Survival of sea‐water‐adapted trout,Salmo trutta L. ranched in a Danish fjord

The effect of seawater adaptation on the survival of coastally released post‐smolt trout, Salmo trutta L., was investigated by release: (1) directly (with no adaptation); (2) after retention in net pens in the sea for 29–131 days (delayed release); (3) after feeding with a high‐salt diet (12–13.5% NaCl) for 4 weeks; and (4) after a combination of (2) and (3). In total, 17 640 trout (age = 1+, 1.5 and 2+ years; mean fork lengths = 18.2–25.6 cm) were released in 14 batches in the summer or autumn months of 1986–1989. All fish were of domesticated origin and Carlin tagged. Survival and instantaneous mortality rates (total and fishing mortality) were estimated from reported recaptures. Mortality rates were estimated for: (1) the post‐smolt period; (2) the period until the legal size of capture (40 cm) was attained; and (3) for larger sea‐trout. Release with a delay of 4 weeks gave an increased survival rate. A longer adaptation period did not increase survival. On average, survival was increased by 36%. Survival was not increased by high‐salt diets. Until attainment of the legal size for capture, survival was 9.6% higher on average, with extremes as low as 1.7% and as high as 38% in individual batches.     

我国海洋牧场建设回顾与展望

海洋牧场是基于海洋生态学原理和现代海洋工程技术,充分利用自然生产力,在特定海域科学培育和管理渔业资源而形成的人工渔场。海洋牧场的特点包括以增加渔业资源量为目的、具有明确的边界和权属、苗种主要来源于人工育苗或驯化、通过放流或移植进入自然海域、主要以天然饵料为食和对资源实施科学管理等。早在1965年,我国学者曾呈奎先生就原创性地提出在海洋中通过人工控制种植或养殖海洋生物,建设\"牧场\"的理念。上世纪八十年代以来,我国海洋牧场经历了从增殖放流、人工鱼礁建设到系统化的海洋牧场发展过程,在取得巨大成就的同时,也面临着海洋牧场的涵义应用过于宽泛、缺乏统筹规划和科学论证、忽视海洋牧场生态作用以及忽视项目评估和系统管理等问题。展望未来,我国的海洋牧场建设应在\"生态优先、陆海统筹、三产贯通、四化同步、创新跨越\"的发展理念指导下,加强海洋牧场建设的宏观引导、推动海洋牧场体系化建设、实施海洋牧场企业化运营,在获得经济效益的同时,实现产业繁荣和保持健康生态系统的和谐统一。     

Seasonal differences in smolt traits and post-smolt survival of wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, migrating from a northern boreal river

Abstract  Seasonal differences in smolt traits and the post-smolt survival of wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were investigated by smolt trapping and Carlin-tagging in the River Simojoki, northern Finland between 1991 and 2004. The annual trapping season was divided into two halves based on the median catch date. Smolt length was significantly higher during the first half of the season, while differences in smolt weight were typically small. Smolt age was always significantly higher during the first half of the season because older smolts tended to migrate earlier in the season. Many smolts migrating during the early season and almost all smolts migrating later had started their new growth, indicating that smolts grow in the spring before sea entry. The differences in recaptures between smolts tagged during the first and second halves were insignificant. Although variations in smolt traits and environmental conditions can produce inter-annual variation in post-smolt survival, their seasonal differences seem to be too small to have an effect.     

盐度对河蟹性早熟影响的初步研究

影响河蟹性早熟的因子有温度、营养、遗传因子、盐度等,其中盐度是沿海地区河蟹养殖中导致性早熟的最主要因素,试验结果表明：随着盐度升高,早熟率明显上升,当盐度达到10‰以上时,早熟率超过60%,盐度和早熟率呈指数相关,相关系数R^2=0.9918。     

南海柘林湾—南澳岛海洋牧场渔业资源本底声学评估

为掌握南海柘林湾—南澳岛海洋牧场水域渔业资源本底情况,于2011年4月到2012年2月,使用Simrad EY60科学探鱼仪先后于不同月份对其进行了4次调查。调查显示2011年4月,21种评估鱼类总平均数量密度和平均资源量密度分别为2.68×10⁴ 个/km²和0.73 t/km²;2011年8月,38种评估鱼类总平均资源数量密度和平均资源量密度分别为6.49×10⁴ 个/km²和0.71 t/km²;2011年11月,33种评估鱼类总平均资源数量密度和平均资源量密度分别为4.14×10⁴ 个/km²和0.93 t/km²;2012年2月,15种评估鱼类总平均资源数量密度和平均资源量密度分别为1.45×10⁴ 个/km²和0.36 t/km²。结果表明,4个月资源量密度均不高;11月资源密度和资源量最高;2月资源密度和资源量最低,声学评估种类明显减少。4月积分值主要分布于4～8 m水层;8月积分值于4～14 m水层内分布比较均匀;11月积分值主要分布水层与4月相似,但10 m以深水体所占百分比高于4月;2月积分值主要分布于4～10 m水层,尤其是6~8 m水层。资源密度与水深之间无明显线性关系。各月份调查站点资源密度与SST无明显线性关系。各月份平均丰度密度与SST呈明显线性关系 (R²=0.997 4)。各月份平均资源量密度与SST呈一定线性关系 (R²=0.287 2)。研究证实声学方法在海洋牧场渔业资源评估过程中表现出良好的效果,推动了声学技术在海洋牧场渔业资源研究领域的发展,为今后我国深入开展海洋牧场渔业资源增殖效果评估研究提供了现实基础和科学依据。     

蓝色增长背景下的海洋生物生态城市化设想与海洋牧场建设关键技术研究综述

近年来,世界范围内为解决过度捕捞、污染、不可持续的沿岸渔业方式对栖息地、栖息地生态功能以及物种多样性产生的不可逆转破坏,以及传统渔业、养殖业转型难、环境污染大、渔业资源衰退、渔民生计受到威胁等严峻问题,开展了大量的实验与理论研究。其中以FAO提出的\"蓝色增长\"与我国提出的\"海洋牧场\"理念框架最具针对性与代表性。伴随着新趋势与理念的产生,相关技术必须及时提供支撑。然而,围绕\"蓝色增长\"与\"海洋牧场\"的环境整体性与技术可行性及其关键支撑技术,尚未得到很好的整合与开发。本文通过对学界海洋牧场建设目标、核心工作以及其潜在问题进行梳理,整合目前\"蓝色增长\"与\"海洋牧场\"的主流技术,借鉴城市生态学中这一已经发展较为成熟学科的相关技术与体系,提出海洋生物的生态城市化设想及海洋生物生态城镇化设想的海洋牧场选址与规划、生境营造、生物资源增殖与行为控制以及管理四大关键技术,并详细分析了相关技术的实用性与技术整合的实用性,以期为海洋牧场相关研究者提供系统性的技术支撑与参考。     

Annual variability in survival of sea-ranched Baltic salmon, Salmo salar L: significance of smolt size and marine conditions

Abstract Carlin tagging data for 1980–1991 were used to examine the influence of smolt size and feeding conditions on the post-smolt survival of ranched River Neva salmon, ( Salmo salar L.), in the the Gulf of Finland, which is the native feeding area of the stock, and in the Bothnian Sea, where the stock has been introduced. Because of better feeding conditions, the survival rates were higher and less variable in the Gulf of Finland than in the Bothnian Sea. In the Bothnian Sea, the annual variability in survival decreased and the mean value increased with increasing smolt size from the smallest (14–16 cm) to the largest (28–30 cm) size classes. The survival was positively correlated with growth rates, food resources and sea-surface temperatures. This suggests that in the Bothnian Sea the annual variability in survival is mainly because variable marine conditions affect growth rates, and, thus, the vulnerability of the post-smolts to size-dependent predation. In the Gulf of Finland, the survival advantage of large initial size and rapid growth was counteracted by size-selective post-smolt mortality from fishing. The increase in the survival rate with increasing smolt size levelled off at 22 cm, and the correlations between survival, growth and the indices of feeding conditions were mostly insignificant. For large smolts, some negative correlations were recorded, suggesting that the relative significance of mortality from fishing may even exceed that of size-dependent natural mortality. The implications of the results for management are discussed.     

Sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, transfer between wild sympatric adult and juvenile salmon on the north coast of British Columbia, Canada

We examine sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis , on juvenile and adult salmon from the north coast of British Columbia between 2004 and 2006 in an area that does not at present contain salmon farms. There is a pronounced zonation in the abundance of L. salmonis on juvenile pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha , in the Skeena and Nass estuaries. Abundances in the proximal and distal zones of these estuaries are 0.01 and 0.05 respectively. The outer zones serve as feeding and staging areas for the pink salmon smolts. Returning Chinook, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha , and coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch , concentrate in these areas. We collected data in 2006 to examine whether L. salmonis on returning adult salmon are an important source of the sea lice that appear on juvenile pink salmon. Nearly all (99%) of the sea lice on returning Chinook and over 80% on coho salmon were L. salmonis. Most of the L. salmonis were motile stages including many ovigerous females. There was a sharp increase in the abundance of sea lice on juvenile pink salmon smolts between May and July 2006 near the sites of adult captures. As there are no salmon farms on the north coast, few sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus , and very few resident salmonids until later in the summer, it seems that the most important reservoir of L. salmonis under natural conditions is returning adult salmon. This natural source of sea lice results in levels of abundance that are one or two orders of magnitude lower than those observed on juvenile pink salmon in areas with salmon farms such as the Broughton Archipelago.     

Detection of Japanese flounder-specific DNA from gut contents of potential predators in the field

ABSTRACT:   Predation by invertebrates may be one of the major factors influencing the mortality of released flounder juveniles in the field. We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique for the detection of Japanese flounder material from the gut contents of potential predators in the field. The PCR primers used here are flounder specific and encompass a 153 bp region from the right domain of the mitochondrial control region. With these oligonucleotide primers, PCR reactions yielded specific amplification products from the gut contents of some putative predators, including Matuta lunaris , Portunus gladiator , Sepioteuthis lessoniana , Suggrundus meerdervoorti , Platycephalus sp. and Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus . Many animals with gut contents of unidentified fish material showed indication of predation on the flounder after release of hatchery reared flounder juveniles. The technique developed in the present study is useful not only for the survey of predation on the flounder by known species, but also for the search for novel potential predatory species in the field.     

基于PSR模型的海洋牧场生态系统健康评价指标体系构建

在海洋牧场生态系统特征及健康内涵的基础上,针对海洋牧场区域这一复杂的生态系统,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,结合海洋牧场生态系统特征和所收集的数据特点及其可获取性等,经过反复筛选与提炼,形成由压力、状态和响应共33个具体评价指标组成的海洋牧场生态系统健康评价指标体系及具体指标,并对指标的选取和体系构建的构建进行了简要的诠释,通过熵权法对各指标进行权重计算,为了定量海洋牧场生态系统健康状态,通过建立综合健康指数,确定海洋牧场生态系统的健康状态。     

“鱼类全生活史”型海洋牧场构建理念与技术

海洋牧场是一种新型的海洋渔业生产方式,休闲垂钓型海洋牧场是其重要的组成部分。本文在系统梳理休闲垂钓型海洋牧场研究和产业发展现状的基础上,针对我国休闲垂钓型海洋牧场成鱼补充量不足的问题,以\"产卵—仔稚鱼—幼鱼—成鱼\"为保护链,提出构建\"鱼类全生活史\"型海洋牧场的理念和相关技术,可在同一海洋牧场区域内完成鱼类全部生活史,同时可以恢复鱼类资源、增加生物多样性,为休闲垂钓型海洋牧场建设的发展起到示范作用。\"鱼类全生活史\"型海洋牧场因休闲垂钓型海洋牧场的构建而提出,但其理念同样适用于其他生物种类比较集中、能够在海洋牧场区完成其全部生活史或大部分生活史的资源养护型、资源增殖型海洋牧场的构建。     

A review of the use of ivermectin as a treatment for sea lice [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) and Caligus elongatus Nordmann] infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Ectoparasitic sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) and Caligus elongatus (Nordmann) browse on the skin of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.. The resulting lesions cause stress and increase the susceptibility of the fish to secondary infections. In extreme infestations, fish can suffer from osmoregulatory failure and death. The most immediate treatment for the relief of sea lice infestations at fish farms is the use of chemotherapeutants, either by bath or oral administration. One compound which has been investigated for use as a chemotherapeutant is ivermectin. Ivermectin is a member of the avermectin group of macrocyclic lactones. The avermectins are neurotoxins, which have been used successfully in the treatment of helminthic parasitic infections in a number of terrestrial farm animals and also in the treatment of river blindness in humans. Owing to the low solubility of the compound, ivermectin has been administered as an oral treatment with the feed and has been found to be effective for the treatment of sea lice on Atlantic salmon. Ivermectin is poorly absorbed by fish with a high percentage of the administered dose being excreted in the faeces. The highest concentrations of the absorbed ivermectin were found in lipid‐rich organs. The ivermectin remained in the tissues of the treated fish for a prolonged period of time and was excreted mainly in the unchanged form. Ivermectin can reach the marine environment via excretion from the bile, unabsorbed via the fish faeces and by uneaten food pellets and has a strong affinity to lipid, soil and organic matter. Risk assessments have shown that ivermectin is likely to accumulate in the sediments and that the species therein would be more at risk than the species in the pelagic environment. Ivermectin has been shown to be toxic to some benthic infaunal species in single species tests, but there is no evidence that treatment of fish with ivermectin has affected multispecies benthic communities in the field situation. This review paper ends with details of the development and the status of the use of ivermectin in the treatment of sea lice infestations at Scottish fish farms.     

影响刺参幼参成活和生长的几个因素的研究

在刺参人工育苗过程中,从稚参到幼参阶段极易受外界综合因子影响,成活率很低。本文采用数理统计的方法,选择四种因子对此阶段死亡率进行试验。从方差和直观分析看到稚参的附着密度和饵料品种对其成活率和生长的影响大于水温和换水方式。稚参附着密度以0．2头／cm^2为最佳,0．5头／cm^2次之;饵料以鼠尾藻磨碎液为最佳,其次是鼠尾藻液和叉鞭金藻的混合液．     

Evaluation of sea lice abundance levels on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) located in the Broughton Archipelago of British Columbia from 2003 to 2005

Salmon farming began in British Columbia (BC) in the 1970s and in 2006, aquaculture represented BC's largest agricultural export. Along with this growth in production has been a growth in controversy, including the concern that sea lice originating from Atlantic salmon farms negatively impact wild juvenile pink salmon in the Broughton Archipelago. To understand the dynamic interaction between wild and farmed fish, data for on‐farm abundance of sea lice are required. In this study, 33 000 Atlantic salmon from 20 active farms were examined over 3 years. Two species of lice were found: Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus clemensi. Inter‐annual and seasonal variations in abundance levels occurred with lower levels of L. salmonis in 2003 compared with 2004 and 2005, while C. clemensi levels were highest in 2003. The abundance of L. salmonis was greater on older farmed fish. The findings are compared with European and eastern Canadian sea lice reports, and possible sources of sea lice on farmed salmon are discussed.