野生大豆(Glycine soja)YD63和栽培大豆(Glycine max)ZD19茎秆解剖结构比较解析

以野生大豆YD63和栽培大豆ZD19为研究对象,通过组织化学方法观察茎秆解剖结构的差异,并进一步分析和阐述这些解剖结构与功能和环境适应性间的关系,旨在为大豆抗逆性研究提供解剖学依据。结果表明：1）野生大豆表皮毛和腺毛多于栽培大豆,且角质层厚度、表皮厚度和表皮比例均大于栽培大豆,表皮和外皮层细胞的木质化和木栓化程度也高于栽培大豆;2）野生大豆皮层、韧皮部、木薄壁组织和髓的比例均大于栽培大豆,茎秆机械强度降低,可塑性升高,抗逆性增强;3）栽培大豆木质部、木纤维和总纤维比例均大于野生大豆,并且表皮细胞壁厚度、韧皮纤维壁厚度、木纤维壁和导管壁厚度均大于野生大豆。栽培大豆组织木质化的比例大于野生大豆,茎秆的机械强度升高,可以更好地维持直立生长和形态构建;4）栽培大豆微管形成层的细胞层数和厚度均大于野生大豆。栽培大豆木质部的比例大于韧皮部的比例,而野生大豆两者比例基本相同;5.）野生大豆韧皮部厚壁组织几乎是连续分布,仅在髓射线处中断,而栽培大豆是不连续的,呈片状分布,野生大豆韧皮部厚壁组织的比例大于栽培大豆;6）野生大豆导管壁强度(t/b)2和小导管比例大于栽培大豆,水分运输的安全性较高,但野生大豆木质部的连通性和水分运输的效率低于栽培大豆。本研究较系统地比较了野生大豆YD63和栽培大豆ZD19茎秆解剖结构特点,可为大豆抗性遗传改良提供解剖学依据。     

Comparative effects of salt and alkali stresses on organic acid accumulation and ionic balance of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is uniquely capable of growing well under various extreme environmental conditions, such as water deficit, salt stress, low temperature, and high altitude. It is of economic value and its berries are used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. In this study, we compared the effects of salt stresses (9:1 molar ratio of NaCl to Na₂SO₄, pH 6.48–6.65) and alkali stresses (9:1 molar ratio of NaHCO₃ to Na₂CO₃, pH 8.70–8.88) on the levels of inorganic ions and organic acids in H. rhamnoides L. to elucidate the physiological mechanism by which it tolerates salt or alkali stress (high pH). The results showed that, in leaves and stems under alkali stress, the Na⁺ content increased to a much greater extent than under salt stress. Neither salt nor alkali stress decreased the K⁺ content in leaves and stems; however, in roots, the K⁺ content decreased sharply with increasing alkali stress, whereas it remained relatively unchanged with increasing salt stress. This revealed a specific mechanism of absorption or transport for Na⁺ and K⁺ that was affected strongly by alkali stress. The results indicated that accumulation of organic acid (OA) was a central adaptive mechanism by which H. rhamnoides maintained intracellular ionic balance under alkali stress. OA may play different roles in different organs during adaptation to alkali stress, and its percentage contribution to total negative charge was higher in leaf than in stem. H. rhamnoides accumulated mainly malate, oxalate, and citrate in leaves and stems; however, in roots, less malate and citrate was accumulated, and acetate accumulation was enhanced significantly, which indicated that roots and shoots use different mechanisms to modulate OA metabolism.     

中国野生和栽培大豆蛋白质及油脂含量的比较分析

蛋白质和油脂是大豆的主要营养成分,掌握大豆种质蛋白质和油脂含量的遗传变异是专用型品种选育的基础.以全国各生态区的野生豆138份、地方品种408份、国内育成品种145份、国外育成品种77份,合计768份大豆种质为材料,测定蛋白质和油脂含量,研究其遗传变异特点.结果表明:在南京同一环境下全国野生豆蛋白质含量、油脂含量和蛋脂总含量变幅分别为39.2%～54.2%、7.5%～17.5%和47.3%～64.6%,地方品种38.8%～51.5%、11.5%～22.5%和55.6%～69.0%,国内育成品种41.7%～49.4%、12.9%～22.9%和55.6%～68.6%.野生豆驯化为栽培豆并经人工选育后油脂含量和蛋脂总含量有大幅增加,而蛋白质含量平均数和变异度则有减小,说明以往人工进化着重在油脂含量的改进.三个性状各群体在各生态区内均有较大变异,区平均间差异并不大,各区都有优良变异.野生豆蛋白质含量、油脂含量和蛋脂总含量与来源地纬度并未发现相关;栽培豆地方品种和育成品种的油脂含量与地理纬度出现显著正相关;育成品种蛋白质含量与地理纬度还出现显著负相关;野生自然状态下蛋白质含量和油脂含量之间无相关,而栽培豆地方品种和育成品种依次增强了负相关;形成这种相关的原因在于地区间油脂含量人工进化程度的差异.     

4份圆锥小麦-乌拉尔图小麦双二倍体的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

为了给小麦育种提供新的种质资源,对4份圆锥小麦-乌拉尔图小麦双二倍体(AABBA^uA^u)的农艺性状、染色体组成及高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成进行了鉴定。农艺性状调查结果表明,4份双二倍体的株高介于108.45~129.43 cm,分蘖数介于7.3~17.5个,穗长介于10.23~12.17 cm,小穗数介于16.26~22.06,自交结实率介于37.77%~70.46%;4份双二倍体对目前的流行条锈菌混合生理小种(条中31、条中32、条中33、条中34和水源11-4)均表现为高抗。利用寡核苷酸序列探针Oligo-pSc119.2-1、Oligo-pTa535-1、Oligo-pTa71-2、pTa-713和简单重复序列探针(AAC)5进行FISH分析,可区分出圆锥小麦-乌拉尔图小麦双二倍体的42条染色体。花粉母细胞染色体配对观察表明,在这些双二倍体的减数分裂中期I,染色体大多配对成二价体,仅有少量的单价体、三价体和四价体。SDS-PAGE分析表明,来自于乌拉尔图小麦TA#831的1Ay亚基在双二倍体Syn-TAU-2中得到了表达,但其迁移率发生了变化;来自于PI428270和PI428274的1Ax和1Ay亚基分别在双二倍体Syn-TAU-3和Syn-TAU-4中得到了表达。这些双二倍体可作为新的资源材料用于普通小麦的遗传改良。     

Composition and physical properties of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) oils

The fatty acid profiles and tocopherol and phytosterol contents of crude oils of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) are reported, along with yields from the corresponding seeds. The physical properties of these oils were also determined, which included oxidative stability, kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, low temperature fluidity, specific gravity, acid value, lubricity, and iodine value. The oil content of dried cress and field pennycress seeds was 22.7 and 29.0 wt%, respectively. The primary fatty acids found in cress oil were oleic (30.6 wt%) and linolenic acids (29.3 wt%), whereas field pennycress oil was principally composed of erucic (32.8 wt%) and linoleic (22.4 wt%) acids. Cress oil contained high concentrations of γ- (1422 ppm) and δ- (356 ppm) tocopherols, whereas α-tocopherol (714 ppm) was the primary tocopherol discovered in field pennycress oil. The overall tocopherol concentrations of cress and field pennycress oils were 1799 and 851 ppm, respectively. The primary phytosterols elucidated in cress and field pennycress oils were sitosterol and campesterol, with avenasterol also present in significant quantity in cress oil. The total phytosterol concentration in cress oil (14.41 mg/g) was greater than that in field pennycress (8.55 mg/g) oil. Field pennycress oil exhibited excellent low temperature fluidity, whereas cress oil was more stable to oxidation and over a range of temperatures displayed lower kinematic viscosities as well as a higher viscosity index. The acid and iodine values of field pennycress oil were lower than those for cress oil, but both oils had excellent lubrication properties.     

离体叶段喷雾法建立小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮的敏感基线及其监测技术

为建立小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮抗药性的离体叶段喷雾法监测标准,采用该方法测定了2013年采自河南、河北省部分麦区的101个小麦白粉病菌野生菌株对三唑酮的敏感性。结果表明,小麦白粉病菌群体对三唑酮敏感性的EC50范围为0.239 8~7.558 5μg·mL-1,平均为3.561 2±1.881 3μg·mL-1;其敏感性均呈连续单峰曲线分布,可作为喷雾防治时小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮杀菌剂的敏感性基线。     

干热河谷莲雾、澳洲坚果种质资源生物学特性观测及鉴定

按照种质资源规范描述的基本要求,对引种的莲雾(3个品种)、澳洲坚果(2个品系)两种热带作物资源进行生物学特性的观察和描述,包括基本信息、形态特征、叶片特征、生长发育等特征特性,通过描述基本区分了不同的莲雾、澳洲坚果种质资源。     

响应面法优化枇杷叶中熊果酸提取工艺及纯化的研究

采用单因素试验,考察乙醇浓度、时间、温度、液固比对枇杷叶中熊果酸提取率的影响。再通过三因素三水平的响应面分析法优化枇杷叶中熊果酸的提取工艺,建立二次项数学模型,验证模型的可靠性,并对熊果酸粗品进行纯化。结果表明：最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度95％,温度85 ℃,时间2.8 h,液固比（mL ∶ g）15 ∶ 1。此条件下枇杷叶中熊果酸的提取率为95.4％。熊果酸粗品经纯化后,纯度可达54.6％。     

Identification of resistance to Uromyces pisi (Pers.) Wint. in Pisum spp. germplasm

A germplasm collection of 2759 pea accessions was screened for resistance against Uromyces pisi (Pers.) Wint. All accessions displayed a compatible interaction (high infection type) both in adult plants under field conditions and in seedlings under growth chamber conditions, but with varying levels of disease reduction. The identified resistance was based on reduction of disease severity with no associated host cell necrosis, which fits the definition of Partial Resistance. No complete resistance or incomplete resistance based on hypersensitivity was observed.     

Optimization of extraction techniques and quantification of Betulinic Acid (BA) by RP-HPLC method from Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. Ex Grah.

Simple, cost effective, quick and sustainable technique was investigated for determining Betulinic acid (BA) from samples of Ancistrocladus heyneanus. The methods comprised of continuous shaking, Soxhlet, ultra sonication and microwave assisted extraction techniques. RP-HPLC technique was used to quantify BA from varied samples and confirmation of the samples was done using TLC, FT-IR and FT-Raman methods. The study also evaluated productivity of operational parameters such as solvent composition and extraction time for three distinctive parts of the plant (green leaves, brown leaves and stem). Brown leaves showed response to continuous shaking extraction and ultrasonic extraction techniques with 95% Aq. MeOH as a good extraction solvent. BA was detected and quantified in continuous shaking method with 15, 30 and 45 min of exposure time. Comparison of 6 min with 12 min of ultra sonication, showed longer sonication diminished extraction efficiencies. Concluding, brown leaves in 95% MeOH and ultrasonic extraction technique to be the fastest, easiest and best method for detection and screening of BA from A. heyneanus.     

小麦β-酮脂酰CoA合成酶基因KCS的克隆与酵母表达

超长链脂肪酸是生物体内众多重要物质的合成底物。KCS基因编码β-酮脂酰CoA合成酶,该酶具有底物特异性,参与超长链脂肪酸延伸的缩合反应,是超长链脂肪酸合成的限速步骤。为了探究小麦KCS基因在超长链脂肪酸合成中的功能,采用同源克隆的方法从小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)中克隆出KCS基因后,利用生物信息学对其编码序列进行分析,并在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中对其进行真核表达。结果表明,小麦TaKCS6基因的开放阅读框为1 287bp,编码428个氨基酸残基。结构域预测结果显示,TaKCS6蛋白含有III型聚酮合酶脂肪酸延伸酶和C末端3-酰基ACP合酶III结构域,属于KCSs蛋白家族。序列比对分析结果显示,TaKCS6氨基酸序列与拟南芥及其他植物的KCS6氨基酸序列在两个功能结构域上和活性位点保守。酵母表达结果显示,TaKCS6基因编码的蛋白参与C24以上超长链脂肪酸的延伸。     

Lipase mediated hydrolysis of Mimusops elengi and Parkinsonia aculeata seed oils for the determination of positional distribution of fatty acids

Two medicinally important seed oils viz. Mimusops elengi and Parkinsonia aculeata were analyzed for fatty acids distribution pattern in triacylglycerols using pancreatic lipase hydrolysis method. The seed oils contain high percentage of unsaturated acids (M. elengi 64.8% and P. aculeata 82.7%). The lipolytic data revealed that linoleic acid dominates at 2-position of triacylglycerols of all seed oils. M. elengi contain erucic acid in small amount (0.3%).     

新疆伊犁地区小麦条锈菌群体遗传结构分析

新疆伊犁地区是小麦条锈病的常发区和重发区，其年平均发生面积超过100×10⁴ hm²以上。为明确新疆伊犁地区小麦条锈菌群体的遗传结构，2021年，从新疆伊犁地区的新源县、巩留县、察布查尔县和伊宁县共采集到320份小麦条锈菌标样，利用16对小麦条锈菌SSR引物进行了群体遗传研究。结果表明，新疆伊犁地区条锈菌群体遗传多样性水平较高，群体间存在一定的遗传分化。群体间遗传变异仅占总变异的12%，群体内遗传变异占88%，不同群体间存在频繁的菌源交流，其中察布查尔县与新源县群体菌源交流最为频繁（N_m=4.717）。     

Grain weight response to foliar diseases control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Foliar diseases are the main biotic restriction reducing yield in wheat crops affecting both, grain number and/or grain weight, depending on developmental stage at which infection occurs (pre- or post-anthesis, respectively). Grain weight reductions due to foliar diseases were widely reported in the literature mostly associated with decreases on radiation interception during the grain filling period. However, different evidences in wheat showed variations on grain weight responses when fungicide was applied during the grain filling period, probably associated with the timing of fungicide application or with the amount of available resources per grain set when fungicides are applied. The present study was designed to determine the causes of grain weight reduction due to foliar diseases complex (including leaf rust, Septoria leaf blotch and tan spot) in wheat crops growing under contrasting agronomic and environmental conditions (i.e. different years, locations, cultivars and N supply). The experiments were carried out during 4 years under field conditions in different locations of Argentine and France. Five different commercial wheat cultivars were sown on early and late sowing dates; and two contrasting N availability and two fungicide treatments (protected and unprotected) were applied. Grain number was not affected by foliar diseases as their appeared after anthesis. Grain weight was strongly, poorly or not affected by foliar diseases and was not associated individually with both, the sink size and the source size. However, when the grain weight response due to fungicide application was plotted against the healthy area absorption per grain (HAA_G), a significant negative association (r² = 0.81; p < 0.0001) was found for the Argentine experiments. When the HAA_G was corrected by the grain weight potential (HAA_GW) all experiments conduced in Argentine and in France fit well to a common negative linear regression (r² = 0.74, p < 0.0001) for the relationship between grain weight variation and HAA_GW demonstrating that grain weight potential is an important feature to consider in diseases control programs. Foliar diseases forced the crop to use the accumulated reserved increasing the utilization rate of the water soluble carbohydrates (WSC_UR), depleting as a consequence the water soluble content at physiological maturity (WSC_PM) in all experiments. The association between WSC_UR and the healthy area absorption per grain corrected by grain weight of healthy crops (HAA_GW) suggest that foliar diseases in wheat cause source limitation, forcing to the crop to use the WSC reserve which could be insufficient to fill the grains previously formed.     

Changes in essential oil and fatty acid composition in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves under saline conditions

The influence of salinity on essential oil and fatty acid composition of Tunisian coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves grown in hydroponic culture was investigated. Volatile constituents and fatty acid of leaves were analyzed. The essential oil yield increased significantly up to 18 and 43% with 25 and 50 mM NaCl, respectively and decreased significantly under high salinity. The major volatile compound in leaves was (E)-2-decenal with 52% of total essential oil constituents, followed by decanal, dodecanal, (E)-2-tridecenal and (E)-2-dodecenal. Further, the content of these compounds was affected differently by the treatment level.Salinity decreased significantly the total fatty acid content of the upper and basal leaves. α-Linolenic (C18:3n3) was the main compound of both organs, followed by linoleic (C18:2n6), heptadecenoïc (C17:1n7) and palmitic (C16:0) acids. Raising NaCl concentrations lead to an important decrease in the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio stimulating the formation of more rigid membrane.     

青稞法尼基转移酶β亚基编码基因HbERA1的克隆及表达分析

ERA1(Enhanced response to ABA)基因编码法尼基转移酶(Farnesyl transferase)β亚基,该酶在干旱胁迫下对ABA信号负向调控因子的修饰起着关键作用。本研究以青稞(Hordeum vulgare subsp.vulgare)抗旱品种喜马拉雅10号为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了ERA1基因全长cDNA序列,命名为HbERA1(登录号:KJ699392)。生物信息学分析表明,该基因全长1 401bp,可编码466个氨基酸序列,蛋白分子量为51.14kD,等电点为5.00。Prosite Scan分析结果表明,HbERA1含有多个干旱胁迫响应蛋白的作用位点,如酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点、N-糖基化位点、蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点及N-豆蔻酰化位点。利用实时定量PCR方法研究了HbERA1在干旱胁迫条件下及复水后不同时间点的表达情况,发现在水分过剩处理下(土壤绝对含水量15.5%),HbERA1在土壤绝对含水量为33.4%时表达量最高,并随着土壤绝对含水量的下降而下调表达;进行干旱胁迫后(15.5%)基因表达量也明显下调表达;复水后表达逐渐恢复,复水8h时超过正常表达水平,表明HbERA1基因可能参与调控水涝和干旱胁迫双重信号传导。     

我国燕麦秆锈菌生理小种与毒力分析

为了解当前我国燕麦秆锈菌生理小种及其毒力现状,利用12个北美燕麦秆锈菌单基因鉴别寄主,对2013年采集的7份和2012保存的4份燕麦秆锈病标样进行小种与毒力鉴定,并用Pg a-code字母命名系统命名小种,以16个单基因系测定毒力频率。结果表明,从11份燕麦秆锈菌标样中分离成活了26个单孢子堆菌株,鉴定出TKR、TJM和TKM三个生理小种,出现频率分别为61.6%、30.8%和7.6%。26个菌株对Pg 6和Pg 15无毒力,对Pg 10、Pg 13、Pg a和Rodney 0的毒力频率分别为69.2%、61.6%、61.6%和84.6%,对Pg 1、Pg 2、Pg 3、Pg 4、Pg 8、Pg 9、Pg 12、Pg 16和Marvellous毒力频率高达100%。说明当前我国燕麦秆锈菌优势小种为TKR,次优势小种为TKM;Pg 6和Pg 15为有效抗病基因,Pg 1、Pg 2、Pg 3、Pg 4、Pg 8、Pg 9、Pg 12、Pg 16和Marvellous则为无效抗病基因,Pg 10、Pg 13、Pg a和Rodney 0对我国燕麦秆锈菌具有一定的区分作用。     

欧山羊草6Ub染色体附加对小麦萌发期抗旱性的改良作用

为探究欧山羊草U~b染色体附加对普通小麦抗旱性的遗传改良作用,选取2个普通小麦-欧山羊草异附加系(Ae9041和Ae9061,均附加了一对6U~b染色体)和3个普通小麦品种为材料,以聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫,研究了不同小麦材料干旱胁迫后种子发芽势、发芽率、胚芽鞘长度、种子根数、胚根长度、幼苗高度以及贮藏物质利用率等抗旱相关指标的变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫抑制了各供试材料的种子萌发,且胁迫程度越大,抑制越明显。在相同浓度PEG6000处理下,两个异附加系的种子发芽势、发芽率和贮藏物质利用率的表现较为一致,且差异不显著。与耐旱品种晋麦47和节水品种石4185相比,Ae9041和Ae9061的幼苗胚芽鞘长、种子发芽率和贮藏物质利用率在干旱胁迫下均较高。在30%PEG6000胁迫下,Ae9041和Ae9061的种子发芽势、发芽率、幼苗胚芽鞘长、胚根长、幼苗高度均显著高于亲本中国春。由此可见,普通小麦-欧山羊草异附加系种子在干旱胁迫下能迅速吸水并整齐萌发,以发达的根系和较长的胚芽鞘促进幼苗地上部生长,并将胚乳营养快速转运至幼苗中,从而促进其较快地进行形态建成,也说明欧山羊草U~b染色体的附加能够改良小麦萌发期的抗旱性。     

香蕉枯萎病菌及其粗毒素对香蕉的致病性比较

从8种培养液中筛选出能诱导香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense race4)FOCAAA315菌株高产毒素的改良CzapekB培养液,FOCAAA315菌株在该培养液中培养第15d,镰刀菌酸(FA)产量高达669.2mg/L,蔗糖为诱导产毒的最佳碳源。采用伤根浸渍法接种,测定枯萎病菌和病菌发酵粗毒素对香蕉组培苗的致病性。结果表明,粗毒素接种可诱发与病原菌类似的病害症状。受侵染的植物组织在细胞水平上发生一系列形态结构和生理生化代谢的病理变化,包括细胞壁消解、侵填体堵塞气腔、粘胶质减少、淀粉量减少、细胞木质化和黄褐色胶状物堵塞导管等。香蕉枯萎病菌的粗毒素是重要的致病化学物质;利用病菌孢子悬浮液在香蕉苗期接种,可以作为室内快速鉴定香蕉品种抗病性的方法。