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目的 本研究旨在摸清兰考县规模化奶牛场奶牛亚临床乳房炎流行规律,为该病的防控提供参考。方法 采用加州奶牛亚临床乳房炎试验(CMT)方法对3 家规模化奶牛场的547 头泌乳奶牛进行亚临床乳房炎检测,调查该病与奶牛胎次、泌乳期和乳区的关系。结果 奶牛阳性率为20.11%,乳区阳性率为10.88%;1~2、3~4和≥5胎次的奶牛发病率分别为13.37%、20.53%和29.46%;泌乳前期、泌乳中期和泌乳后期发病率分别为15.11%、22.12%和30.89%;乳区阳性率介于8.59%~13.16%。结论 兰考县规模化奶牛场奶牛亚临床型乳房炎的发病率相对较低,与胎次、泌乳期存在正相关,与乳区无明显关系。 相似文献
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Swai ES Karimuribo ED Ogden NH French NP Fitzpatrick JL Bryant MJ Kambarage DM 《Tropical animal health and production》2005,37(8):599-610
A cross-sectional serological survey of A. marginale was conducted on 200 randomly selected smallholder farms in each of the Tanga and Iringa Regions of Tanzania between January
and April 1999. Sera, from dairy cattle of all ages, sexes and breeds were tested for antibodies against A. marginale using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies to A. marginale were present in cattle throughout the study areas and the overall prevalence was 20% for Tanga and 37% for Iringa. The forces
of infection based on the age seroprevalence profile were estimated at 8 for Tanga and 15 for Iringa per 100 cattle years-risk,
respectively. In both regions, seroprevalence increased with age (β = 0.01 and 0.017 per year of age, p < 0.005, in Tanga and Iringa, respectively). Older animals in Iringa were significantly and negatively associated with decreased
seropositivity (β = −0.002, p = 0.0029). Further results of logistic regression models reveal that geographic location of animals in Tanga was associated
with seropositivity (odds ratio (OR) = 2.94, p = 0.005, for Tanga Rural and OR = 2.38, p = 0.066, for Muheza). Animals acquired as a gift in Iringa had higher odds for seropositivity than brought-in cattle (OR
= 2.44, p = 0.005). Our study has identified and quantified some key risk factors that can guide planners devising disease control
strategies. 相似文献
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A 2-year longitudinal survey was carried out to investigate factors affecting reproduction in crossbred cows on smallholder farms in and around an urban centre. Sixty farms were visited at approximately 2-week intervals and details of reproductive traits and body condition score (BCS) were collected. Fifteen farms were within the town (U), 23 farms were approximately 5 km from town (SU), and 22 farms approximately 10 km from town (PU). Sources of variation in reproductive traits were investigated using a general linear model (GLM) by a stepwise forward selection and backward elimination approach to judge important independent variables. Factors considered for the first step of formulation of the model included location (PU, SU and U), type of insemination, calving season, BCS at calving, at 3 months postpartum and at 6 months postpartum, calving year, herd size category, source of labour (hired and family labour), calf rearing method (bucket and partial suckling) and parity number of the cow. The effects of the independent variables identified were then investigated using a non-parametric survival technique. The number of days to first oestrus was increased on the U site (p = 0.045) and when family labour was used (p = 0.02). The non-parametric test confirmed the effect of site (p = 0.059), but effect of labour was not significant. The number of days from calving to conception was reduced by hiring labour (p = 0.003) and using natural service (p = 0.028). The non-parametric test confirmed the effects of type of insemination (p = 0.0001) while also identifying extended calving intervals on U and SU sites (p = 0.014). Labour source was again non-significant. Calving interval was prolonged on U and SU sites (p = 0.021), by the use of AI (p = 0.031) and by the use of family labour (p = 0.001). The non-parametric test confirmed the effect of site (p = 0.008) and insemination type (p > 0.0001) but not of labour source. It was concluded that under favourable conditions (PU site, hired labour and natural service) calving intervals of around 440 days could be achieved. 相似文献
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Reduced Milk Production in Udder Quarters with Subclinical Mastitis and Associated Economic Losses in Crossbred Dairy Cows in Ethiopia 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Mungube EO Tenhagen BA Regassa F Kyule MN Shiferaw Y Kassa T Baumann MP 《Tropical animal health and production》2005,37(6):503-512
The objective of the study was to estimate the losses associated with subclinical mastitis (SCM) in crossbred dairy cows in
the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. A split udder investigation was performed with 30 cows to determine production losses associated
with SCM. Each quarter of the study cows was examined using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and quarter milk production
was measured over a period of 8 days. Production losses were determined for different CMT scores by comparing production of
quarters with CMT score 0 to quarters with CMT scores trace, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Using data from a recently published
study, economic losses were determined for different farm sizes and production subsystems by multiplying the prevalence of
the respective CMT scores with the production losses associated with these CMT scores. Mean quarter milk production was 0.82
+ 0.40 kg per milking in the split udder trial. Milk production was reduced by 1.2%, 6.3%, and 33% in quarters with CMT scores
1+, 2+, and 3+, respectively. Using data from the published study, a quarter with SCM lost an average of 17.2% of its milk
production. Production losses associated with SCM were estimated at 5.6% for the Addis Ababa Milk Shed. Stratified losses
were highest (9.3%) in urban dairy farms (UDF) and small-scale farms (6.3%). The estimates of the financial losses ranged
from US$29.1 in dairy herds in secondary towns (DHIST) to US$66.6 in UDF. A total loss of US$38 was estimated for each cow
per lactation. Reducing mastitis in UDF (highest prevalence) to the level of DHIST (lowest prevalence) could reduce the loss
by US$35. As this does not include costs associated with treatment or culling of diseased cows, this figure probably underestimates
the possible benefits of control measures. 相似文献
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Swai ES Bryant MJ Karimuribo ED French NP Ogden NH Fitzpatrick JL Kambarage DM 《Tropical animal health and production》2005,37(6):513-525
A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 randomly selected smallholder farms from a mixed dairy farming
system in Tanga, Tanzania, between January and April 1999. We estimated the frequency and determinants of long calving interval
(LCI), retention of fetal membrane (RFM), dystocia, and abortion in smallholder crossbred cattle and explored birth trends.
The mean calving interval was 500 days and birth rate was 65 per 100 cow-years. Dystocia was reported to affect 58% of calvings,
and 17.2% of animals suffered RFM. Using mixed effect models, the variables associated with LCI, RFM and dystocia were breed,
level of exotic blood and condition score. Zebu breeding was associated with LCI (odds ratio (OR) = 2.3, p = 0.041) and Friesian breeding with lower odds for RF (OR = 0.26, p = 0.020). Animals with higher levels of exotic blood had lower odds for evidence of dystocia (OR = 0.45, p =0.021). Evidence of dystocia was significantly associated with poor condition score (P = −1.10, p = 0.001). Our observations suggest that LCIs are common in smallholder dairy farms in this region and a likely source of
economic loss. Dystocia, RFM, poor condition score and mineral deficiency were common problems and were possibly linked to
LCI. 相似文献
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为了检测和调查新疆库尔勒市某奶牛场泌乳奶牛乳房炎的发病率,对该奶牛场养殖的32头泌乳期奶牛用凝乳法进行了隐性乳房炎检测。结果表明,隐性乳房炎奶牛阳性率为40.63%,且乳房炎阳性率随奶牛使用年限的增加而增加;用挤奶机器挤奶的奶牛乳房炎阳性率高于手工挤奶,后乳区的乳房炎阳性率高于前乳区。 相似文献
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Impact of Mastitis Control Measures on Milk Production and Mastitis Indicators in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Kiambu District,Kenya 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bovine mastitis and mastitis control were investigated on smallholder farms in central Kenya. After an initial observational study, a clinical trial to assess the impact of three different mastitis control strategies – (1) improved udder hygiene, (2) treatment of subclinical cases, and (3) a combination of these – was conducted on 100 randomly selected farms with 332 lactating cows. Before the implementation of control measures, the milk yield was low (mean 6.5 kg/day; median 6 kg/day) and somatic cell counts (SCC) were high, with 80% and 43% of cows having milk with SCC greater than 250×103 cells/ml and 600×103 cells/ml, respectively. Infectious pathogens were also commonly isolated, with 63% of cows being positive for pathogenic bacteria. Neither intervention strategy alone had any effect on mastitis indicators or milk yield. In combination, the measures had some impact, lowering the prevalence of contagious pathogens by 18%, but this was not reflected in a significantly increased milk yield, lowered SCC or reduced incidence of clinical mastitis. 相似文献
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在对山东7个地区14个奶牛场临床型和隐性乳腺炎调查的基础上采集234头临床乳腺炎病牛乳样、241个隐性乳腺炎乳样并分别做了细菌学检查,结果表明:泌乳期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌和棒状杆菌为主;干奶期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以大肠杆菌、链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和酵母菌为主;隐性乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌链球菌、酵母菌、假单胞菌和棒状杆菌为主;厌氧菌在隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎和干奶期乳腺炎乳样的捡出率分别为 5.82%,4.17%,10.16%;隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎细菌的共感染率较高,与泌乳期乳腺炎病原菌的差异极显著(P<0.01),隐性乳腺炎与干奶期乳腺炎病原菌共感染率差异不显著(P >0.05)。 相似文献
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抑制性消减杂交构建奶牛乳房炎抗性相关cDNA文库 总被引:13,自引:4,他引:13
以经产荷斯坦奶牛外周血白细胞为材料,分离Poly(A)^ RNA,反转录合成单链及双链cDNA,经酶切成平均大小为400~600 bp的片段,将患乳房炎奶牛cDNA分成2组,分别与2种不同的接头连接,再与健康奶牛cDNA进行2次消减杂交和2次抑制性PCR扩增,将第2次PCR产物与pGEM-T载体连接,转化大肠杆菌TOP10感受态细胞进行文库扩增,构建了具有高消减效率的奶牛乳房炎抗性相关cDNA文库。文库扩增后得到610个白色阳性克隆,随机挑选克隆进行PCR鉴定,插入片段主要分布在250~750bp之间。文库的成功构建为进一步筛选、克隆与奶牛乳房炎抗性相关的基因奠定了基础,对研究奶牛乳房炎抗性的分子机制以及乳房炎的综合防制具有重要意义。 相似文献
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奶牛临床型乳腺炎治疗药物筛选及疗效 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以2个不同地点奶牛场临床分离鉴定出奶牛临床型乳腺炎的病原菌,其中链球菌、葡萄球菌为主要病原菌。以试验二倍稀释法测定14种抗菌药物对临床分离病原菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),以恩诺沙星(≤0.06-1mg/L)、环丙沙星(≤0.06-2mg/L)及阿莫西林的MIC较低。以青霉素+链霉素为对照,选择恩诺沙星、阿莫西林、克拉维酸合剂(4:1)、阿莫西林作临床疗效试验。结果证明:0.5%阿莫西林(200mg) 克拉维酸(50mg)合剂(4:1)溶液50mL乳房灌注,每天2次,平均疗程3.6d,对临床型乳腺炎有较好疗效。 相似文献
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乳房炎奶牛部分血液生化指标的变化 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
随机选取21头临床健康荷斯坦奶牛(CMT检测呈阴性)、19头隐性乳房炎奶牛(CMT检测呈阳性)、33头临床型乳房炎奶牛,分别于颈静脉采血,分离血清,测定总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLOB)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)以及免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM、IgG等生化指标.结果表明,临床型乳房炎奶牛血清中碱性磷酸酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的活性显著高于健康奶牛和隐性乳房炎奶牛(P<0.01或P<0.05),临床型奶牛血清中免疫球蛋白Isa、IgM、IgG的含量显著高于健康奶牛(P<0.01或P<0.05).隐性乳房炎奶牛血清中碱性磷酸酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的活性和免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM、IgG的含量高于健康奶牛,但差异不显著(P>0.05);3组奶牛血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量均无显著性差异(P>0.05). 相似文献
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YAN Bao-qi DONG Shu-wei WANG Dong-sheng NA Li-dong YANG Hong-zao ZHANG Shi-dong YAN Zuo-ting 《中国畜牧兽医》2016,43(3):683-688
In the absence of clinical symptoms,dairy cows with subclinical endometritis are defined as sustainably extensive infiltration with the polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in endometrial samples,and it often lead to dairy cow with repeated infertility.In China,the infertility proportion of dairy cows is 50.62% caused by endometritis,in which 90% is caused by subclinical endometritis.It is difficult to be observed during the early stage of subclinical endometritis,and the best treatment time is delayed in the most cases causing huge economic losses.So it has become a research hotspot to make correctly and timely diagnosis of this disease.At present,the main diagnosis methods of dairy cows subclinical endometritis are vagina endoscope method,cell brush,biopsy technology,ultrasonic diagnosis technology,leukocyte esterase method and so on.However there is no uniform criterion.Different diagnosis methods of subclinical endometritis were summarized,analyzed and discussed in this paper to provide the references for the subclinical endometritis diagnosis more accurately and earlier,and reduce the losses of dairy farms. 相似文献