏缺中得到了广泛的应用，1998年和1999年在新疆乌兰乌苏农业气象站试验田对覆膜棉花和玉米进行了研究，在此研究成果的基础上，提出了冠层温度最佳的测定时间，进行了用冠层温度定量诊断作物根系活动层的初步研究，结果表明可以利用CWSI与不同土层含水量的相关系数动态，准确地确定作物根系主要活动层的范围。     

冠层温度定量诊断覆膜作物水分状况试验研究

作物缺水指标 CWSI( Crop Water Strese Index)和冠层 -空气温差 ( Tc-Ta)是利用冠层温度评价作物水分状况的重要方法。 1 998和 1 999年在新疆乌兰乌苏农业气象站试验田内开展了对覆膜棉花和玉米的研究。结果表明 :CWSI能够指示作物根系层的水分状况 ,而 ( Tc-Ta)受到环境因素 (太阳辐射、空气饱和差 )的较大影响。另外 ,对用标准化的冠层 -空气温差法 NDT( Normalized Difference of Temperature)定量诊断作物水分状况的可行性进行了研究。结果表明该方法在很大程度上能消除环境因素的影响 ,直接指示作物根系层的水分状况 ,并提出了覆膜棉花和玉米各生育阶段需灌溉的临界 CWSI及 NDT值     

配备GPRS的大面积作物冠层温度红外传感器设计

作物冠层温度与作物的生理状态和后期产量息息相关,监测作物冠层温度对于研究作物生理状态和预测产量具有重要的意义。为此,针对目前商用红外测温仪视场角小、没有在线监测功能等问题,设计了一种大视场、定时通过GPRS传输数据的冠层温度红外传感器。采用定时启动采集的软硬件设计方法,降低了传感器的平均功耗,在电池供电情况下传感器使用时间达到30天左右。     

冠层温度在农田水管理中的应用及其相应的测定仪器

冠层温度在农田水管理中的应用及其相应的测定仪器段爱旺（中国农科院农田灌溉研究所河南新乡４５３００３）１前言利用作物冠层温度判别作物水分状况是近几十年发展起来的一项新技术。用冠层温度监测作物水分状况具有快速方便，准确可靠，对作物及环境没有任何干扰的特点...     

基于CWSI诊断温室草皮水分胁迫的实验研究

通过观测夏季温室不同灌溉条件下草皮的冠层温度、气温、大气湿度以及土壤含水量等因素,利用Isdo经验模式确定了冠气温差的下限方程。通过观察不同水分处理条件下草皮CWSI的日变化,得出了利用CWSI诊断草皮水分状况的最佳时机。研究分析了作物水分胁迫指数与其他一些反映作物水分状况的指标,包括土壤含水量、叶片蒸腾速率以及叶片含水量之间的关系,CWSI验理论模式与上述这些指标关系良好,表明其很好地反映了作物的水分胁迫特征。     

冠层温度指导冬小麦灌溉的试验研究

在冬小麦主要生育期,测定了6个不同水分处理的冠层温度、气温以及土壤含水率,计算了冠气温差并分析了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明:作物水分胁迫指数CWSI和冠层-空气温差(Tc-Ta)是利用冠层温度评价作物水分状况的重要方法。冠层温度和冠气温差都有明显的日变化过程,其中冠层温度在下午14:00前后达到最大值;中午12:00~14:00时段冠气温差反应冬小麦的供水状况最具代表性;冬小麦适宜水分处理的冠气温差阈值为-1.5℃<ΔT<1.3℃。冬小麦旺盛生长期间(15/4~25/5)的水分胁迫指数平均值与最终籽粒产量的关系是一种非线性的关系,平均水分胁迫指数在0.18~0.23范围为冬小麦的最优供水标准。     

基于冠层温度的温室葡萄CWSI模型试验研究

探讨并建立了适合于镇江丘陵地区温室葡萄水分状况监测的作物水分胁迫指数(CWSI)模型.通过田间实验和观测,得到了适合温室葡萄的CWSI经验模型中的经验关系.初步的检验和分析表明,这一模型是合理的,可以用于温室内葡萄基于冠层温度信息的水分状况监测.     

基于冠层温度和土壤墒情的实时监测与灌溉决策系统

设计了一个可以在线连续监测田间作物冠层温度、环境信息和土壤墒情的实时灌溉决策系统,并将其安装于农田进行了1 a实际运行和观测。系统采用太阳能供电和微处理器进行数据采集和管理,为野外的实际应用提供了保障。系统配置了红外温度、空气温/湿度、土壤水分/水势等传感器,能够及时采集田间全面的同步数据,排除了异地观测所形成的数据误差。采用悬臂式多点采集下垫面红外温度检测方法,可以快速采集更多和更高精度的数据,避免单点测量的人为误差。系统配备的快速锁紧装置,能够根据下垫面作物的生长情况进行传感器位置高度调节,使检测数据更符合田间实际情况。通过运行管理和监测数据分析可见,所监测数据能够很精细的刻画田间作物实际生长状况,可以用于灌区综合灌溉决策,实现田间精量灌溉管理和控制,为灌溉管理的精量化和智能化提供数据支持。     

基于叶温的作物水分亏缺诊断方法研究

作物冠层或叶片温度的变化可以反映作物的水分状况[1]。为此,根据能量平衡原理分析了作物的冠层(叶片)—空气温差变化的影响因素,并采用模糊推理技术,以叶片—空气温差及相关的环境因素(空气水汽压差、光照强度、空气温湿度和风速等)为输入变量,以CWSI为输出变量,探讨基于植物叶片—空气温差的作物水分亏缺诊断的智能化方法,实现了作物水分亏缺指标的动态分析,有效地解决了环境因素对CWSI计算结果的影响。采用温室生长的黄瓜为对象进行试验,试验表明:该诊断方法可有效地反映作物水分亏缺程度,克服了传统诊断的局限性。     

关于提高作物水分生产率与建立作物生态需水区划问题的探讨

作物光合作用对土壤水分有明显的阈值反应。通过土壤水分预报,控制土壤水分较长期处在略多于阈值的范围,有利于提高作物水分生产率。大定额的蓄水灌溉有利于创造下湿上干的土壤水分剖面,可减少土壤蒸发,提高水分有效利用率。 根据作物需水与年内得到降雨的补偿程度进行作物种值区划,称之为作物生态需水区划。根据这一区划进行作物布局,有利于灌溉节水。 根据作物生态需水区划,华北地区可分为四个地带:①双季作物需水补偿带;②双季作物需水基本补偿带;③一季作物需水补偿带;④一季作物需水基本补偿带。     

Evaluating the Crop Water Stress Index and its correlation with latent heat and CO2 fluxes over winter wheat and maize in the North China plain

Plant water status is a key factor impacting crop growth and agricultural water management. Crop water stress may alter canopy temperature, the energy balance, transpiration, photosynthesis, canopy water use efficiency, and crop yield. The objective of this study was to calculate the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) from canopy temperature and energy balance measurements and evaluate the utility of CWSI to quantify water stress by comparing CWSI to latent heat and carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux measurements over canopies of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted at the Yucheng Integrated Agricultural Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from 2003 to 2005. Latent heat and CO₂ fluxes (by eddy covariance), canopy and air temperature, relative humidity, net radiation, wind speed, and soil heat flux were averaged at half-hour intervals. Leaf area index and crop height were measured every 7 days. CWSI was calculated from measured canopy-air temperature differences using the Jackson method. Under high net radiation conditions (greater than 500 W m⁻²), calculated values of minimum canopy-air temperature differences were similar to previously published empirically determined non-water-stressed baselines. Valid measures of CWSI were only obtained when canopy closure minimized the influence of viewed soil on infrared canopy temperature measurements (leaf area index was greater than 2.5 m² m⁻²). Wheat and maize latent heat flux and canopy CO₂ flux generally decreased linearly with increases in CWSI when net radiation levels were greater than 300 W m⁻². The responses of latent heat flux and CO₂ flux to CWSI did not demonstrate a consistent relationship in wheat that would recommend it as a reliable water stress quantification tool. The responses of latent heat flux and CO₂ flux to CWSI were more consistent in maize, suggesting that CWSI could be useful in identifying and quantifying water stress conditions when net radiation was greater than 300 W m⁻². The results suggest that CWSI calculated by the Jackson method under varying solar radiation and wind speed conditions may be used for irrigation scheduling and agricultural water management of maize in irrigated agricultural regions, such as the North China Plain.     

Crop rotations in Argentina: Analysis of water balance and yield using crop models

Cropping schemes have developed in east-central Argentina for rainfed soybean (Glycine max Merr.) production that invariably employ no-tillage management. Often these schemes include growing soybean in a sequence of crops including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). The full impact of various rotation schemes on soil water balance through a sequence of seasons has not been explored, although the value of these rotations has been studied experimentally. The objective of this work was to investigate through simulations, potential differences in temporal soil water status among rotations over five years. In this study, mechanistic models of soybean (Soy), maize (Maz), and wheat (Wht) were linked over a five-years period at Marcos Juárez, Argentina to simulate soil water status, crop growth, and yield of four no-till rotations (Soy/Soy, Soy/Wht, Soy/Maz, and Soy/Maz/Wht). Published data on sowing dates and initial soil water contents in the first year from a no-till rotation experiment were used as inputs to the model. After the first year, soil water status output from the model was used to initiate the next crop simulation in the sequence. The results of these simulations indicated a positive impact on soil water balance resulting from crop residue on the soil surface under no-till management. Continuous soybean and the two-year soybean/maize rotation did not efficiently use the available water from rainfall. Residue from maize was simulated to be especially effective in suppressing soil evaporation. Thus, the Soy/Maz simulation results indicated that this rotation resulted in enhanced soil water retention, increased deep water percolation, and increased soybean yields compared with continuous soybean crops. The simulated results matched well with experimental observations. The three-crop rotation of Soy/Maz/Wht did not increase simulated soybean yields, but the additional water retained as a result of decreased soil evaporation resulting from the maize residue allowed the addition of a wheat crop in this two-year rotation. Simulated soybean yields were poorly correlated with both the amount of soil water at sowing and the rainfall during the cropping period. These results highlight the importance of temporal distribution of rainfall on final yield. These models proved a valuable tool for assessing the consequences of various rotation schemes now being employed in Argentina on temporal soil water status, and ultimately crop yield.     

秸秆覆盖条件下玉米需水量及作物系数的试验研究

采用FAO推荐的双作物系数法计算了秸秆覆盖条件下夏玉米的作物系数。结果表明,秸秆覆盖对含水量影响较大,0～10cm土层土壤含水量随着麦秸覆盖量的增加而增大;秸秆覆盖量对棵间蒸发量E和土壤蒸发系数Ke的影响较大,E和Ke值随覆盖量增加而减小,在玉米生长初期阶段影响最大,中期阶段影响最小;有覆盖试验区需水量比无覆盖区小,有一定的节水效果。