日粮中添加不同水平复合酸化剂对肉鸡屠宰性能及营养物质代谢率的影响

选择1日龄AA肉仔鸡450只,随机分成对照组和5个试验组,研究日粮中添加不同水平的复合酸化剂对肉仔鸡屠宰性能及营养物质利用率的影响。5个试验组日粮中的酸化剂添加量分别为0.1%、0.15%、0.2%、0.25%和0.3%,试验期为42 d。结果表明:添加复合酸化剂显著降低了各试验组日粮系酸力,显著提高了半净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率,对屠宰率、腹脂率无显著影响,显著提高生长阶段饲料蛋白、干物质、能量、钙和磷的表观消化率。根据研究结果得出,添加量0.15%效果最佳。     

复合酸化剂的日粮酸化作用及对营养物质表观消化率的影响

选择1日龄AA肉仔鸡450只,随机分成6组(对照组和5个试验组),研究不同添加水平复合酸化剂的日粮酸化作用及对营养物质消化率的影响,5个试验组日粮中的酸化剂添加量分0.1%、0.15%、0.2%、0.25%和0.3%。结果表明:添加复合酸化剂复合酸化剂显著降低了日粮的pH及系酸力,显著提高了各阶段日粮蛋白、能量、干物质、钙和磷的表观消化率,且以添加0.15%的作用效果最好。     

复合酸化剂对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

本试验选用132只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分为3组,每组设4个重复,每个重复11只鸡,一组饲喂基础日粮作为对照组,另两组在基础日粮中添加0.5%和1.0%复合酸化剂作为试验组,研究日粮中添加复合酸化剂对肉仔鸡体增重和屠宰性能的影响,确定肉鸡日粮中适宜的复合酸化剂添加量。试验分两个阶段,前期0～21日龄,后期22～42日龄,每个阶段始末称重。试验结果表明,肉鸡日粮中添加0.5%、1.0%复合酸化剂不同程度改善肉鸡各阶段的体增重、料重比和成活率;但对肉鸡屠宰性能没有显著影响,综合指标来看,肉仔鸡日粮添加1.0%复合酸化剂的作用效果最佳。     

酸化剂对肉鸡免疫器官指数、肠道pH值和血清生化指标的影响

试验研究酸化剂对肉鸡免疫器官指数、肠道p H值和血清生化指标的影响。将180只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复15只。对照组与试验组A、B、C分别饲喂添加0%、0.1%、0.15%、0.2%复合酸化剂的基础日粮,试验期42 d。结果表明:酸化剂对免疫器官指数均无显著影响(P0.05),但对21和42日龄胸腺指数、42日龄法氏囊指数有提高趋势;对肠道p H值大都有所降低,其中21日龄试验组B的十二指肠p H值显著低于对照组(P0.05);对血清生化指标有所影响,其中21日龄试验组A的血清总蛋白、球蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。由此可见,在肉鸡日粮中添加酸化剂可提高免疫器官指数、降低肠道p H值和改善血清生化指标,且最适添加剂量为0.1%。     

超微粉亚硒酸钠对肉仔鸡生长性能和相关理化指标的影响

为探讨超微粉亚硒酸钠对肉鸡生长性能的影响及作用机理,选择1日龄肉仔鸡450只,随机分为3个处理组,每种处理5个重复,每个重复30只。对照组应用80目亚硒酸钠,添加量为0.3 mg/kg,试验组应用200目亚硒酸钠,添加量分别为0.15 mg/kg、0.30 mg/kg,试验期21 d。结果表明:与对照组比较,试验1组增重、采食量、饲料报酬差异不显著,试验2组体增重、采食量分别提高11.73%(P0.05)、13.73%(P0.05);超微粉亚硒酸钠可以显著提高肉仔鸡对能量、蛋白、脂肪表观消化率;对免疫器官发育有促进作用;可以显著提高肉鸡免疫力和抗氧化力,其中试验组超氧化物歧化酶分别提高36.84%、57.46%,总抗氧化力分别提高48.87%、20.90%;可以显著提高其在肉仔鸡肝脏、肌肉中沉积量,与对照组相比,试验2组胸肌、肝脏中硒的含量分别提高10.32%、7.25%。本试验表明:与普通亚硒酸钠比较,超微粉碎可以提高硒的吸收利用率,改善肉仔鸡生长性能、养分利用率和健康水平。     

复合酸化剂在肉鸡生产中的应用研究

试验选用450只1日龄健康的艾维茵肉雏鸡,随机分为5个处理,每处理6个重复,每重复15只鸡。试验1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮。试验2、3、4和5组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%复合酸化剂。从生产性能、消化道pH、免疫器官指数及发酵鸡粪中氨气和硫化氢产生量4个方面加以检测和分析,探讨复合酸化剂在肉鸡生产中的应用效果。试验结果表明:在肉仔鸡日粮中添加不同剂量的复合酸化剂,可以明显提高日增质量,降低料重比,提高饲料转化率。有效降低肉鸡消化道内容物pH。提高免疫器官指数,增强肉鸡的免疫功能。明显减少发酵鸡粪中氨气和硫化氢产生量,减轻环境污染。     

亚麻籽饼粕发酵液对肉鸡生产性能和屠宰性能的影响

为了探讨亚麻籽饼粕对肉仔鸡生产效果的影响,本试验选用1日龄肉仔鸡288只,在相同饲养环境下随机分为4个组合(A为对照组,B、C、D为试验组,分别在饮水中添加2%、4%、6%浓度的亚麻籽饼粕发酵液),每组6个重复。试验结果表明:亚麻籽饼粕发酵液能提高肉仔鸡的体重、平均日增重和成活率,改善料重比,其中以6%添加组最为适宜,但肉仔鸡的采食量各组间差异不显著。肉鸡屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率、胸肌率和腿肌率这5个屠宰性能指标各组间差异不显著。此外,D组肉鸡的腹脂率与对照组相比存在显著差异,且试验组与对照组相比也有随添加浓度的升高而增加的趋势。     

日粮中添加柠檬酸对肉鸡生产性能的影响

将36只21日龄的艾维茵仔鸡,随机分成6组(第一组为对照组),试验采用玉米-豆饼型基础日粮,各组日粮柠檬酸添加水平分别是0、0.15%、0.25%、0.5%、1%、2%,试验期5周,研究了日粮柠檬酸水平对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响.结果表明,日粮中添加0.25%的柠檬酸,鸡增重最快;添加2%柠檬酸,可显著降低肉鸡增重;添加0.15%、0.25%柠檬酸.鸡的饲料报酬最高.添加柠檬酸对日粮有机物质的消化率有显著影响,其中添加0.25%柠檬酸鸡的蛋白质消化率最高.因此认为,日粮添加0.25%柠檬酸为适宜添加量,添加2%柠檬酸为其最大耐受量.     

饮水型精油复合酸化剂对肉鸡生长性能的影响及其抑菌功效

试验旨在研究饮水添加精油复合酸化剂对肉鸡生长性能的影响及其抑菌功效。选取1日龄AA肉鸡504只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复21只鸡。各组鸡均饲喂基础日粮,对照组饮水中不添加酸化剂,各试验组分别于第1周全程及第2～6周每周的第3～4 d全天饮用0.15%、0.20%和0.30%比例的酸化剂。试验期42 d。取养殖场地下水,设置对照组和0.15%、0.20%和0.30%酸化剂添加试验组,测定水pH值、硬度。设空白对照组（配制好的选择性培养基,不作任何处理）,并取养殖场地下水1 L,加入0.5麦氏比浊度的大肠杆菌或沙门氏菌标准菌株,随机分为4组;其中酸化剂添加组分别按0.15%、0.20%和0.30%的比例加入精油复合酸化剂,细菌对照组不添加酸化剂。测定酸化剂对水的抑菌效果。结果显示：与对照组相比,试验后期各试验组肉鸡平均体重显著升高（P<0.05）,其中0.20%酸化剂添加组肉鸡42日龄平均体重相对最大,可达2 963.95 g。与对照组相比,0.15%酸化剂添加组、0.20%酸化剂添加组肉鸡平均采食量和平均每只鸡全程采食量均显著降低（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,各...     

不同类型复合酸化剂在断奶仔猪饲料中的应用研究

将72头断奶1周的杜×长×大仔猪(35日龄)随机分成3组,包括1个对照组和2个试验组。各组的基础日粮相同,对照组为不添加酸化剂的基础日粮,试验1、2组分别添加0.15%普通复合酸化剂和0.15%缓释复合酸化剂,进行28 d的饲养试验。结果表明,添加0.15%缓释复合酸化剂可显著提高仔猪的日增重,降低料肉比、腹泻率和死亡率。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.