煤矸石山优势植物对重金属吸收及富集特征

对六盘水市某煤矿煤矸石山14种优势植物根际土壤污染状况以及对重金属吸收与富集特征进行研究。结果表明:煤矸石风化土壤中重金属Zn、Cu、Cd和Pb有明显积累,Cd的污染最为严重。对各种植物体内的重金属含量分析发现,地上部分中Cu、Pb含量最高的植物为假酸浆,分别为46.79,12.56mg/kg;Zn含量最高的植物是酸模叶蓼,为60.97mg/kg;Cd含量最高的植物是龙葵,为1.84mg/kg。对转移系数和富集系数分析发现,鬼针草、千里光、龙葵、醉鱼草艾蒿和野棉花对Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb具有较强转移能力;假酸浆的地上部分对Cd的富集系数最高,为1.28;假酸浆的地下部分对重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的富集系数也较高,分别为1.83,0.90,3.20,1.96。因此,假酸浆可作为煤矸石风化土植被恢复的植物,同时也可用于重金属污染土壤的修复植物。     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复与金属超富集植物及其遗传工程研究

本文综述了土壤重金属污染的植物修复、金属超富集植物及其遗传工程的最新研究进展及存在问题,并提出加紧筛选和发现野生高生物量的金属超富集植物,在现有高生物量作物种质资源中筛选金属超富集作物,应用遗传工程技术把野生植物的超富集基因转移到现有高生物量植物(作物)中,寻找综合、可持续的植物修复手段等对策。     

锰超富集植物及其富集机制的研究进展

超富集植物是植物修复的基础。迄今虽发现超富集植物480种,但绝大多数属于镍超富集植物(329种),而锰超富集植物仅有13种。还从重金属的活化与吸收、运输与转移及其在植物体内的调控三方面综述了超富集植物的生理生化机制。     

广东大宝山矿区植物对重金属的富集特征

对大宝山矿区自然定居和人工种植的13种优势植物根际土壤污染状况及其对重金属的富集特征进行研究.结果表明,大宝山矿区土壤受重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu污染,其中以Cd、Cu的污染最为严重.在调查的13种优势植物中,铺地黍地上部分的Pb含量达到1 214.00 mg/kg,泡桐叶中Cu含量达到1 024.80mg/kg,超过了Pb和Cu超富集植物含量的临界值(1 000 mg/kg);其运转系数分别为1.77.13.74,都大于1.0,符合超富集植物的标准,表明铺地黍可能是Pb的超富集植物,泡桐可能是Cu的超富集植物.除铺地綦、泡桐外,其他11种优势植物的重金属吸收能力没有达到超富集植物的标准,但它们能在此区域定居,表现出对重金属有较强的耐性,其中象草、纤毛鸭嘴草、芒萁、五节芒、马尾松对重金属复合污染胁迫的耐性较强,可作为大宝山矿植被重建的先锋物种.     

铜川市三里洞煤矸石堆积地风化土壤重金属污染及植物富集特征

研究煤矿矸石地的土壤污染及植物对有毒元素的吸收可为污染治理和植被恢复提供科学依据。对铜川市三里洞煤矸石堆积地土壤污染和草本植物中重金属含量进行了研究。运用地质累积指数法和综合富集系数分别对土壤污染和草本植物富集重金属元素的能力进行了分析评价。结果表明,该区土壤中和草本植物中Cu,Cd,Zn,Mn,Ni,Pb,Cr元素均明显高于背景值;草本植物中Cu,Cd,Ni元素超出正常范围。土壤中重金属元素Cd为强度污染,Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr元素为轻度污染。不同植物中小飞蓬、铁杆蒿和野艾蒿对重金属元素的富集能力最强,其次为猪毛蒿和曼陀罗,狗牙根最差。     

金川尾矿库土壤与植物重金属富集特征

以金川公司老尾矿库主要造林树种柠条锦鸡儿为植物材料,以尾矿库主要重金属元素Ni、Cu为研究对象,对金川公司尾矿区柠条种植地的土壤和柠条中重金属富集状况进行研究。结果表明,尾矿库土壤极端贫瘠、重金属含量高,其中Cu、Ni的含量超过国家土壤三级标准,是一类被重金属复合污染的土壤;在不同的栽植措施下柠条不同部位吸收重金属的能力差异较大,柠条中Ni含量地上部分大于地下部分,Cu含量地上部分小于地下部分,而且对Ni的转运能力较对Cu转运能力强;柠条根系对Cu的滞留率在80%以上,而对Ni的滞留效应相对较弱。综合分析结果表明,柠条能吸收富集Ni和Cu,并具有一定的耐性。基于其具有生物量大、生长速度快的特点,作为镍铜尾矿库的修复植物有较好的应用前景。     

水分管理对重金属污染土壤植物修复效果的影响研究综述

随着人们生活水平的提升、工业化进程和城市化的不断发展,土壤重金属污染已成为当今社会发展面临的一个很严峻的环境问题,因此加强土壤重金属污染的修复刻不容缓。近年来兴起的植物修复技术相比于其它修复技术有着良好的发展前景,但植物修复效率一直是困扰该技术的难题。大量研究表明,水分管理会引起土壤理化性质及重金属形态的改变,同时改变植物体内重金属的含量和迁移。本文在前人的研究基础上,综述了水分管理对土壤物理、化学、生物学性质以及植物本身的影响,分析了不同水分条件下植物的修复效率,提出了未来发展建议,为保证我国粮食安全和农业绿色发展提供理论基础和实践依据。     

水基钻屑用作基质对植物生长和重金属富集特征的影响

通过将水基钻屑与土壤和(或)腐熟污泥以一定比例混合形成基质,在进行定量淋洗脱盐的基础上,研究了金叶女贞与狗牙根在该种基质上的生长状况与重金属富集特征。结果表明:经过淋洗,配比基质盐分、养分等主要理化指标满足植物生长需求,重金属含量符合CJT340—2016《绿化种植土壤》标准,满足绿化植物生长所需的环境质量要求。金叶女贞与狗牙根生物量的积累在不同配比基质中存在显著差异,其中在水基钻屑与土壤质量配比为10∶1与10∶2的基质中生物量最高。对于重金属的富集,金叶女贞与狗牙根在不同配比基质中存在一定差异,二者对镉、铅、铜存在富集作用。可见,水基钻屑合理配比后可作为基质用作绿化种植。     

营养元素N、P、K对Pb超富集植物吸收能力的影响

为了探索提高Pb(铅)超富集植物吸收能力的方法，该文通过温室土培方法，研究了单一营养元素N、P、K对Pb超富集植物羽叶鬼针草(Bidens maximowicziana)、绿叶苋菜(L.Amaranthus tricolor)和紫穗槐(Sophora japonica)3种植物Pb吸收的影响。营养元素的设计水平为N 0、0.06、0.12、0.18、0.24、0.30 g/kg，P₂O₅ 0、0.06、0.12、0.18、0.24、0.30 g/kg，K₂O 0.08、0.16、0.24、0.32、0.40 g/kg，其他2种元素恒定为0.12 g/kg，土壤铅浓度为800 mg/kg土。结果表明土壤中施入不同水平的营养元素显著影响植物Pb迁移总量。18个处理中羽叶鬼针草、绿叶苋菜与紫穗槐Pb迁移总量最大值与最小值的比值分别为：11.6、10.6、11.9。该试验表明通过调节土壤营养的方法可以提高植物的重金属的迁移总量，利用Pb超富集植物修复Pb污染土壤。3种营养元素对植物的效应不一致，少量的N和K可促进富集植物干质量的增加，促进植物对Pb的吸收，随着N和K水平的增加，植物对Pb的吸收能力降低，但K的抑制作用不如N的显著；土壤供P会降低植物对Pb的吸收，且下降极显著。     

紫湖溪流域重金属污染风险与植物富集特征

土壤重金属污染已成为当今农业与环境领域关注的热点。为揭示紫湖溪流域重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)污染状况,该研究测定与分析了紫湖溪水体、河底淤泥和河岸土壤以及9种河岸植物的重金属含量,利用污染指数法系统评估其污染状况,进而筛选出具有富集与修复重金属污染潜力的植物。结果表明,紫湖溪水体中Cd与Mn严重超标;河底淤泥中Cd、Zn和Cu污染严重,重金属潜在生态风险:ZnCdCuPbAsNiCrMn;河岸土壤受污水与底泥泛滥影响,土壤重金属间呈显著正相关性,其中,Cd、Zn和Cu重度污染;9种优势植物对重金属的选择性吸收导致其对Cd、Cr和Pb的富集系数(BCF,bioconcentration factor)偏低,转移系数(TF,translocation factor)均小于1,表现出根部囤积型特征。早熟禾、灰绿藜和枸杞对重金属的吸收具有抵抗性,湿地生态型植物水花生与猫爪草对富集重金属具有独特优势,构树对多种重金属较强的富集与转移能力暗示了该木本植物在重金属修复技术领域的巨大应用前景。     

重金属富集植物黑麦草对Zn的响应

采用根袋土培试验研究了重金属Zn胁迫对黑麦草（Loliurn perenne L．）生长、抗氧化酶活性、游离脯氨酸含量、根系活力及锌积累的影响。结果表明，黑麦草对重金属锌有很强的抗性和耐性．即使在高锌下（16mmol Zn／kg）。黑麦草生长也未受到抑制。黑麦草地上部干重、根系千重在8mmol Zn／kg下达到最大值。分别较对照增加48．8％，52．2％;高锌处理（16mmol Zn／kg）的植株地上部千重也较对照增加11．2％。黑麦草POD活性随Zn胁迫增加，先下降，然后回升SOD活性则随锌胁迫增加而下降。随Zn胁迫增加，叶脯氨酸、根系活力先增加，然后下降。地上部、根系Zn含量随Zn胁迫增加而增加，最大值分别为746．5，521．0mg／kg DW（16mmol Zn／kg）。高锌处理下（≥4mmol／kg）Zn转运率（S／R）〉1．0。     

氮对超积累植物东南景天生长和镉积累的影响

通过水培试验,研究了氮素水平对超积累植物东南景天植株生长和镉吸收积累的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内供氮（4.0-16.0 mm ol/L）能明显促进东南景天的生长,随着氮素水平的升高,地上部和根系的生物量也提高,在供氮水平为16.0 mm ol/L时达到最大值,而当供氮水平≥32.0 mm ol/L时,东南景天的生长受到严重的抑制,其地上部和根系的生物量开始下降,各项根系形态的指标（包括根系长度、根系表面积、根系直径、根系体积）均有所降低。氮对东南景天体内镉积累有一定的促进作用,随着氮素用量的增加,体内镉含量逐渐升高,与生物量不同,镉含量在氮水平32.0 mm ol/L条件下达到最大。研究结果表明,适当提高营养液氮素水平,有利于东南景天的生长和镉吸收,为进一步利用东南景天修复镉污染土壤,提高修复效率提供科学依据。     

水稻对外源硒的吸收利用研究

硒是人体必需的微量营养元素,食物是人体硒的主要来源,外源硒调控是生产富硒农产品的重要手段之一。通过盆栽试验,研究外源硒添加条件下水稻对硒的吸收利用问题。结果表明,土壤添加外源硒为0.2~0.6 mg Se·kg~(-1)土的条件下,对水稻的生长性状没有显著影响,但能显著增加水稻各部位的全硒含量。硒在水稻体内各部位的含量大小关系为:稻根茎叶糙米精米谷壳;但在各主要部位的总累积大小为:茎叶糙米精米稻根谷壳。在自然土壤上硒相对更多地富集于水稻根系,而外源添加四价硒处理,水稻吸收的硒相对更容易转移至地上部位,甚至更容易在糙米和精米中富集。水稻植株对外源硒的吸收利用率为2.87%~3.75%,地上部和籽粒累积外源硒的量占添加外源硒总量分别为2.60%~3.45%和0.94%~1.32%。     

Cadmium Uptake by Winter Wheat Seedlings in Response to Interactions Between Phosphorus and Zinc Supply in Soils

ABSTRACT

Effects of application of zinc (Zn) (0, 1, 5, 10 mg kg^?1 soil) and phosphorus (P) (0, 10, 50, 100 mg kg^?1 soil) on growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulations in shoots and roots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were investigated in a pot experiment. All soils were supplied with a constant concentration of Cd (6 mg kg^?1 soil). Phosphorus application resulted in a pronounced increase in shoot and root biomass. Effects of Zn on plant growth were not as marked as those of P. High Zn (10 mg kg^?1) decreased the biomass of both shoots and roots; this result may be ascribed to Zn toxicity. Phosphorus and Zn showed complicated interactions in uptake by plants within the ranges of P and Zn levels used. Cadmium in shoots decreased significantly with increasing Zn (P < 0.001) except at P addition of 10 mg kg^?1. In contrast, root Cd concentrations increased significantly except at Zn addition of 5 mg kg^?1 (P < 0.001). These results indicated that Zn might inhibit Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Cadmium concentrations increased in shoots (P < 0.001) but decreased in roots (P < 0.001) with increasing P supply. The interactions between Zn and P had a significant effect on Cd accumulation in both shoots (p = 0.002) and roots (P < 0.001).     

土施超富集植物秸秆对荠菜生长及镉积累的影响

[目的]研究超富集植物秸秆对富集植物重金属积累的化感作用,为镉污染土壤的植物修复研究提供参考。[方法]通过在镉污染土壤中施用镉超富集植物〔(红果黄鹌菜Youngia erythrocarpa)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、少花龙葵(Solanum americanum)和豨莶(Siegesbeckia orientalis)〕秸秆,研究了4种镉超富集植物秸秆施入土壤对镉富集植物荠菜生长及镉积累的影响。[结果]4种镉超富集植物秸秆施入土壤均提高了荠菜地上部分生物量、总生物量和抗性系数,同时提高了荠菜叶片SPAD值(绿色度)。土施红果黄鹌菜秸秆提高了荠菜根系、茎、叶片及地上部分的镉含量,分别比各自对照高11.81%,102.07%,12.00%和54.95%,同时也提高了土样有效态镉含量,其余3种处理均低于各自对照。土施红果黄鹌菜秸秆的荠菜地上部分和整株的镉积累量均高于对照,分别为42.11和54.74μg/株,比各自对照高83.09%和54.11%,而其余3种处理的镉积累量均低于对照。[结论]土施红果黄鹌菜能够提高荠菜对土壤镉的积累,有利于提高荠菜对镉污染土壤的修复效果。     

Contribution of Mycorrhizae to Early Growth and Phosphorus Uptake by a Neotropical Palm

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can act as an extension of the root system of their host plants. In Desmoncus orthacanthos Martius (Arecaceae), which has thick and unbranched roots (i.e., magnolioid roots) and low densities of root hairs, this association may be essential to reach a maximum growth with minimum fertilizers. This is important because of the potential in the south of Mexico to use D. orthacanthos' shoots as a raw material to build handcrafts. To evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae on phosphorus (P) uptake and initial growth of D. orthacanthos seedlings, a 160-day bi-factorial experiment was carried out in which plants were subject to one of two levels of mycorrhizal colonization (with or without) and one of three levels of P substrate addition (4, 12, and 24 ppm). Our results show that total dry weight (DW) and leaf area (LA) responded significantly to P addition but not to mycorrhizal colonization. Phosphorus concentration in plant tissues (Pt) was increased by both factors (mycorrhizae and P addition). Mycorrhizae increased relative growth rate (RGR) at low P level. Our results indicate that AMF play an important role in early growth and P uptake by D. orthacanthos seedlings; therefore, the AMF must be considered in plantations of this potentially economically important palm.     

Arsenic and heavy metal accumulation by Athyrium yokoscense from contaminated soils

Abstract

Athyrium yokoscense, a type of fern that grows vigorously in mining areas in Japan, is well known as a Cd hyperaccumulator as well as a Cu, Pb and Zn tolerant plant. However, no information is available on As accumulation of A. yokoscense, although it often grows on soils containing high levels of both heavy metals and As. In this study, young ferns collected from a mine area were grown in media containing As-spiked soils or mine soil in a greenhouse for 21 weeks. Athyrium yokosense was highly tolerant to arsenate and survived in soils containing up to 500 mg As (V) kg^?1. The addition of 100 mg As (V) kg^?1 resulted in the highest fern biomass (1.95 g plant^?1) among As-spiked soils. Although the As concentration of the fern was lower than other As hyperaccumulators, such as Pteris vittata, A. yokoscense could hyperaccumulate As in mature and old fronds. Arsenic was accumulated most efficiently in old fronds (922 mg kg^?1) in the media containing 5 mg As (III) kg^?1. Moreover, higher As accumulation was found in the roots of the ferns, with a range from 506 to 2,192 mg kg^?1. In addition, in the mine soil with elevated concentrations of As and heavy metals, A. yokoscense not only hyperaccumulated As (242 mg As kg^?1 in old fronds), but also accumulated Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn at concentrations much higher than those reported for other terrestrial plants. Athyrium yokoscense accumulated Cd mostly in fronds in high concentrations, up to 1095 mg kg^?1, while it accumulated Cu, Zn and Pb mainly in the roots and the concentrations were 375, 2040 and 1165 mg kg^?1, respectively.     

Enhanced Lead Uptake by an Association of Plant and Earthworm Bioaugmented with Bacteria

Lead (Pb) is recorded as the second most hazardous pollutant of the environment. Previous cases of Pb bioremediation has been reported using single biosystem, but very few reports are available in biological approaches using multi-biosystems to achieve an enhanced bioremoval of Pb. The present study evaluated the capacity of a unique association of Pennisetum purpureum, a hyperaccumulator plant, and Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) bioaugmented with a Pb-resistant bacterium, obtained from an industrially contaminated site and identified as isolate VITMVCJ1 Klebsiella variicola, to bioremediate Pb. The Pb-resistant gene was amplified in the bacterial isolate VITMVCJ1. The study was conducted for 60 d. Results verified that the bioaugmentation process enhanced 1) root and shoot length of the plants, 2) chlorophyll content of the plants, and 3) biofilm-producing ability of the microbes from the rhizosphere region of the plants. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be lower in the plants in the bioaugmented setup. The study also observed a reduction in the toxic effects of Pb on earthworm and plant. The earthworm was used to assess the Pb-induced stress syndrome after exposure to sublethal concentrations of Pb in the soil. A reduction in the content of malondialdehyde, a potential biomarker, on exposure to Pb demonstrated the role of the inoculum to alleviate heavy metal-induced stress in earthworms. All three symbionts accumulated Pb; Pb was accumulated mainly in the root of the plant, and poorly in the shoot of the plant and body mass of the earthworm. The bioaugmentation system exhibited stable and excellent uptake of Pb from the contaminated soils. The results of the present study suggest the positive effect of the synergistic association of the plant and earthworm with appropriate microbes for the bioremoval of Pb.     

Cd/Zn 及Cd /Zn/Ni复合污染对胡萝卜生长吸收特征的影响

利用盆栽试验对胡萝卜在不同浓度Cd/Zn及Cd/Zn/Ni复合作用下的重金属吸收效应进行了研究。结果表明,在Cd/Zn/Ni和Cd/Zn复合污染条件下,胡萝卜茎叶和块茎干重与对照土壤比较均受到显著影响（P＜0.05）,尤其是含Ni组合,在Ni浓度达到250 mg·kg-1后,胡萝卜块茎和茎叶生物量都锐降（P＜0.01）。对比不同剂量下两组合富集系数（EF）和转运系数（TF）的结果发现,含Ni组合中, Cd、Zn、Ni 3种重金属在不同迁移界面以及不同浓度水平时的活性不同：在土壤-胡萝卜块茎迁移界面,当土壤中Cd、Zn、Ni浓度分别在0.35～1.8、50～300 mg·kg-1以及60～250 mg·kg-1之间时,活性大小为Cd〉Zn〉Ni;当其浓度分别达到3.5 mg·kg-1（Cd）、600 mg·kg-1（Zn）以及500 mg·kg-1（Ni）时,活性大小变为 Zn〉 Ni 〉Cd ;而在胡萝卜块茎－茎叶界面,Cd的活性在任何浓度水平下始终最大,当Zn、Ni浓度分别在50～180 mg·kg-1以及 60～170 mg·kg-1之间时,活性大小为Zn＞Ni ,但在此浓度之后Ni的作用突显,活性大小变为Ni＞Zn。非含Ni组合中,在两迁移界面和不同浓度水平下,两种重金属的迁移能力始终为Cd＞Zn。此外,在碱性较高的绿洲灌淤土中,Cd、Zn、Ni之间的交互作用表