槲皮素对SI甘蓝授粉引起的PK活性及相关指标的影响

通过槲皮素处理,研究了自交不亲和甘蓝自花授粉和异花授粉与蛋白激酶的关系。结果表明,槲皮素能明显抑制自交不亲和甘蓝自花授粉引起的蛋白激酶活性,导致蛋白质磷酸化明显受阻,进而促进自花诱导的花粉萌发和花粉管生长,同时使SOD、POD、CAT活性升高,Ca2+含量下降,Ca2+在胞内的分布明显改变,而槲皮素对异花授粉抑制作     

Thiocyanate in forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.)

Summary An improved technique has been used for the determination of thiocyanate ion (^-SCN) released on enzymatic hydrolysis of kale (B. oleracea) inbred lines and F₁ hybrids. Considerable heritable variation has been found. Grazing trials have shown a relationship between ^-SCN in the crop and in the blood plasma of grazing sheep.     

Breaking incompatibility of Brassica oleracea L. by steel-brush pollination

Summary A method is described of breaking self-incompatibility in Brussels sprouts by mutilating the stigmata during pollination with a brush of which the hair had been replaced by steel wire. The results are similar to those obtained with bud pollination and the method opens up prospects for practical use.     

花椰菜与黑芥体细胞杂种的生物学特性

对经UV处理,PEG融合获得的79株花椰菜和黑芥的体细胞杂种进行了全生育期性状调查分析,包括细胞DNA含量测定、染色体计数、植株形态学观察、育性调查等.结果表明:杂种形态变异广泛,多数呈中间类型,少数呈偏亲性状;杂种细胞DNA含量不一致,呈现大于、等于、小于双亲细胞DNA含量之和的类型;DNA含量大于双亲之和的杂种与DNA含量等于或小于双亲之和的杂种相比,有较高比例的材料叶型出现畸形和(或)植株生长势弱,育性也更差.显示出杂种植株的生长势、育性与q细胞的DNA含量具有一定的相关性.通过染色体计数,发现所检测杂种为混倍体,同一植株的细胞有多种染色体数目构成.在79个杂种中,筛选出13个目标材料,生长势强,有较好或一定程度的育性,表明采用体细胞杂交技术手段来改良甘蓝类蔬菜的遗传多样性具有町行性.     

On the genetic status of maternals induced by pollination of Brassica oleracea L. with Brassica campestris L.

Summary Plants derived by bud selfing maternals, obtained after pollinating B. oleracea L. with B. campestris L., have been shown to be segregating for their S alleles and in one instance for a major gene determining the presence of hairs on the first true foliage leaf. This agrees with the evidence of Tokumasu (1965) and Haruta (1970, person. comm.) in demonstrating that the original maternals were not completely homozygous. The evidence would appear to favour diploid parthenogenesis as the mode of origin of these maternals and the induction of maternals by interspecific pollinations within the Brassica genus does not appear to offer a viable alternative to inbreeding for the synthesis of pure lines for F₁ or double cross hybrid production.     

Successful backcrosses of somatic hybrids between Sinapis alba and Brassica oleracea with the Brassica oleracea parent

Somatic hybrids between Sinapis alba (2n= 24) and Brassica oleracea (2n= 18) have been backcrossed with the B. oleracea parent. Whereas backcrosses with the diploid B. oleracea parent were unsuccessful, 344 BC₁ seeds could be obtained from inter-valence crosses with tetraploid B. oleracea (2n= 4x= 36). The investigated 96 BC₁ plants segregated for morphological traits and for fertility. They were backcrossed with diploid B. oleracea or self-pollinated, depending on their male fertility. The BC₁F₂ and BC₂ progenies segregated well for the morphological traits. Disturbances were observed especially in the generative phase (flower development and pollen fertility). Both male fertile and male sterile BC₁F₂ and BC₂ plants were obtained and backcrossed or self-pollinated with the B. oleracea parent. The presence of either one of the parental or the cybrid organelle genomes was detected. In the progenies, a stable maternal inheritance of the organelle genome patterns was observed. Isozyme analyses revealed polymorphism for the leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) which was used for the identification of S. alba genes in the progenies. Cytological investigations showed a clear differentiation between the BC₁F₂ and BC₂ plants. Whereas the BC₁F₂ plants possess large numbers of chromosomes ranging from 34 to 40, the BC₂ material was strongly reduced to chromosome numbers ranging from 20 to 22. Preliminary investigation of the meiosis suggests the possibility of introgressions of S. alba-DNA into the B. oleracea genome.     

结球甘蓝的离体快繁技术研究

以结球甘蓝无菌苗的胚轴和子叶为材料，几乎不生长愈伤组织，分化出不定芽。不定芽在添加6-BA的MS培养基上增殖很快，适宜的生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA0.5mg/L+ NAA0.1mg/L。通过增加培养基中糖和琼脂粉的用量，提高培养时的光照强度等有效控制了玻璃苗的产生。     

人工合成具有白菜或甘蓝细胞质的甘蓝型油菜

为比较甘蓝型油菜不同细胞质基因组的遗传效应及其与核基因的相互作用,对12个白菜(2n=20)与1个芥蓝(2n=18)的正反交种间杂种分别进行子房和胚培养,人工合成白菜和甘蓝细胞质甘蓝型油菜。结果表明,白菜×芥蓝的正交子房培养杂种苗平均诱导率2.32%,甘蓝×白菜的反交胚培养杂种苗平均诱导率为1.16%。不同杂交组合之间,杂种苗诱导率差异大,但相同亲本正反交杂种获得的难易趋势相似。将单倍体杂种小苗在含0.01%秋水仙碱的MS培养基中预培养处理10d的染色体加倍效果最好,加倍率达59.32%。人工合成的甘蓝型油菜农艺性状类似于栽培甘蓝型油菜,无论正交或反交合成的甘蓝型油菜,其农艺性状介于父母本之间,但更接近于母本。合成油菜花粉育性在40.53%～88.95%之间。     

甘蓝型油菜与青花菜种间杂种子房离体培养研究

利用子房离体培养的方法克服了甘蓝型油菜与青花菜杂种后代杂种胚的衰亡,并通过组织培养技术获得了杂交后代。试验结果表明：授粉后15d的子房离体培养效果最好,获得7粒饱满种籽,其中2粒发芽,发芽率为0.29;1/2MS+B5有机+IAA1.5mg/L+蔗糖50g/L为最佳的子房离体培养基,平均每个角果可得到杂种0.17粒,杂种发芽率可达66.7%;通过比较父母本和杂交后代性状,发现杂交后代的生物学性状偏向父本。     

Identification of S-alleles in Brassica oleracea

Summary S-alleles of Brassica oleracea were identified using a method which is based on the amplification of S-sequences from genomic DNA, followed by digestion of the PCR products with selected restriction enzymes (PCR-RFLP). A study was made in which the same S-allele was present in the homozygous state in a range of different crop types. This showed that, with minor exceptions, characteristic restriction patterns were obtained, and therefore that it was possible to identify the S-allele. To test whether the method was also suitable for the identification of both the S-alleles present in heterozygotes, a number of S-heterozygotes together with an F₂ population were screened. The results showed that the standard method was not very reliable for the identification of both of the S-alleles. This is because firstly, one of the S-alleles may be amplified preferentially, and secondly, the restriction patterns are not unique to a particular combination of S-alleles. Finally, although it is not possible to identify unequivocally both S-alleles of heterozygotes using a standard technique, the procedure can be modified for particular combinations of alleles to enable the identification to be made.     

Inheritance of head splitting in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.)

Summary The inheritance of head splitting was probed by studying two moderate inbred lines of early-splitting and late-splitting cabbages, their F₁, F₂ and backcross progenies under field condition. It was concluded that there were at least 3 gene pairs for controlling head splitting. Gene action was mostly additive but partial dominance for early splitting was detected. Narrow sense heritability was estimated as 47%.     

Microspore culture is successful in most crop types of Brassica oleracea L.

Summary Microspore culture was shown to be applicable to a broad range of accessions belonging to six horticulturally important crop types of Brassica oleracea: broccoli, white cabbage, cauliflower, savoy cabbage, Brussels sprouts and curly kale. Of 64 accessions tested 86% were responsive. Large genotypic differences were found in number of embryos produced per flower bud, and in frequency and mode of regeneration of plants from embryos. B. oleracea was characterized by a strong asynchrony of microspore development within single buds. Microspore populations optimal for culture contained a large proportion (10–40%) of binucleate pollen. An initial high temperature treatment was essential for microspore embryogenesis. Growth conditions of the donor plants during inflorescence formation were less critical.     

Intertribal somatic hybridization between rapid cycling Brassica oleracea L. and Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz

Black spot, caused by Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicicola, is an important disease in all Brassica oleracea vegetables. Sufficient resistance to the pathogen is not found within the species, nor in species that readily cross to B. oleracea. Camelina sativa (false flax) is highly resistant to Alternaria spp. and has, in addition, other desirable characters for the improvement of B. oleracea. Protoplast fusions were performed between rapid cycling B. oleracea (tribe Brassiceae), which has good regenerability, and C. sativa (tribe Sisymbrieae) by polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. The B. oleracea fusion partner was inactivated by treatment with iodoacetate. C. sativa has poor regenerability; hence, no pretreatment was needed for this species. The protoplasts were cultured using a feeder layer system. A total of 2903 calli were isolated from the fusions. Fourteen of these initiated shoots, i.e., 0.5% regeneration frequency. Approximately 110 shoots were excised from 6 of these calli and transferred to rooting medium. Rooted plantlets grew vigorously in vitro and flowering was frequently observed. However, establishment of rooted shoots in soil was unsuccessful. Hybrid identity was confirmed by intermediate shoot morphology, RAPD marker analysis, and flow cytometric estimation of nuclear DNA content. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

结球甘蓝类钙调素蛋白基因BoCML39的克隆与表达分析

类钙调素蛋白作为钙调素蛋白的家族之一,调控植物生长发育、激素调控、病原菌防御及各种胁迫.本研究以结球甘蓝为试验材料,通过克隆获得BoCML39基因,其开放阅读框(ORF)为510 bp,编码169个氨基酸,不含内含子.预测BoCML39蛋白分子量为19.25 kD,等电点为4.35,为亲水蛋白,含有4个EF-hand结...     

Natural cross-pollination and the identification of hybrids between botanical varieties of Brassica oleracea L.

Summary Five botanical varieties of Brassica oleracea were grown in isolated groups of three plants. The sets of three varieties were chosen in such a way that the male parents of single plant progenies could be identified. Identification of hybrids and selfs in the progenies proved to be easy and accurate.The mean levels of cross-pollination were: sprouting broccoli 95%, kohl-rabi 91%, kale 83%, cabbage 73% and Brussels sprout 72%. There was little relationship between the self-compatibility of plants and their degree of cross-fertilisation as any natural tendency towards self-pollination appeared to be swamped by the presence of abundant foreign pollen.     

Variation of flowering time in inbred brussels sprouts and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.)

Summary Differences in time of flowering between two parent lines of F₁ varieties of Brassica oleracea could significantly affect both the total seed yield and the proportion of sibs in the hybrid seed crop.The results for the time to flower of an incomplete diallel show that even in relatively inbred material of brussels sprouts there is potential to select for altered flowering time. Results obtained from a set of highly inbred cabbage lines which were given three temperature regimes in early spring show that between line variation is complicated by different responses of some of the lines to the environments.     

Factors influencing the occurrence of clubroot in semi-resistant populations of Brassica oleracea L.

1. 1.
   In breeding for resistanceto clubroot the plants have to be exposed to infection as long as possible. The clubbing of a susceptible variety forms an unreliable measure of the efficiency of the clubroot test.     
   
   

甘蓝eSRK重组体的构建及其与SCR的相互作用

SRK与SCR是甘蓝自交不亲和雌雄性决定因子,两者间相互作具有单倍型特异性。为了探讨HVI/II区域在SRK单倍型特异性及其与SCR互作中的作用,采用重组技术构建甘蓝不同单倍型eSRK (SRK_E与SRK_F)间的重组体eSRK_E-1、eSRK_E-2和eSRK_E-3,用酵母双杂交系统3检测各eSRK重组体与SCR之间的相互作用。结果表明: (1) SCR_E能与eSRK_E作用,而不能与eSRK_F作用,说明eSRK_E、eSRK_F属于不同单倍型;(2) SCR_E与重组体eSRK_E-1、eSRK_E-2、eSRK_E-3均不发生作用,HVI和HVII区域内差异的氨基酸位点共同参与了与SCR的作用;(3) SCR_F不能与eSRK_E-1、eSRK_E-2、eSRK_E-3作用,替换HVI/II区域后并不能改变SRK的单倍型。     

利用野生甘蓝抗性遗传资源获得高抗菌核病甘蓝型油菜的抗性与分子标记初步分析

茵核病是甘蓝型油菜最严重的病害之一,自身抗性低,而甘蓝野生资源中存在高抗遗传资源.以部分抗性的甘蓝型油菜中双9号和高抗性的甘蓝野生资源为亲本杂交得到F1 (ACC),F1连续用中双9号回交6代,得到育性基本恢复正常植株自交,培育成了高抗茵核病材料,命名为F6.染色体计数显示,F6有38条染色体,和甘蓝型油菜(AACC,2 n=38)一致.茵核病抗性鉴定实验结果说明F6对茵核病的抗性高于中双9号而弱于甘蓝.通过在亲本和子代间比较229个分布于甘蓝型油菜19个遗传连锁群的SSR分子标记以及16个与甘蓝抗茵核病特异性位点有关的SSR分子标记,发现甘蓝抗茵核病主要特异性区段9号连锁群已渗入甘蓝型油菜基因组中.     

NaCl胁迫对甘蓝、白菜和油菜种子萌发的影响

为研究蔬菜种子吸收或外排Na+能力与其耐盐性的关系,采用非损伤微测技术检测了628甘蓝、青杂中丰白菜、苏州青油菜、茼蒿、上海鸡毛菜种子外Na+流速的动态变化.结果表明,在10mmol/L NaCl溶液处理下,甘蓝和茼蒿种子外排Na+,而白菜、油菜和鸡毛菜种子吸收Na+,其中,甘蓝、白菜和油菜种子对Na+吸收或外排的效果明显.随后以甘蓝、白菜和油菜种子为材料,在不同NaCl浓度下对种子萌发进行了实验,结果表明,随着NaCl浓度升高,甘蓝、白菜和油菜种子的发芽率、相对发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数都呈明显下降趋势.当NaCl浓度达到300mmol/L时,甘蓝、白菜和油菜种子的发芽率分别为37.33％、14.67％和10.00％,耐盐半致死浓度分别为323.73,241.68mmol/L和200mmol/L.初步说明种子可以通过增加Na+的外排,减弱高浓度Na+对种子的毒害作用.