Engineered baculoviruses for pest control

The present situation with regard to the use of baculoviruses in insect control is outlined. By virtue of their high degree of host specificity, they offer considerable advantages over chemical insecticides, but their practical use is limited by a number of factors, particularly their slow speed of action. Various approaches to the genetic modification of baculoviruses to overcome these problems are described. These have resulted in improvements in insecticidal activity in laboratory trials which are now being confirmed in the field. Thus, genetically modified baculoviruses have a promising future in pest-control programmes. Our increasing knowledge of the genetic factors which regulate their behaviour is showing how other aspects of their performance may be controlled and exploited. ©1997 SCI     

外来生物风险分析指标体系的建立

本文依据有害生物风险分析国际标准,利用层次分析法,提出了基于传播途径的外来有害生物的风险分析的分级标准和评价方法。     

Geographic Information Systems for localized pest predictions1

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) provide a means of visualizing and modeling the distribution of plants and pests as well as other important attributes of crop production. GIS uses multiple data bases, with each value referenced to a common coordinate system; data can be combined in the form of thematic maps. With the addition of weather and elevation data at the same resolution and coordinate system, pest development can be monitored and predicted over large areas but with local detail. GIS has been used for predicting phonological development of gypsy moth and other important insect pests. Similar approaches have been used for plant diseases such as potato late blight and apple scab. An important feature of GIS for pest prediction is the ability to assess risk of pest development. Most GIS programs also have a set of tools for spatial analysis of data. Examples of all the features of GIS are illustrated using a GIS that runs on a DOS personal computer.     

Agricultural insect hybridization and implications for pest management

Biological invasions, the expansion of agricultural frontiers, and climate change favor encounters of divergent lineages of animals and plants, increasing the likelihood of hybridization. However, hybridization of insect species and its consequences for agroecosystems have not received sufficient attention. Gene exchange between distinct and distant genetic pools can improve the survival and reproduction of insect pests, and threaten beneficial insects in disturbed agricultural environments. Hybridization may be the underlying explanation for the recurrent pest outbreaks and control failures in putative hybrid zones, as suspected for bollworm, corn borer, whiteflies, and stink bugs. Reliable predictions of the types of changes that can be expected in pest insect genomes and fitness, and of their impacts on the fate of species and populations remain elusive. Typical steps in pest management, such as insect identification, pest monitoring, and control are likely affected by gene flow and adaptive introgression mediated by hybridization, and we do not have ways to respond to or mitigate the problem. To address the adverse effects of farming intensification and global trade, we must ensure that current integrated pest management programs incorporate up‐to‐date monitoring and diagnostic tools. The rapid identification of hybrids, quantification of levels of introgression, and in‐depth knowledge of what genes have been transferred may help to explain and predict insect population outbreaks and control failures in the future. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

西瓜上检疫性有害生物

按照FAO的国际植物检疫措施标准第2号——有害生物风险分析准则，对进境西瓜进行有害生物风险分析。最终提出15种检疫性有害生物，其中在我国已局部分布的有甜瓜枯萎病菌、甜瓜球腔菌、黄瓜绿斑驳病毒、西瓜细菌性果斑病、条纹瓜叶甲、甜瓜绢叶螟；在我国尚未见报道的有果实蝇属、西瓜船象、寡鬃实蝇和甜瓜坏死斑病毒。本文对其分布、寄主和危害特性作一简要阐述。     

Functional characteristics of secondary plants for increased pest management

Secondary plants may be added to a cropping system for the purpose of improving pest control. In a recent article (Parolin P, Bresch C, Brun R, Bout A, Boll R, Desneux N, Poncet C (2012) Secondary plants used in biological control: a review, International Journal of Pest Management 58, 91–100) we defined different categories of secondary plants used to enhance biological control: companion, repellent, barrier, indicator, trap, insectary, and banker plants are intentionally added to agricultural systems in order to improve pest management through either top-down or bottom-up processes. In the present paper, we focus on the functional characteristics of secondary plants and on the mechanisms which contribute to reducing the presence of pests. If we understand and integrate the effects that such plants have on pests and beneficial arthropods, together with the multitrophic interactions in which these organisms are involved, the application of pesticides in crop systems can be reduced and enhanced productivity in agro-ecosystems achieved. Here, we identify the main characteristics of, and the prerequisites for, plants which can enhance crop protection in agro-ecosystems.     

Characteristics of pyrethroids for insect pest control in agriculture

Pyrethroid insecticides are characterised by high knockdown and lethal activity, a wide spectrum, good residual activity, together with repellent and antifeeding activity. With these characteristics, pyrethroid insecticides have become widely used for plant protection. Their major use has been for the control of bollworms and leafworms in cotton but they have also achieved widespread use for controlling various species of lepidopterous pests in fruits and vegetables, aphids in cereals, and many other minor outlets. Although the early synthetic pyrethroids suffered from a lack of activity against mites and soil pests, later additions, such as fenpropathrin, have combined high acaricidal activity with insecticidal activity and further pyrethroids are being introduced for use in soil. The extent of pyrethroid use has increased progressively since the first of the ‘photostable’ pyrethroids was registered. In 1986, the market share of pyrethroids reached 25 % of the total insecticide market for plant protection; this figure can be increased in the future.     

Putting deep learning in perspective for pest management scientists

‘Deep learning’ is causing rapid technological changes in many fields of science, and conjectures about its potential for transforming everyone's work and lives is a matter of great debate. Unfortunately, it is all too easy to apply it as a ‘black box’ tool with little consideration of its potential limitations, especially when the data it is being applied to is less than perfect. In this Perspective, I try to put deep learning into a broader mechanistic and historical context by showing how it relates to older forms of artificial intelligence; by providing a general explanation of how it operates; and by exploring some of the challenges involved in its implementation. Examples wherein it has been applied to pest management problems are provided to illustrate how the technology works and the challenges deep learning faces. At least in the near term, its biggest impact on agrochemical development seems likely to come in automating the tedious work involved in assessing agrochemical efficacy, but getting there will require major investments in building large, well‐curated data sets to work from and in providing the expertise required to assess the resulting model predictions in real‐world scenarios. Deep learning may also come to complement the machine learning methodologies already available for use in pesticide discovery and development, but it seems unlikely to supplant them. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

基于有害生物集群的聚类分析在入侵生物定殖研究中的应用

生物入侵防控的重要手段之一,是在外来物种入侵之前,识别出最有可能定殖扩散的潜在有害生物。基于入侵性有害生物集群的原理,聚类分析方法可以应用到生物入侵研究中。常用的聚类分析方法有自组织映射(SOM)、k均值和层次聚类法。其中,SOM已在国内外入侵生物定殖可能性的研究中得到了广泛应用。聚类分析可以进行风险排序,从而筛选出需进一步研究的潜在入侵生物。本文综述了近年聚类分析在生物入侵中的研究进展,并讨论了基础数据在风险评估中的地位。同时,围绕"大数据"时代背景,提出应用数据挖掘技术分析入侵生物数据信息的研究思路。将聚类分析与单一物种分布模型相结合,可以更有效的分析入侵生物定殖风险。     

Integrated pest management approach for a new pest, Lacanobia subjuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Washington apple orchards

Bioassays of Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote and Robinson) larvae established baseline LC50 values and identified the potential of reduced-risk, organophosphate replacement and naturally derived insecticides (eg chloronicotinyls, spinosyns, oxadiazines, insect growth regulators, microbial insecticides and particle films) to control this pest. The toxicities of these products were compared with those of organophosphate, carbamate, chlorinated cyclodiene and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides used in the management of lepidopteran pests in Washington apple orchards. Field trials were conducted comparing candidate insecticides to conventional alternatives. Several new insecticides (eg spinosad, methoxyfenozide, indoxacarb and an aluminosilicate particle film) proved to be effective for the management of L subjuncta. We summarize the goals and challenges of developing an integrated pest management program for new and resurgent pests as insecticide tools continue to change, and propose a hypothesis for the sudden increase in pest status of L subjuncta based on organophosphate tolerances. The role of novel insecticides with unique modes of action in resistance management and the encouragement of biological control are also discussed.