Productive performance of brown mussels Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) cultivated on ropes at low densities in Caraguatatuba,Brazil

In Brazil, mussel seed are not a plentiful natural resource, and so the efficient use of seeds by reducing stocking densities should be considered. There are very few studies addressing the relationship between seeding density and growth of mussels in tropical conditions. This work aimed to determine the influence of low seeding densities on the productive performance of Perna perna (Linnaeus) mussels cultivated on ropes in Caraguatatuba, Brazil. In October 2014, 12 ropes, one metre in length each, were seeded at the densities of 200, 300 and 400 mussels/m (four ropes for each density) and suspended on a long line. After 226 days of growing, mussels were harvested and their performance at each density was evaluated in terms of mean weight and length, production, culture efficiency, condition index, survival, amount of recruited seed, amount of fouling on the ropes and morphometric relationships. We observed no significant differences (p > .05) for these indicators among the densities tested, except for mussel biomass, which was significantly higher (p < .05) at the greater densities. A partial budget analysis showed that the density of 400 m^?1 showed better profitability and should be recommended, even in case of seed shortage.     

The effects of tank colours on the growth and survival of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis,Linnaeus 1758) hatchlings and juveniles

The effects of different tank colours (white, yellow sandy and black) on the growth, mortality and biomass production were studied for hatchling and early juvenile cuttlefish. For hatchlings, the use of different colour tanks did not promote differences in growth due to the higher variability (standard deviation) found in the white‐ and sand‐coloured tanks. Black tanks promoted the lowest and highest values for total mortality and biomass respectively. For juveniles, the use of different tank colours promoted different growth (P<0.05), but not mortality. Black tanks promoted the best results in terms of growth and biomass. The results obtained in the present study advise the use of black (or dark colour) tanks in the hatchling and early juvenile stages to reduce the standard deviations associated with growth, mortality and biomass production. This will contribute to minimize problems associated with slow and fast growers and competition.     

Effects of prey nutritional quality on the growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

This investigation examined the effect of prey condition on the growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis ). In the first group, cuttlefish were fed with daily captured live Palaeomonetes varians from the wild [daily prey (DP)], the second group was fed 5 days stocked and starved P. varians [starved prey (SP)], while in the third group, cuttlefish were fed 8 days stocked P. varians fed with an artificial diet [fed prey (FP)]. Mean instantaneous growth rate (IGR) was 2.8±1% body weight day⁻¹ (bw day⁻¹), 3.3±1.1% bw day⁻¹ and 4.9±0.5% bw day⁻¹ for SP, DP and FP respectively. At the end of the experiment, final weight gain ( W _g) was 121±21.6%, 153.8±17.3% and 295±29.8% for SP, DP and FP respectively. No significant differences were found ( P >0.05) between growth curves for every group tested, or for the food conversions between those same groups ( P >0.05), but statistical differences ( P <0.05) were found in IGR between DP vs. FP and SP vs. FP. Mortality was 2 and 1 for SP and DP respectively. Results indicate that prey starvation should not be considered when feeding juvenile cuttlefish, as prey can only be stocked if proper artificial diets are provided, to obtain optimal growth.     

Growth of young cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus 1758) at the upper end of the biological distribution temperature range

Individual growth rates, feeding rates (%BWd^?1) and food conversions for cuttlefish (S. officinalis) hatchlings and juveniles were determined during this study. A flow‐through system was used. Water temperature reached 30 °C during the hottest part of the day, gradually decreasing to 25 °C during the night; salinity varied between 37 ± 3 ppt and lights were kept on for 14 h day^?1. Hatchlings were placed in separate compartments with a water volume of 1.2 L. Juvenile cuttlefish (from 0.5 to 25 g) were placed in bigger baskets, with a water volume of 5.2 L. Water flow was 120 L h^?1. The biggest cuttlefish used in these experiments (> 25 g) were gathered in groups of five and placed in circular tanks (water volume of 250–300 L). Thus, results obtained in this case are means and not individual data. During the first 10, 20, 30 and 40 days, mean growth rates (of all individuals sampled by age group) decreased consistently (11.8 ± 4.1, 9.8 ± 1.8, 8.1 ± 2.2 and 7.3 ± 0.7%BW^?1 respectively); in similar fashion, mean feeding rates decreased with age group (33.7 ± 13.5, 22.0 ± 7.9, 17.3 ± 3.9 and 16.7%BWd^?1 respectively). Mean food conversions varied between 3.6 and 2.5 between the age groups. When grouping results by weight class, similar patterns occur, as growth and feeding rates decrease consistently as cuttlefish grow bigger. Highest mean growth and feeding rates are obtained by hatchlings (< 0.1 g) with 12.4 ± 4.5 and 35.3 ± 15.1%BWd^?1, respectively, while the lowest growth and feeding rates were recorded for the largest animals, between 15 and 25 g (3.4 ± 1.1 and 10.8 ± 4.1%BWd^?1 respectively). For these weight classes, mean food conversions varied between 2.7 ± 0.9 and 3.8 ± 2.8.     

Aspects of the growth of cultured cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus 1758)

Feeding rates, growth rates and feed efficiency ratios were studied in experimentally reared juvenile cuttlefish Sepia officinalis which had been hatched from eggs collected from three different locations, Plymouth, North Wales and Southampton. Groups of newly hatched cuttlefish were either maintained at 19°C and well fed (experiment 1) or were maintained at ambient seawater temperature (7–16°C) with little food for 6 months so that their development was delayed and then transferred to optimum conditions (experiment 2). In the first investigation (expt 1), no significant differences in growth rates (3.72±0.08%, 3.75±0.04% and 3.55±0.04% body weight (BW) day^?1 respectively), feeding rates (9.53±0.36%, 9.28±0.36% and 8.95±0.37% BW day^?1 respectively) and feed efficiency ratios (38.11±1.67%, 40.52±1.78% and 39.96±1.78% respectively) were observed between cuttlefish from the 3 locations. During the second investigation (expt 2), cuttlefish, whose development was initially delayed after hatching and then were stimulated to grow under optimum conditions (19°C and fed), showed growth rates (3.46±0.08% BW day^?1) similar to those held under optimum conditions of seawater temperature (19°C) and food supply shortly after hatching. Feeding rates and feed efficiency ratios were however significantly higher in cuttlefish maintained at 19°C compared to 11°C (8.27±0.14% BW day^?1, 41.25±0.52% and 2.75±0.09% BW day^?1, 24.87±1.87% respectively).     

Pigmentation and growth performance in the blue gourami,Trichogaster trichopterus,fed marigold,Calendula officinalis,powder, a natural carotenoid source

The present study aimed to determine the effects of different levels of marigold, Calendula officinalis, powder, 0 (control), 0.5% (M0.5), 1.5% (M1.5), and 2.5% (M2.5), on pigmentation and growth performance of the blue gourami after a 70‐day trial. At the end of the experiment, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in fish growth performance and body compositions. Color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) were weekly evaluated by examining a point posterior to the fish operculum. The marigold‐fed fish were darker than the control fish at Weeks 9 and 10. Yellowness intensity of the M2.5 was significantly higher than the other treatments at Week 9. Skin and caudal fin total carotenoids, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and β‐carotene contents of the treatment M2.5 were significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to the other treatments. Muscle total carotenoids, astaxanthin, and canthaxanthin contents of the marigold‐treated fish were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the control group. Muscle β‐carotene contents of the treatments M1.5 and M2.5 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the control group. This study shows that marigold powder may be considered an efficient natural carotenoid source for pigmentation in blue gourami.     

Effects of live prey availability on growth and survival in the early stages of cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) life cycle

This investigation examined the effects of live prey availability on growth and survival of Sepia officinalis. Two independent experiments, comprising two feed rations each, were performed, using adequate prey size. In the first experiment, cuttlefish hatchlings were fed live mysids, Paramysis nouvelli [(feed ratio I (fr I)], at 15% body weight per day (bw day^?1) (fr I₁₅) and 30% bw day^?1 (fr I₃₀). In the second experiment, juvenile cuttlefish were fed live Atlantic ditch shrimp, Paleomonetes varians (fr II), under the same experimental design. In both experiments, the final mean weight, feeding rate and instantaneous growth rate were higher when animals were fed feed ratio fr II₁₅ and fr II₃₀ (30% bw day^?1). The results indicate that prey availability influenced weight gain, irrespective of the prey used, during the first 2 months of cuttlefish life cycle. This effect seems to be more noticeable when a certain limit of prey is achieved. For cuttlefish fed fr II, the optimal prey density is thought to be under 2.5 g prey L^?1 (i.e. 14 shrimp L^?1). Results indicate that cuttlefish can withstand prey densities up to 120 mysids L^?1 for cuttlefish up to 3 weeks old and 19 shrimps L^?1 for cuttlefish up to 6 weeks old.     

Effects of increased tank bottom areas on cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis,L.) reproduction performance

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of using tanks with different bottom areas/volumes on the growth and reproduction of the European cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. One hundred and eighty‐four juvenile cuttlefish (46.1 ± 20.9 g) were used to test replicates of 9000 L (6.67 m²), 750 L (1.54 m²) and 250 L (0.79 m² – control). Growth and reproduction data were registered. In addition, egg proximate composition differences were assessed by collecting egg samples from each tank. Regarding growth, no statistical differences between tank types were found (P > 0.05), but total absolute mortality was lower in 9000 L tanks. As for reproduction, differences were found (P < 0.05) between individual tanks for mean egg (MEW), male (MW ♂ ) and hatchling (MHW) weights; and egg batch number. One of the 9000 L tanks displayed the highest overall and individual fecundity (16 593 and 1383 eggs respectively) and egg viability (~72%) ever obtained in our facilities. Differences (P < 0.05) regarding egg proximate composition of different tanks were noted. Significant (P < 0.05) correlations were established between the duration of reproduction stage and batch, MEW and MW♀, egg viability and MHW, and MHW and egg ash content. The present results might be related to sex ratios, differences in weight between ♀ and ♂, and/or derived from breeders condition.     

西非沿岸乌贼角质颚形态及生长特征

乌贼(Sepia officinalis)是生活在大西洋西岸的重要头足类之一,研究乌贼角质颚形态及生长特征有利于对其的开发利用。本研究根据2015年在毛里塔尼亚附近海域生产期间所获得的乌贼渔获样本,对乌贼角质颚的各项形态参数进行描述,探究不同胴长和不同性腺成熟阶段角质颚生长情况的差异,并估算乌贼个体的大小。通过对乌贼上、下颚各长度指标的比值比较发现,乌贼角质颚下颚的长度比值波动较大,较不稳定。t检验表明,将各项形态参数除以胴长消除样本规格影响差异后,乌贼雌性个体在角质颚的各项形态参数上均极显著大于雄性(P0.01);方差分析及多重比较(LSD法)表明,随着胴长的增加,乌贼的各个角质颚的形态参数也极显著增加(P0.01)。在性腺成熟期Ⅱ~Ⅳ中,乌贼角质颚的形态参数随着性腺成熟度的增加而显著增加(P0.05),但性腺成熟度为Ⅴ期的个体的角质颚形态参数却显著小于前面几期(P0.05)。主成分分析显示,第一主成分的负载绝对值最高的指标为上头盖长(Upper hood length,UHL)和下脊突长(Lower crest length,LCL);第二主成分下喙长(Lower rostrum length,LRL)和下喙宽(Lower rostrum width,LRW),利用主成分分析得到的前2个主成分可以对乌贼的胴长进行估算。研究表明,同一种类不同性别的乌贼个体角质颚形态参数及其比值存在特异性,研究结果为西非沿岸乌贼类分类及生态研究提供基础资料。     

Growth,mortality and reproductive traits of diploid and triploid Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas,THUNBERG, 1793) in Southern Brazil

This work aimed to evaluate the whole weight (g), shell height (mm), mortality (%) and reproductive aspects (condition index and histology) of triploid (3N) Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) cultivated in southern Brazil. To accomplish this, a comparative experiment was performed with a diploid (2N) control group in two cultivation sites on Santa Catarina Island: North Bay (NB) and South Bay (SB). Whole weight, height and cumulative mortality were evaluated monthly for eight months and condition index (CI) for six months. Histological analysis was performed every two weeks for four months to investigate reproductive aspects. At the end of the experiment, whole weight and height were similar for 3N and 2N oysters. However, while more growth in whole weight and height was observed in the initial phase of cultivation in NB, such growth was not detected in SB until intermediate and final grow‐out phase. At harvest, cumulative mortality in 3N oysters was similar that in 2N oysters. The results suggest that diploid and triploid oysters grown in southern Brazil have similar developmental patterns based on whole weight and height, as well as reproductive cycle. In addition, cultivation sites have more influence on growth and mortality than ploidy levels.     

Growth of the oyster Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein, 1951) in Sonora, Mexico

This is the first evaluation of growth and survival of spat of the Cortez oyster Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein) produced under controlled conditions in a coastal area in the state of Sonora, Mexico for aquaculture purposes. A suspended culture technique, used for the Pacific oyster C. gigas, was used. The Cortez oyster has an isometric shell growth during the first 13 months, reaching 71.3±1.9 mm length, 52.6±1.3 mm thickness and 25.1±0.8 mm width. Allometric growth was found between total weight and length, thickness and width (survival was 70%). The relationships between particulate organic, inorganic material, chlorophyll a and environmental parameters with growth are described. Growth rates of C. corteziensis were affected by temperature with retardation at less than 18°C. For aquaculture purposes, it is recommended that spat be sowed after winter, and oyster harvest occur at the end of autumn. According to the von Bertalanffy equation, Cortez oysters would reach the traditional exploitation size of 65 mm (mean length) at harvest. Finally, the results of this study have shown that C. corteziensis is a good candidate for aquaculture projects in this region.     

Zingiber officinalis an herbal appetizer in the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) larviculture

Penaeus monodon postlarvae were fed with different percentages (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of the herbal appetizer Zingiber officinalis enriched Artemia. After 30 days of culture (i.e. PL‐1–30), a very positive result was found in Z. officinalis‐enriched Artemia‐fed postlarvae. The unenriched Artemia‐fed postlarvae consumed 91.0 mg/animal/30 days of feed, whereas the Z. officinalis‐enriched Artemia increased their consumption to 127.9 mg/animal/30 days. A similar pattern was noticed in feed absorbed (110.2 mg), dry weight growth (26.7 mg) and feed catabolized (83.2 mg) in Z. officinalis‐enriched Artemia because of enzymatic activities. The conversion efficiency of unenriched postlarva was 17.19%, whereas in 100%Z. officinalis‐enriched Artemia, the maximum conversion efficiency was 20.85%. The net production efficiency increased significantly (P < 0.05) to 22% from that of the unenriched Artemia‐fed postlarvae. The administration of Z. officinalis in all levels produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher weight gain and specific growth rate. The utilization efficiency of feed increased proportionately to the percentages of Z. officinalis. Digestive enzyme activity (amylase, protease and lipase) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the 50%, 75% and 100% enrichment. Among the different percentages of enrichment, the 100%Z. officinalis‐enriched Artemia‐fed postlarvae performed better in the overall status.     

Growth and mortality of the king scallop grown in suspended culture in Malaga, Southern Spain

Growth and mortality of the king scallop, Pecten maximus, werecompared when grown in cages and by ear hanging in suspended culturein Fuengirola, Malaga, in southern Spain. Seed (juveniles) used in theexperiment was collected in September 1997 that had settled on collectorsin April-June, of that year. Culture in suspended cages began in January1998 when the seed measured 42.7 (3.3) mm shell height and ended inFebruary 1999. Significantly faster growth was found at a minimum culturedensity (16 scallops/cage) than at two other densities (24 and 36scallops/cage). Depth (1, 5 and 10 m from the bottom) influenced growth,poorest growth occurred closest to the bottom. Under optimum growingconditions, 16 scallops/cage suspended 10 m from the bottom, scallops grewto 10 cm shell length (legal size) by February 1999.In ear hanging culture, ropes were moored in April (51.3 (4.5) mm),June (58.2 (4.5) mm) and November 1998 (64.3 (4.9) mm).Initially, rapid shell growth was observed in all three cultures.Subsequently, the shells became covered with barnacles, Balanus sp.,that possibly caused total mortality of the April culture and led to highmortalities in the two other cultures.     

Effects of Using Live Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes varians) as the only Source of Food for the Culture of Cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

The life cycle of cuttlefish fed ad libitum exclusively on live grass shrimp (Palaemonetes varians) was studied during 5 consecutive generations. Different culture temperatures promoted different (P < 0.05) exponential growth for each life cycle, being summer generations shorter than those of winter. Higher temperatures promoted higher IGR’s and mortality, while lower temperatures promoted increased life span, reproduction stages, total fecundity and total egg biomass. Increased generations also seemed to increase fertility. A “hybrid” generation promoted the best results in terms of hatchling weight, individual fecundity and fertility. Mean egg weight was related to female size and embryonic development took longer at lower temperatures. Brood stock sex ratios seemed to be temperature related. All of these culture aspects were also compared between themselves in order to establish future brood stock methodologies. Grass shrimp proved to be a good diet for the culture of cuttlefish throughout the life cycle. The use of only one species reduces costs and labor associated to cuttlefish culture.     

人工养殖环境下中华鲟野生幼鲟的生长特征

暂养2006年5月渔民在崇明东滩误捕受伤的中华鲟野生幼鲟,分析研究了其6—8月的生长特点。结果显示,抢救存活的中华鲟幼鲟在人工环境下,体长和体重分别从(15.40±0.64)cm和(26.00±1.34)g增加到(29.20±0.75)cm和(108.00±3.87)g,日均增长1.54 mm,日平均增重0.90 g。拟合中华鲟幼鲟体长与体重的关系为:W=0.121 5 L2.031 3(R2=0.945 7),其中b小于3,为异速生长,说明其体长增长快于体重增长。与同期野生环境下的中华鲟幼鲟比较,幂指数系数b人工=2.0313相似文献   

Growth of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in experimental cages in the South Adriatic Sea

Juveniles of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis were collected in Mali Ston Bay from October to December 2006. Cages with juveniles were placed at three depths: 1, 3 and 5 m. At the end of a 2‐year growth period at 1 m depths, the average length was 244.1 ± 22.9 mm, at 3 m depths, specimens averaged 244.0 ± 25.3 mm, and at 5 m depths, the average length was 231.1 ± 22.5 mm. The average monthly growth of shell length for the total experimental period was 8.7 ± 5.3, 8.4 ± 4.5 and 7.6 ± 4.4 mm, at 1, 3 and 5 m depths respectively.     

Effect of weaning time on the performance of Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) larvae

Effect of weaning time on the larval performance of golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus was studied in the experimental condition. The same weaning regime started on four different days of posthatch (DPH): 13 DPH (W13), 16 DPH (W16), 19 DPH (W19) and 22 DPH (W22), respectively. Growth, survival, RNA/DNA ratios and mid‐gut cell height of fish were assessed in each weaning regime over time. Growth and survival rates of fish larvae weaned in the W19 and W22 regimes were significantly higher than those in the W13 and W16 regimes. No significant differences were found either between W19 and W22, or between W13 and W16 treatments. Fish showed a decrease in the RNA/DNA ratio in W13, but a trend of increase in W16, W19 and W22. Weaning time significantly affected the mid‐gut cell height in larval golden pompano. On 24 DPH, the mid‐gut cell height of fish in the W13 and W16 treatments was significantly thinner than those in the W19 and W22 treatments. Based on fish growth, survival, RNA/DNA ratio and mid‐gut cell height, weaning can be started on 13 DPH in golden pompano larvae, but we recommend that the best weaning window be 16–22 DPH. These results are supported by histological and nutritional evidence and would guide the weaning process for golden pompano larvae, and offer a useful approach to explore the weaning protocol in larval fish rearing.     

Effect of Density on Growth and Feeding of the Crayfish Cambarellus montezumae (Saussure, 1857)

The acocil C. montezumae is a freshwater crayfish endemic to the Central Plateau of Mexico, but, in recent years, the natural population of this species has diminished considerably. In this work was investigated growth performance and feeding of this crayfish reared at high densities. A random block experimental design with two repetitions and three treatments (77, 154 and 231 crayfish/m²) was carried out. Organisms were fed every third day with 15% of their total biomass of shrimp commercial food with 25% of crude protein, and individual food consumption (IFC) was calculated. Significant differences (ANOVA, P < 0.05) were detected in final weight, absolute increase, relative rate of increase, instantaneous rate of increase, yield and survival rate between the densities, with those reared at a density of 77 organisms/m² reaching the largest sizes. There were no-significant differences (P > 0.05) among treatments in terms of initial weight, specific growth rate and feed conversion l rate.     

Differential growth of the brown mussel,Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758), in longline and pole cultures in Dakhla Bay (SW Morocco,Atlantic Ocean)

There is a great interest in establishing mussel farming in Dakhla bay. Selection of suitable sites is more meaningful only if a reliable culture method at proposed site is included. We compared two different culture methods, longline and pole, over 1 year (June 2016 to June 2017). Growth indicators for Perna perna (size and weight growth rates, frequency distributions and estimating growth curves) were analysed from seeding to harvest. The results highlighted the influence of culture method on growth rates of mussels (p < 0.05). At harvest, individuals reared on longline presented higher growth rates and consequently reached greater weight and length values than those reared on pole. Mussels reared at the longline grew 73.2 mm and gained 53.5 g W_L (live weight) and 3.3 g W_t (tissue dry weight) after 12 months of cultivation. However, mussels cultured at the pole gained only 52.3 mm, 26.7 g W_L and 1.6 g W_t. Aerial exposure of mussels at low tides could explain this reduced performance on pole compared with longline. Size frequency distributions at harvest fitted bimodal distribution in both cultures due to an asymmetric competition among individuals. Effect of density started in both treatments after 7 months of culture when mussels reached 60–70 mm, implying an increment of their food and space requirements. To prevent overcrowding, the initial density should have been reduced through “thinning‐out.” The longline method exhibited high‐performance growth and hence is highly recommended for cultivation of P. perna in Dakhla bay.     

Growth performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and tilapia galilae Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) fingerlings fed plant protein-based diets

This study was designed to determine the effect of complete substitution of fish meal (FM) by three plant protein sources including extruded soybean meal (SBM), extruded full‐fat soybean (FFSB) and corn gluten meal (CGM) on growth and feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and tilapia galilae Sarothrodon galilaeus. Four isonitrogenous of crude protein (ca. 28.0%) and isocaloric (ca. 19 MJ kg⁻¹) experimental diets were formulated. The control diet (diet 1) was prepared with FM as the main protein sources. Diets 2–4, each FM control diet, were completely substituted with SBM (diet 2), FFSB (diet 3) and CGM (diet 4). l ‐lysine and dl ‐methionine were added to plant protein diets to cover the nutritional requirements of tilapia. Each treatment was allocated to three net pens and fed for 17 weeks. Nile tilapia fed the control diet showed significantly higher (P≤0.05) values for final body weight (FBW), feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), whereas fish fed the diet with CGM achieved the lowest values. Tilapia galilae fed SBM diet recorded the highest (P≤0.05) values for growth performance. Better feed conversion ratio (FCR) for both Oreochromis niloticus and Sarothrodon galilaeus was observed when fish were fed SBM diet, whereas the worse FCR was recorded for FFSB diet. Feed utilization parameters including protein productive value (PPV), fat retention (FR) and energy retention (ER) showed significant differences (P≤0.05) for both the species fed different dietary protein sources. The present results suggest that, for Nile tilapia, both SBM and FFSB supplemented with dl ‐methionine and l ‐lysine can completely replace dietary FM. Meanwhile, S. galilaeus fed SBM diet exhibited comparable growth and feed utilization with those fish fed a fish‐meal‐based diet.