Stock size fluctuations in chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the East China Sea and the Japan/East Sea

The stock size of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the East China Sea and the Japan/East Sea has shown a continuous decrease, with fluctuations, from 1975 to 1990. After a remarkable increase in 1992–96, the stock size fell to its lowest level in 1997–99. The spawning success (number of recruits/spawning biomass) fluctuates periodically with a period of several years, although there are no clear relationships between the spawning biomass and the number of recruits. Spawning success was inversely correlated with sea surface temperature (SST). On the contrary, the catch amount and the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of spotted mackerel (Scomber australasicus) has increased since 1997.     

Effects of synthetic kisspeptin peptides and GnRH analogue on oocyte growth and circulating sex steroids in prepubertal female chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus)

In recent years, kisspeptin peptides, encoded by kiss genes have been used to manipulate reproductive processes in farmed animals, including fish. Our previous studies demonstrated that the chub mackerel brain expresses kiss1 and kiss2 and intramuscular injection of synthetic Kiss1 pentadecapeptide (Kiss1‐15) but not Kiss2 dodecapeptide (Kiss2‐12) accelerates spermatogenesis in prepubertal male chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus). In the present study, we evaluated their effects in prepubertal female chub mackerel. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of experimental fish did not show any significant changes. Condition factor (CF) values increased significantly in Kiss1‐15 treated fish, in comparison with control and GnRH analogue (GnRHa) injected fish. Histologically, only perinucleolar oocytes were found in all experimental fish. However, Kiss and GnRHa treated fish showed a significant increase in the perinucleolar oocyte diameter, in comparison with the control fish. Gene expression analyses revealed decreased expression of gnrh1 in the telencephalon‐preoptic region of the brain of Kiss2‐12 and GnRHa injected fish, in comparison with control fish. In contrast, GnRHa injected fish exhibited higher levels of fshβ in the pituitary, with no changes in the levels of lhβ among different treatments. Levels of circulating sex steroids, testosterone, and estradiol‐17β were significantly higher in Kiss1‐15 injected fish, in comparison with control fish. These results indicate that synthetic kisspeptin peptides and GnRHa can induce oocyte growth in prepubertal female chub mackerel.     

Environmental effects on recruitment and productivity of Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus with recommendations for management

We compared a wide range of environmental data with measures of recruitment and stock production for Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus to examine factors potentially responsible for fishery regimes (periods of high or low recruitment and productivity). Environmental factors fall into two groups based on principal component analyses. The first principal component group was determined by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index and was dominated by variables associated with the Southern Oscillation Index and Kuroshio Sverdrup transport. The second was led by the Arctic Oscillation and dominated by variables associated with Kuroshio geostrophic transport. Instantaneous surplus production rates (ISPR) and log recruitment residuals (LNRR) changed within several years of environmental regime shifts and then stabilized due, we hypothesize, to rapid changes in carrying capacity and relaxation of density dependent effects. Like ISPR, LNRR appears more useful than fluctuation in commercial catch data for identifying the onset of fishery regime shifts. The extended Ricker models indicate spawning stock biomass and sea surface temperatures (SST) affect recruitment of sardine while spawning stock biomass, SST and sardine biomass affect recruitment of chub mackerel. Environmental conditions were favorable for sardine during 1969–87 and unfavorable during 1951–67 and after 1988. There were apparent shifts from favorable to unfavorable conditions for chub mackerel during 1976–77 and 1985–88, and from unfavorable to favorable during 1969–70 and 1988–92. Environmental effects on recruitment and surplus production are important but fishing effects are also influential. For example, chub mackerel may have shifted into a new favorable fishery regime in 1992 if fishing mortality had been lower. We suggest that managers consider to shift fishing effort in response to the changing stock productivity, and protect strong year classes by which we may detect new favorable regimes.     

东、黄海日本鲭种群鉴定和划分的研究进展

分布于东、黄海的日本鲭(Scomber japoncus)在我国海洋渔业中具有重要的地位,随着中韩、中日渔业协定的生效,开展日本鲭等重要经济鱼类的种群归属研究显得尤为重要。关于东、黄海日本鲭种群划分,20世纪中日两国学者利用标志放流和渔业调查数据分别进行了研判,但中日间以及国内对其种群划分存在不同见解。21世纪以来,中国一些研究者利用形态框架法和分子遗传学方法对前辈的种群划分进行了验证并提供了一些证据,但分析结果值得商榷。总结相关研究结果,多数中国学者将分布于东、黄海的日本鲭划分为东海西部种群、五岛西部种群和闽南—粤东地方种群,也有中国学者将其划分为东海群系和闽南—粤东地方种群;日本学者将分布于东海不同越冬场日本鲭归属为对马暖流群系,也有日本学者将分布于东、黄海和日本海西部的日本鲭划分为九州西部群系和东海西部群系。针对东、黄海日本鲭种群划分存在的不同观点,今后研究者应同时利用目前较为先进的、相对可操作的鱼类框架形态和分子遗传等判别技术,增加产卵场样本采集覆盖面,以获得判别东、黄海日本鲭种群相对最为科学的证据。     

半滑舌鳎的性腺分化和温度对性别决定的影响

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevisGünther)是近年来新开发的一种理想的增养殖对象,雌性个体生长速度比雄性快2～3倍。由于温度可影响多种鱼类的性腺分化,因而探索温度对该鱼的性别决定和性腺分化的影响,获得性逆转雄性亲本,用于培育全雌后代,具有重要的应用前景和经济效益。通过石蜡组织切片,对半滑舌鳎早期性腺分化进行组织学观察。发现在24℃饲养条件下,孵化后30 d半滑舌鳎性腺开始分化,其中具有裂隙的性腺原基未来发育为卵巢,而不具裂隙的原基未来发育为精巢。在孵化后25～100 d对半滑舌鳎进行不同温度(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃)处理,在9月龄时利用石蜡组织切片鉴定表型性别,观察温度对性腺分化的影响,结果表明,28℃和32℃高温能显著提高群体中的雄性比例,使其分别达到69.2%和66.7%;而低温16℃和20℃对性腺分化影响不大,群体中雄性比例分别为56.5%和57.1%;24℃处理群体中雌雄个体比例接近1∶1。半滑舌鳎雌性特异的遗传性别鉴定技术也检测到高温和低温处理组出现了由基因型雌性向表型雄性逆转的雄性个体。这些结果表明温度影响了半滑舌鳎性腺分化方向。     

鲐鱼鱼精中5_脱氧核苷酸的分离工艺

论述了用桔青霉PenicilliumcitrinumM71菌株,经液体培养制得的5＇-磷酸二酯酶降解鲐鱼鱼精DNA成5＇-脱氧核苷酸的分离工艺.分离采用201×8阴离子交换树脂,具体条件为柱床高l05mm,柱床直径45mm,样品浓度213mg@mL-1,洗脱流速0.5mL@cm-2@min-1.分离结果表明,采用0.005MHCl+0.04MNaCl作洗脱刺,流速为0.7mL@cm-2@min-1时,四种5'-脱氧核苷酸组分能完全被洗脱下来,且呈一个大峰,同其它成分分开,再先后采用0.0018MHCl、0.0028MHCl、0.036MNaCl(pH6.0)、0.005MHCl+0.02MNaCl作洗脱剂时,则能分别将dCMP、dAMP、TMP、dGMP完全分离.     

Dual effects of reversed winter–spring temperatures on year‐to‐year variation in the recruitment of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus)

To clarify the effects of temperature on the recruitment of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the North Pacific, we investigated the influence of winter surface temperature (WST) on spawners at the time of maturity around the spawning grounds and the influence of ambient spring temperature on larvae using estimated temperature (ET) obtained from particle tracking experiments. We found a significant positive correlation between ET approximately 10 days following hatching and the recruitment per spawning stock biomass (RPS) after 2000. The closer (more meandering) the Kuroshio Current (KC) axis was in relation to the spawning ground, the higher (lower) the spring surface temperature and the higher (lower) RPS was in the spawning ground. In contrast, WST inside KC near the maturity/spawning ground was significantly negatively correlated with RPS. A significant negative correlation between the temperatures in winter and spring was detected in the area after 2000, when the conditions of the Pacific decadal oscillation index and the stability of the Kuroshio Extension were synchronous, indicating that KC shifted northward during this time. The reversed temperature pattern was consistent with the winter–spring movement of KC axis in the offshore direction and was correlated with the winter–spring difference in the intensity of the Aleutian low. These results suggest that the annual variation in chub mackerel recruitment after 2000 was strongly affected by the combined effects of ambient temperature because of the reversal of conditions that occurred between winter and spring around the maturity/spawning ground, which was related to the KC path.     

Effect of low salinity on the expression profile of Na+/K+‐ATPase and the growth of juvenile chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn)

Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn) is one of the most commercially important scombroid fish used as a food resource. Recently, there has been a demand for efficient rearing methods of this fish for a full‐life cycle aquaculture. In the present study, we evaluated the physiological responses in the juvenile S. japonicus to different ambient salinities. A significantly higher gain of the body mass was observed in the juveniles reared in 24 g/L and 13 g/L seawater than in those reared in natural seawater (34 g/L) within 40 days of the experimental period without affecting mortality. A principal enzyme for osmoregulation, Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase, was expressed in the ionocytes located in the gill filaments of the juveniles. The number and the cell size of ionocytes and the enzymatic activity of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase in the gills decreased within 10 days after the low‐salinity challenge, which implies the reduction of the energy‐consuming active ion secretion under the low‐salinity environment. The physiological capacity for adaptation to low‐salinity seawater in chub mackerel could be basic knowledge to carry out culturing of these fish in coastal sea pens where ambient salinity fluctuates. The improvement of the growth performance by rearing in low‐salinity seawater will contribute to the efficient production of the seed juveniles for aquaculture.     

Time course of final oocyte maturation and ovulation in chub mackerel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomber japonicus</Emphasis> induced by hCG and GnRHa

Abstract:   The question of whether the ovulation and spawning time in chub mackerel Scomber japonicus is entrained by a circadian rhythm was raised by our previous experiments. Further questions were also raised about whether the time course of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced final oocyte maturation (FOM) and ovulation reflected the natural time course induced by endogeneous pituitary gonadotropin (GtH). To address these questions, hCG and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) were administered at two 'opposite' times, 14:00 and 02:00 hours, and the time courses of FOM and ovulation were compared. When hCG was injected, ovulation occurred 33 h post-injection in both groups, regardless of the timing of the hCG injection. The timing of ovulation in chub mackerel depends on the timing of hCG injection, but apparently not on circadian rhythms. When GnRHa was injected, ovulation began at 36 h post-injection of GnRHa, regardless of the timing of injection. These results indicate that the time course of FOM and ovulation in the chub mackerel followed a similar pattern whether stimulated by hCG injection or spontaneous luteinizing hormone (LH) surge because GnRHa induces the secretion of endogenous GtH (primarily LH) from the fish pituitary. Thus, it is concluded that the time course of hCG-induced FOM and ovulation in chub mackerel follows the natural time course induced by endogenous pituitary LH.     

台湾海峡及其邻近海域鲐鲹鱼类群聚资源的评估

:以初级生产力为基础 ,应用Steele模式估算台湾海峡及其邻近海域中上层鱼类资源年生产量为16 9.88× 10 4 t。估算鲐鱼类群聚资源量为 10 2 .0 8× 10 4 t。Gulland模式和简单模式估算鲐鱼类群聚资源的MSY分别为 50 .6 6× 10 4 t和 51.0 4× 10 4 t。Schaefer和Fox 2种剩余产量模式所估算的MSY分别为52 .4 1× 10 4 t和 51.73× 10 4 t,估算的fMSY换算为福建灯围渔船分别为 10 17组和 10 75组 ,并从海峡南、北 2个不同群系的鲐鱼类主要种群结构和生态学变化及渔业现状 ,讨论该 2个鲐群聚资源的开发利用程度     

Influence of death struggle on the structural changes in chub mackerel muscle during chilled storage

ABSTRACT: Chub mackerel (34–35 cm, approximately 500 g), which were caught by fishing with a rod and line at the Bungo Channel, Oita prefecture, were rested overnight in a fish preserve and either killed by decapitation (control group) or allowed to struggle in air for 30 min (struggled group). Muscle samples were excised every 4 h, and measurements on breaking strength and histological observations were done for both groups. The breaking strength of muscle in the control group was significantly higher than that in the struggled group, whereby a decrease in breaking strength was delayed for 12 h compared to the struggled group. Light microscopy showed space extension among muscle cells in association with a decrease in breaking strength. Especially in the struggled group, the extended area was larger and the difference in area was significant at the time when breaking strength showed a significant difference. Using electron microscopy, the extended area showed cut and/or disappeared collagen fibrils. From these results, it was demonstrated that struggling to death promoted the degradation of collagen fibrils and the weakening of connective tissue and, resultantly, led to the faster softening of muscle of chub mackerel.     

温台渔场日本鲭的繁殖生物学特征

利用2012年春季在温台渔场对日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)繁殖群体连续6批取样的生物学测定数据,对其繁殖生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,叉长340 mm以下群体中,雌雄比基本符合1∶1的性比关系;叉长340 mm以上群体中,雌鱼显著多于雄鱼(P0.05)。GSI随时间的变化结果显示,温台渔场日本鲭的主要繁殖期为3月中旬至4月中旬;不同时间段的雌鱼和雄鱼GSI均总体表现为雌鱼大于雄鱼(P0.05)。不同性腺发育阶段的平均摄食强度总体表现为雄鱼大于雌鱼。不同性腺发育阶段的雌性和雄性的肝指数均雌性显著大于雄性(P0.05)。绝对繁殖力范围为44 017~734 684粒/尾,平均值为(173 867±15 719)粒/尾,优势组为(10~30)×104粒/尾,占70.37%;相对繁殖力范围为187~1 403粒/g,平均值为(538±31)粒/g,优势组为(390~700)粒/g,占66.67%。卵径范围为0.27~1.22 mm,平均值为(0.86±0.01)mm,优势组为0.7~1.1 mm。温台渔场日本鲭的绝对繁殖力低于黄海北部而高于台湾海峡,相对繁殖力高于历史水平,平均卵径小于20世纪80年代,雌雄鱼的最小性成熟叉长均有一定程度的降低。以上结果都说明日本鲭为应对高强度捕捞和环境胁迫压力而采取增加相对繁殖力、减小卵径、提早性成熟等繁殖策略来维持种群数量和保证种群的延续。     

Reproductive parameters of the chub mackerel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomber japonicus</Emphasis> estimated from human chorionic gonadotropin-induced final oocyte maturation and ovulation in captivity

ABSTRACT:   Final oocyte maturation and ovulation of captive chub mackerel Scomber japonicus with fully yolk-accumulated oocytes were induced by a single injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. Reproductive parameters, including spawning frequency and batch fecundity, which are required to estimate spawning biomass in pelagic fish by the daily egg production method, were analyzed. Germinal vesicle migration (GVM) occurred at 18–24 h post-injection, and the hydration and ovulation of oocytes were completed at 30 and 36 h post-injection, respectively. The results of the maturation process suggest that fish with GVM-stage ovaries captured in the daytime from the field are capable of spawning on the night following their capture. The oocytes used in the oocyte size-frequency distribution method for batch fecundity estimates should be at late GVM and more advanced stages. The results of sequential artificial insemination showed that the quality of ovulated eggs held in the ovarian lumen rapidly deteriorated as time progressed after ovulation. This indicates that the fertilization window for the ovulated eggs of chub mackerel lasts only a few hours, and spawning behavior should be performed within a few hours after ovulation in the wild population.     

雌雄同体鱼类性别分化及性转变研究进展

在脊椎动物中,鱼类具有多样的性别分化方式,大致可分为雌雄异体、雌雄同体以及单性生殖3类.一般情况下,鱼类性别决定后,性腺可分化为卵巢或精巢,并且在整个生命周期内保持不变.而在雌雄同体鱼类,其性别可以从雌性转变为雄性、雄性转变为雌性或者在雌雄两种性别间进行多次转变.雌雄同体鱼类具有多种性别转变形式,是研究脊椎动物性别决定...     

Effect of Liquid Smoke Dipping and Packaging Method on the Keeping Quality of Raw and Cooked Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Fillets

Changes in biochemical and sensory attributes of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fillets during storage treated by immersion in a 12% NaCl brine with or without 0.2% liquid smoke were investigated. Brine-treated chub mackerel fillets were packaged in modified atmosphere or under vacuum and were stored at 4°C. The brined fillets were stored and evaluated raw and after heat treatment as cooked samples. Fish fillets were assessed organoleptically to determine acceptability and by measuring the pH, oxidation levels (TBARS test), and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN). Fillets treated in brine with liquid smoke exhibited similar pH and significantly lower TBARS and TVBN values (p < 0.05). The combination of the use of brines containing liquid smoke and subsequent vacuum packaging produced the lowest TBARS and TVBN values and resulted in extended acceptability.     

Age validation,growth and annual reproductive cycle of chub mackerel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomber japonicus</Emphasis> off the waters of northern Kyushu and in the East China Sea

The age and growth of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus collected from the East China Sea and the northern waters off Kyushu between June 2000 and June 2001 were determined by observing the otolith surface after dipping it in xylene. The translucent and opaque zones on the otolith surface were identified, and the number of translucent zones was counted. Monthly changes in the frequency of fish with translucent zones on the otolith margin, and in the marginal increments, indicated that the translucent zones were formed between April and June. The seasonal pattern of annulus formation on the otolith became clear by observing the otoliths of fish with known ages, and the otolith formation in wild fish was consistent with that of fish with known ages. The mean gonadosomatic index of male and female fish was high from March to May, and spawning females were observed from mid-March to mid-May. The estimated ages were 1–5 years for males and 1–6 years for females. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters did not significantly differ between male and female. The model was obtained as FL _t=406×{1−exp[−0.372×(t+1.68)]     

应用渔业资源评估专家系统预测东海鲐年产量

利用渔业资源评估专家系统估算和预测了东海鲐年产量，实际的应用和对过去年产量的回顾预测都表明，该专家系统具有一定的实用性，其预测产量与实际产量比较接近，平均预测精度为87.8%，预测结果可供渔业生产和管理部门参考。从近十多年鲐的渔业生产和资源状况来看，鲐实际捕捞产量巳接近我们所评估的现存资源量。同时，渔获物的组成以当龄鱼为绝对多数，小型化、低龄化现象明显，说明东海鲐资源巳得到充分利用，并开始出现过度利用的迹象，资源前景并不乐观。     

A Study of Lipid Bioaccessibility in Canned Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus)

The lipid composition and bioaccessibility in canned sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) were studied. Triacylglycerols were absent from the bioaccessible fraction in both products and each FA had a different bioaccessibility level. While total fat bioaccessibility was in the 60–64% range, the bioaccessibility of ω6 PUFA and DHA was <55%. Bioaccessibility depended on canned fish product species: fat, EPA, DHA, and ω3 PUFA bioaccessibility levels seemed to be higher in canned sardine than in canned mackerel. Daily consumption of 278 g of canned mackerel or 47 g of canned sardine would ensure the recommended daily intake of EPA+ DHA.     

黄海北部日本鲭繁殖生物学特征的年代际变化

根据1986年和2010年在黄海北部取样测定的日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)产卵群体基础生物学数据以及怀卵量计数结果, 对其繁殖生物学特征的年代际变化进行了研究。结果表明, 在日本鲭产卵群体基础生物学特征方面, 1986年的叉长、体质量、纯体质量和性腺重这4项基本生物学指标的范围和平均值均明显大于2010年, 年龄结构从1986年由1⁺~7⁺龄组成, 2⁺龄和3⁺龄为优势组, 改变为2010年由1⁺~3⁺龄组成, 2⁺龄为优势组。在性腺成熟度组成和性腺指数(GSI)方面, 2次采样均发现日本鲭雌鱼性腺成熟度以Ⅳ期和Ⅴ期为主; 开始排卵前, GSI随性腺成熟度的增加而增加; 相同叉长组而言, 2010年平均GSI较1986年呈现增加趋势。相同叉长组的繁殖力分析表明, 相对于1986年, 2010年体质量相对繁殖力升高了11.93%, 而绝对繁殖力则下降了18.45%。这些繁殖生物学特征的变化可能是由于日本鲭群体年龄结构简单化、个体小型化、生长速度加快等原因造成的。为了今后更好地保护并可持续利用日本鲭资源, 在现有的围网休渔制度的基础上, 建议在东黄海日本鲭各主要产卵场及其产卵期制定其他相应的保护措施, 以限制其他捕捞网具对该物种产卵群体的过度捕捞。