Mating Relationships between Isolates of Phaeosphaeria nodorum, (anamorph Stagonospora nodorum) from Geographical Locations

Mating types of Phaeosphaeria nodorum isolates (from North Africa, North America, Australia, Europe and Near East) were determined in laboratory conditions. Although both mating types were found, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 were not evenly distributed among the isolates. Sexual compatibility pairings with standard mating type testers revealed that 56 of 101 isolates could be assigned to MAT1-1 and 5 to MAT1-2. Although the teleomorph occurred in different countries, the two mating types were observed only among isolates collected from France, Great Britain, Germany and Morocco. For Morocco, where no P. nodorum pseudothecia have been reported, this is the first report of the existence of the two opposite mating types. The remaining 40 isolates could not be designated to a specific mating type. However, in 17 crosses, pseudothecial initials or sterile pseudothecia were observed on wheat straw after two months. The implications of the predominance of one mating type are discussed.     

Both Mating types of Phaeosphaeria (anamorph Stagonospora) nodorum are Present in Western Australia

Phaeosphaeria (anamorph Stagonospora) nodorum is the most serious fungal pathogen of wheat in the West Australian (WA) wheat belt and is a diallelic heterothallic loculoascomycete. Its population genetics has received considerable attention. A recent study, which sampled isolates from diverse locations worldwide, has indicated that the mating-type idiomorph MAT1-1 is considerably more frequent than MAT1-2 in many populations. To investigate this, we developed PCR primers that amplify each idiomorph. In a sample of 23 isolates cultured from ascospores collected in the field, nine amplified DNA with the MAT1-1 primers and 14 amplified DNA with the MAT1-2 primers. The virulence of a MAT1-2 isolate was comparable with MAT1-1 isolates. Although these sample sizes are small, we suggest that this result is consistent with the presence of equal numbers of both mating types in populations of ascospores in WA.     

Structural Characterisation of the Interaction between Triticum aestivum and the Dothideomycete Pathogen Stagonospora nodorum

The interaction between Stagonospora nodorum and a susceptible wheat cultivar was investigated using a range of microscopic techniques. Germination of pycnidiospores occurred approximately 3 h after making contact with the leaf surface and was followed by attempted penetration 8–12 h later. Penetration was observed through stomata and also directly through periclinal and anticlinal epidermal cell walls. Penetration down the anticlinal cell walls appeared to occur without a differentiated penetrating structure whilst structures identified as either lateral appressoria or hyphopodia were typically present when penetrating over a periclinal cell wall. Once inside the leaf, the fungus continued to grow for the next 4–5 days colonising all parts of the leaf except the vascular bundles. Only in the later phase of the infection was total host cell collapse apparent. Evidence of polyphenolic compounds was observed. The infection cycle was completed within 7 days as indicated by sporulation on the leaf surface. These results have allowed us to understand how the fungus physically interacts with the leaf and will help the overall understanding of the infection process.     

Variation in cultural characteristics, pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility and electrophoretic karyotype within field populations of Stagonospora nodorum

Isolates of Stagonospora nodorum , the cause of septoria leaf and glume blotch of wheat, were sampled intensively from single fields in two consecutive years and compared for growth rate, colony morphology, pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility and electrophoretic karyotype. The two populations were highly variable for all characters, even though the isolates in each population originated from a small geographical area. Studies of vegetative compatibility within each population indicated the presence of many genotypes and suggested that clonal spread was very limited. Individual lesions contained a single genotype and therefore, presumably, originated from a single unit of inoculum. However, adjacent lesions, even on the same leaf, frequently contained different genotypes. Ten isolates from population II possessed six different karyotypes, demonstrating that polymorphism for this fundamental feature of the genome occurs within field populations. The population structure revealed by these studies supports the hypothesis that ascospores play a major role in the epidemiology of the disease. On this basis, the observed variation in all the characters, including karyotype, can be explained by recombination during sexual reproduction.     

Quantitative disease resistance assessment by real-time PCR using the Stagonospora nodorum-wheat pathosystem as a model

Measuring disease resistance accurately and reproducibly is a key requirement for the introgression of partial resistance genes into breeding lines. Here, a qPCR protocol is used to measure fungal biomass, using the wheat- Stagonospora nodorum pathosystem as a model. Seven cultivars of differing reported resistance levels were used. Fungal biomass taken at 220°C thermal days after inoculation accurately predicts the final grain weight loss. It is concluded that a test based on qPCR methods is specific, quantitative, rapid and objective. Such tests could provide useful and economic tools in the development of robustly resistant crop cultivars.     

Mating type distribution and genetic structure are consistent with sexual recombination in the Swedish population of Phaeosphaeria nodorum

Mating type ratios and SSR marker analysis were used to study the genetic structure of Phaeosphaeria nodorum , the causal agent of glume blotch in wheat. The study was based on leaf collections in five fields located in different regions in Sweden. In total 302 isolates of P. nodorum were obtained from 203 sampling sites (including eight ascospore isolates). Three strong indications of sexual recombination were found: (i) the two mating types were present at a 1:1 ratio; (ii) the genetic structure was diverse, with many unique genotypes, and 69 of the 93 genotypes were only found once; and (iii) random association of alleles indicated that genetic recombination was frequent. However, asexual reproduction could not be excluded since identical genotypes were found within the fields. The fungal population had experienced a demographic bottleneck, as indicated by a low ratio of number of alleles to microsatellite size range ( M -value) of 0·5.     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌多聚半乳糖醛酸酶Clpg1基因功能验证

为明确玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因Clpg1在其致病过程中的作用,采用Double-joint PCR技术构建融合片段,利用PEG介导的原生质体转化技术获得18株抗潮霉素突变体,经检测得到1株Clpg1基因敲除突变体ΔClpg1。通过与野生型菌株比较,发现ΔClpg1产孢量和孢子萌发率下降、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性降低,致病力减弱。这些结果表明Clpg1基因影响多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性,调控了玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的致病性。     

Control of Stagonospora nodorum and Septoria tritici in Wheat by Pre-treatment with Drechslera teres, a Non-host Pathogen

A field study is described which explored the possibility of controlling Stagonospora nodorum and Septoria tritici on wheat using a barley pathogen, Drechslera teres. Pre-treatment of wheat cv. Hussar flag leaves with D. teres resulted in a significant reduction in disease caused by S. nodorum and S. tritici, resulting in a significant increase in grain yield. When cv. Brigadier leaves were treated with D. teres prior to inoculation with S. nodorum there was an initial increase in disease expression whilst D. teres had no effect on symptoms produced by S. tritici on cv. Brigadier. There was significantly less disease on leaves of cvs. Hussar and Brigadier pre-treated with D. teres prior to inoculation with an equal mixture of S. nodorum and S. tritici compared to plants pre-treated with water. It is concluded that D. teres and other non-host pathogens show potential as biological control agents for S. nodorum and S. tritici.     

金龟子绿僵菌黏附素基因mad1的敲除及功能分析

金龟子绿僵菌能够寄生昆虫,也能与植物共生。黏附素MAD1是绿僵菌与宿主互作初期的黏附因子。已知它在昆虫的侵染和致病中起重要作用,但与植物的互作机制报道甚少。为了研究MAD1在绿僵菌与植物共生中的作用,我们通过同源重组构建了金龟子绿僵菌mad1敲除株,并检测了敲除株的生长、产孢、孢子萌发及毒力等生物学特性,进一步利用qRT-PCR分析了MAD1在调节花生免疫响应中的作用。结果显示,与野生型菌株相比,敲除株产孢量降低了43.67%,分生孢子萌发中时为27.69 h,显著长于野生型菌株的13.43 h。敲除株对家蚕的半致死时间LT₅₀为8.9 d,较野生型菌株的7.62 d显著延长。敲除株处理花生6 h后,花生免疫类基因CNGC1、PCD4,抗病基因SWEET10及转录因子WRKY41、MYB86的转录水平出现显著上调,而钙调素CML5、CML19的转录表达受到明显抑制。本研究证明了mad1是金龟子绿僵菌产孢、孢子萌发及毒力的正相关基因,并且MAD1在金龟子绿僵菌与植物相互作用初期,抑制植物抗性级联反应,减弱过敏反应,降低对微生物的抵御能力,同时增强共生信号的传导,这些...     

稻瘟病菌CAAX蛋白酶MoRce1的功能研究

 蛋白质的翻译后异戊烯化修饰(CAAX修饰)能够介导真核生物中许多重要蛋白质的亚细胞定位以及蛋白与蛋白间的相互作用。稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)引致的稻瘟病是水稻最重要病害之一,造成全球水稻严重减产。为深入了解稻瘟病菌致病机理,更好地防控稻瘟病,我们研究了异戊烯修饰是否影响稻瘟病菌的生长发育和致病性。首先从稻瘟病菌基因组数据库中鉴定到一个稻瘟病菌的异戊烯蛋白酶MoRce1,同源比对发现MoRce1保守结构域在各物种之间变化较大,猜测在不同物种中该蛋白可能出现了功能分化。经同源重组方法敲除MoRCE1基因,发现MoRCE1缺失突变体在胁迫培养条件下细胞壁完整性明显缺陷,但是对营养生长、产孢、萌发以及致病性没有明显影响,说明MoRce1蛋白可能通过参与稻瘟病菌细胞壁合成相关蛋白的异戊烯化修饰进而影响该菌细胞壁的完整性,其具体机制还有待深入研究。     

大麦抗条纹病基因的定位分析

为发掘大麦中抗条纹病的新基因,采用三明治法通过人工接种大麦条纹病菌Pyrenophora graminea强致病力菌株QWC对甘啤2号(免疫)与Alexis(高感)杂交F_1代及F_2代分离群体进行抗性遗传分析,利用群体分离分析法鉴定与抗病基因连锁的SSR标记,并通过QTL IciMapping软件构建遗传连锁图谱完成对抗病基因的定位。结果显示,甘啤2号与Alexis杂交F_1代对大麦条纹病菌强致病力菌株QWC表现为免疫,F_2代表现3∶1抗感分离,表明甘啤2号对菌株QWC的抗性由1个显性抗性基因控制,将该抗病基因暂命名为Rdg3;该基因位于大麦7H染色体上的SSR标记Bmag206和Bmag7之间,与二者的遗传距离分别为1.78 cM和2.86 cM。经与已定位于7H染色体上的抗病基因比较,发现Rdg3是一个新的抗条纹病基因,可作为大麦抗病育种的新种质资源。     

淀粉酶产色链霉菌1628中toyF基因的克隆与丰加霉素合成相关性

为考察编码腺苷琥珀酸裂解酶toyF基因对淀粉酶产色链霉菌Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628合成丰加霉素的影响,本研究设计简并引物,首次克隆获得了菌株1628的toyF基因,并构建了敲除质粒pKC1132-toyF',通过接合转移转入菌株1628,获得toyF基因缺失株1628-ΔTOYF。结果表明,与原始菌株1628相比,缺失株1628-ΔTOYF中TOYF的酶活和丰加霉素产量分别降低66.7%、87.5%。在缺失株1628-ΔTOYF中回补表达toyF基因构建了重组菌1628-ΔTOYF/toyF。重组菌1628-ΔTOYF/toyF中的TOYF酶活和丰加霉素产量,较缺失株1628-ΔTOYF分别提高了2.7和8.3倍。由此可见,toyF基因是参与菌株1628生物合成丰加霉素的关键酶基因。本文toyF基因的克隆及其功能研究,为克隆完整的丰加霉素生物合成基因簇及其丰加霉素生物合成机制的研究奠定了基础。     

生防枯草芽孢杆菌L1特性的初步研究

通过对峙培养,测定出枯草芽孢杆菌L1的抑菌谱较宽,特别是对水稻纹枯病菌、大豆菌核病菌、禾谷镰孢菌、辣椒灰霉病菌、玉米小斑病菌抑菌效果明显;枯草芽孢杆菌L1不同发酵时间经湿热灭菌处理后,5 d发酵液中抑菌活性物质含量最高,对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长抑制率达83.23%,发酵液随时间延长抑菌效果不再增加;枯草芽孢杆菌L1抑菌活性物质对温度不敏感;枯草芽孢杆菌L1发酵液用硫酸铵梯度沉淀法提取粗蛋白在硫酸铵饱和度达60%～70%(不含60%)沉淀的活性物质抑菌效果最好,对水稻纹枯病菌平均抑菌半径达1.15;枯草芽孢杆菌L1对玉米、大豆、小麦、番茄、菜豆、黄瓜、水稻无致病性,而且还有保鲜和促生作用。     

稻瘟病菌几丁质结合蛋白MoChtbp1的功能初步研究

稻瘟病是一种由子囊真菌稻瘟病菌引起的危害粮食安全的世界性病害.多数效应蛋白对于稻瘟病菌的毒力起到重要作用,在与寄主植物的相互作用中至关重要,因此,筛选并鉴定稻瘟病菌效应蛋白,阐释其基因功能对于稻瘟病的防治具有重要意义.本研究根据已有的稻瘟病菌效应蛋白相关研究方法以及生物信息学软件筛选出了一个几丁质结合蛋白Mo-Chtb...     

MrXrn1基因参与调控罗伯茨绿僵菌的产孢和致病

本研究以罗伯茨绿僵菌为研究对象,针对5'-3'核糖核酸外切酶基因（MrXrn1,MAA_09154,5'-3'exoribonuclease 1）,利用农杆菌介导的同源重组方法进行基因敲除。对获得的MrXrn1基因敲除株（ΔMrXrn1）与野生型进行表型分析结果发现,与野生型相比,ΔMrXrn1的营养生长无明显变化,而产孢能力显著下降,其中产孢量降低了75.75%;以大蜡螟为试虫的体壁侵染毒力分析显示ΔMrXrn1的毒力显著减少,也即半致死时间（LT₅₀：9.16 d）显著长于野生型的（5.96 d）,但注射接种情况下不同菌株的毒力无差异;进一步的研究表明ΔMrXrn1的附着孢形成率降低了43.58%。这些结果说明MrXrn1基因对绿僵菌的产孢及毒力起着重要的调控作用。本研究为进一步有效提高真菌杀虫剂的生防效果提供了基础。     

液泡氨肽酶Y编码基因 PoAPE3在稻瘟病菌中的生物学功能研究

氨肽酶是一类可以选择性剪切氨基酸残基的蛋白酶, 液泡氨肽酶Y能够调控碱性氨基酸残基的剪切以及液泡的活性。本研究通过同源性比对获得酵母液泡氨肽酶Y在稻瘟病菌中的同源基因PoAPE3, 利用基因敲除法获得 PoAPE3基因敲除突变体(ΔPoAPE3), 并构建回补体菌株进行生物学功能分析。表型测定结果表明, PoAPE3基因敲除突变体在产孢量、孢子萌发率、致病性、侵染过程等方面与野生型均无明显差异。突变体在完全培养基(CM)和稻秆培养基(SDC)上生长速率下降, 且在应对胁迫剂H2O2时表现为更耐受, 应对刚果红时表现为更敏感。以上结果表明PoAPE3参与调控稻瘟病菌的营养生长和对外界环境胁迫的应答过程。     

基于毒性相关基因序列的稻瘟病菌群体遗传多样性分析

 选用16对毒性相关基因特异性引物对四川和重庆9个县(市)分离到的200个稻瘟病菌单孢菌株进行PCR扩增,并采用最长距离法进行聚类分析,结果显示各引物均能扩增出其目的条带,多态位点百分率(P)高达93.75%,扩增频率差异较大;200个菌株可归为70个不同的单元型,其中单元型SCH13为优势单元型;在0.86遗传相似水平上,200个菌株可划分为27个遗传宗谱,包括1个优势宗谱,3个亚优势宗谱,14个次要宗谱,9个小宗谱,层次丰富;在群体平均水平上,病菌群体具有丰富的遗传多样性(H=0.324 4,I=0.484 2),且群体间差异较大;9个种群在遗传距离为0.05水平上可分为4个类群,种群遗传谱系与地理区域分布呈一定相关性。同时,该地区的群体存在一定的遗传分化(HT=0.320 0),群体内多样性大于群体间多样性(Hs=0.179 6,Dst=0.140 4),总遗传变异的56.13%存在于群体内(Gst=0.438 7),群体间基因流动性较小(Nm=0.639 6)。本研究揭示了四川和重庆部分区域稻瘟病菌群体遗传结构、遗传多样性及其与地理分布之间的关系,为抗病育种和品种布局奠定了基础。     

金属蛋白酶FocM352在香蕉枯萎病菌热带4号生理小种侵染过程中的功能

香蕉枯萎病菌热带4号生理小种(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.cubense tropical race 4,Foc TR4)严重威胁世界香蕉产业的可持续发展,一些特殊功能的蛋白在其侵染过程中起重要作用。我们分析Foc TR4接种巴西蕉后的转录组数据发现M35金属蛋白酶(metalloprotease 35)同源基因FocM35＿2在病原菌侵染初期受诱导显著上调表达,经同源重组法敲除该基因,突变体致病力显著下降,菌丝生长速率降低,产孢量略微减少,回补突变体则可以恢复其致病力和生长发育;与野生型菌株相比较,突变体对外源氧胁迫、渗透压和细胞膜压力更敏感;在本氏烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana)中的瞬时表达结果显示该蛋白定位于质外体,并引起叶片产生超敏反应(HR,hypersensitive response);该蛋白的缺失还能够诱导寄主更高水平几丁质酶的活性。因此,FocM35＿2是促进Foc TR4侵染寄主的的重要致病因子。