马尾松主要器官树脂道的发生和发育

利用半薄切片、超薄切片方法研究马尾松主要器官中树脂道的结构、分布、发生和发育过程,以及树脂道发育过程中的超微结构变化.结果表明:马尾松树脂道是由一层上皮细胞围绕着伸长的胞间道而构成的,上皮细胞外又有1-2层鞘细胞.树脂道几乎分布于所有器官中,仅子叶中未观察到树脂道.树脂道以裂生方式形成,其发育过程可分为3个阶段:原始细胞阶段、形成阶段和成熟阶段.在原始细胞阶段,原始细胞中含较多的质体,质体中缺乏完整的膜结构,在质体外膜及内质网上可见到少量嗜锇滴.在形成阶段,上皮细胞内质体数量增多,质体外常见到内质网鞘包裹,各种细胞器的数量增加.在成熟阶段,上皮细胞内各细胞器的数量逐渐减少,但质体仍很多,嗜锇滴多.     

油松树脂道的发育过程和组织化学研究

利用薄切片和组织化学方法对油松茎皮层树脂道发育过程中上皮细胞内树脂滴和淀粉粒的动态变化进行了观察研究。在树脂道原始细胞阶段，树脂滴稀少，淀粉粒２－５个；树脂道形成期间，树脂滴数量逐渐增加，体积增大，淀粉粒也呈递增趋势，两者都均匀分布于细胞质中；树脂道成熟阶段，上皮细胞内树脂滴明减少，主要分布于靠近腔道一侧的细胞质中，淀粉粒数量变化不大，而体积明显减小，通常分布于远离腔道一侧的细胞质中，在树脂道发育     

3种松树形态,解剖及叶绿素含量的研究

调查研究了马尾松、黑松、黄松的形态、解剖及叶绿素含量差异。发现黄松的针叶最长；针叶每厘米长鲜重及枝条顶芽色泽接近马尾松，针叶横断面长宽比接近黑松；针叶硬度介于两松之间。黄松针叶黄绿色，其叶绿素总量、叶绿素Ａ及Ｂ均明显低于马尾松或黑松。黄松针叶树脂道数超过马尾松或黑松，叶内２个维管束的排列方式，针叶树脂道中生性及气孔带数目均与黑松相似，针叶色泽与黑松×马尾松的人工杂种（日本的和华松）相似。由于上述特征，黄松为杂种的可能性是存在的。     

6个竹种叶色与光合色素含量及叶片结构比较

【目的】探究6个彩叶竹种在不同分区的叶色与光合色素,以及与细胞显微超微结构之间的关系,为明确6个彩叶竹种的叶色变异机制提供细胞学依据,为揭示竹种叶色变异机制提供参考。【方法】以七彩红竹、菲白竹、靓竹、黄条金刚竹、锦竹、花叶唐竹6个彩叶竹种叶片为材料,将叶片按叶色分为白区和绿区,对叶片不同分区的叶色、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量进行测定,比较不同生长阶段的叶片显微结构和成熟叶片不同分区超微结构进行观察比较。【结果】6个竹种不同叶色分区中光合色素含量、显微结构、超微结构之间存在明显差异。1)绿区各光合色素含量显著高于白区,其中绿区叶绿素a含量最高,白区类胡萝卜素含量最高。2)黄条金刚竹在叶片成熟后出现白区,七彩红竹、菲白竹、靓竹、锦竹、花叶唐竹在叶片发育中期出现白区,且七彩红竹与黄条金刚竹成熟叶片白区细胞内溶物缺失严重,其余4个竹种白区细胞内容物部分缺失。3)绿区指状臂细胞与梅花状细胞内部结构完整,叶绿体发育正常;白区内部细胞器较少,叶绿体结构异常,不同竹种质体形态不同。【结论】6个彩叶竹种叶片白(黄)色条纹的出现与细胞的排列方式无关;黄条金刚竹黄色条纹的出现,与叶片成熟后一部分叶肉细胞内部光合色素降解和叶绿体结构破坏有关,七彩红竹、菲白竹、靓竹、锦竹和花叶唐竹叶片不同叶色的呈现与一部分细胞内叶绿体发育异常和光合色素含量较低有关;白区类胡萝卜素的含量占比影响叶片黄色深浅度。     

滇楸体胚发生及生理生化特性研究

探讨了滇楸体细胞胚胎发生和发育过程中形态学和解剖学特征及变化,对其发生和发育过程中的一些生理生化特性进行了初步研究.结果表明:(1)滇楸非胚性和胚性愈伤组织在细胞形态和组织结构上差异明显,滇楸体胚起源于单个胚性细胞,经历了单细胞、多细胞、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚和子叶胚各阶段.(2)在胚性愈伤组织和体细胞胚胎诱导形成及发育早期,3种抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性均提高,而在后期体胚成熟和萌发的过程中3种抗氧化酶的活性变化趋势差异明显.(3)碳、氮类营养物质在胚性愈伤组织内大量积累,为体细胞胚胎发生奠定能量和物质基础;在体胚发育的不同阶段,碳、氮代谢呈现明显的差异.     

松属植物的大、小孢子叶球发生及发育研究进展

本文从形态学和解剖学两个角度对松属植物大、小孢子叶球发生、发育的特点以及大、小孢子叶球发育过程中存在的几种特殊现象进行综述,系统地总结了大、小孢子叶球发生部位、发生时间、分化阶段特征以及小孢子叶球中花粉的发育、大孢子叶球发育中颈卵器的形成等多个重点阶段,提出了继续开展相关研究的方向。     

南京市湿地植被群落特征及保护利用对策

在对南京市湿地植物资源调查的基础上,总结了南京市湿地植物的主要群落类型,主要包括木本湿生植物、草本湿生植物和水生植物等三种群落类型;剖析了南京市湿地植物的群落学特征:草本植物占绝对优势,层次结构简单,季相变化明显,多数湿地植物群落中优势种覆盖度大,单子叶植物在区系中占绝对优势,特有成分贫乏;指出了南京市湿地资源保护和利用存在的问题及其对策.     

异叶苦竹胚和胚乳的发育及淀粉粒动态

采用常规石蜡切片法,观察异叶苦竹胚和胚乳的发育过程,部分切片用PAS染色观察胚乳发育过程中的淀粉积累分布动态。结果表明:异叶苦竹合子的休眠期为5天,胚的发育经过二细胞原胚、多细胞原胚、梨形原胚、分化胚和成熟胚阶段,发育类型为禾本型,成熟胚具有胚根、胚芽、盾片、胚芽鞘、胚根鞘、外胚叶等典型禾本科植物成熟胚的结构。胚乳发育包括游离核、细胞化和生长成熟3个阶段,发育类型为核型。授粉后16天左右,淀粉粒开始在细胞核周围积累,以后逐渐增多,充满整个胚乳。     

高、低产脂思茅松树脂道的解剖学比较

通过对比观察高、低产脂思茅松枝干、针叶树脂道直径、外鞘细胞和分泌细胞个数及树脂道的数目,结果显示高产脂枝干中的树脂道个数和分泌细胞个数明显高于低产脂;并且产脂力系数越大,其树脂道数目和分泌细胞个数也最多,反之亦然。这说明树脂道的数目和分泌细胞数目,尤其是树脂道的数量决定了产脂力的大小,而树脂道的大小和外鞘细胞数目对其产脂力影响并不大。因此,以树脂道数量作为一个重要的指标衡量产脂力,对于高产脂类型思茅松的早期选育具有重要价值。     

低温胁迫过程中北海道黄杨叶肉细胞Ca2+的动态变化

用焦锑酸钙沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法,研究露天生长的北海道黄杨低温胁迫过程中叶肉细胞Ca2+的动态变化.结果表明:与夏季的叶肉细胞相比,从11月份到翌年1月期间,Ca2+沉淀颗粒起初主要分布在细胞间隙和液泡,细胞质中有少量的Ca2+沉淀颗粒,大多数叶绿体中的淀粉粒消失,嗜锇颗粒增加;随后逐渐变化为胞间隙和液泡中Ca2+沉淀颗粒减少,而细胞质基质的Ca2+沉淀颗粒显著增加.在此期间叶肉细胞的一些叶绿体膜泡化,出现解体现象;线粒体的数量增加;中央大液泡变成数个小液泡.低温胁迫过程中叶肉细胞Ca2+的浓度和分布的变化与细胞超微结构的变化存在一定的相关性.     

Initiation and development of resin ducts in the major organs of Pinus massoniana

The structure, distribution and patterns of resin ducts in processes of its initiation and development were studied with the methods of thin section and ultrathin section. This paper emphasized the ultrastructural changes during canal development by a ring of the live epithelial cells, and the epithelial cells were usually surrounded with one or two layered sheath cells, which were normal parenchyma cells in some primary resin ducts and became dead cells with thick walls in other primary and secondary resin ducts. The resin ducts were found to occur in almost all organs, except in cotyledon. The resin ducts were formed by schizogeny and their development can be divided into three stages (e.g., initial stage, formation stage and mature stage). At the initial stage, the initial cells had many plastids without integral membrane structures, which contain one or two starch grains in them, and there are a few black osmiophilic droplets on the endoplasmic reticulum and membranes. A small number of osmiophilic droplets were present in the plastids. At the formation stage, the number of plastids, mitochondria and Golgi bodies in epithelial cells increased. The plastids were commonly surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum sheath. The larger osmiophilic droplets in cytoplasm and the smaller osmiophilic droplets on the plastids envelope, mitochondrion envelope and Golgi vesicles obviously increased in number during canal developing. At the mature stage, the cytoplasm of epithelial cells became thin with small nucleus. The number of mitochondria and Golgi body decreased, but numerous plastids still existed. Osmiophilic droplets were abundant in epithelial cells as in previous status. Taken together, the structures of plastids in epithelial cells gradually became well developed and the synthesis of resin was remarkably enhanced during resin duct formation and plastids should be the main site for resin synthesis.     

Climatic signal from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus leucodermis</Emphasis> axial resin ducts: a tree-ring time series approach

Developing long-term chronologies of tree-ring anatomical features to evaluate climatic relationships within species might serve as an annual proxy to explore and elucidate the climatic drivers affecting xylem differentiation. Pinus leucodermis response to climate was examined by analyzing vertical xylem resin ducts in wood growing at high elevation in the Apennines of peninsular Southern Italy. Early- and latewood tree-ring resin duct chronologies, spanning the 1804–2010 time period, were constructed. We analyzed the relationships between resin duct chronologies and climate over the last century using correlation and response function analyses. Overall, results showed that ring width and resin duct relationships differed between early- and latewood, which indicated conditions affecting growth were not associated with resin duct production. Results also revealed differential responses to climate between early- and latewood resin duct chronologies. A notable observation was a positive and stable relationship between latewood resin duct number chronology and July maximum temperature throughout the twentieth century. This result suggested resin ducts might be a suitable proxy to evaluate P. leucodermis response to climate in the study area.     

Somatic embryogenesis inCephalotaxus harringtonia embryo-megagametophyte co-culture

Somatic embryogenesis was initiated fromCephalotaxus harringtonia (Forbes) K. Koch embryo culture. Explants consisted of embryo and megagametophyte halves both cut longitudinally. They were removed aseptically from mature seeds and grown together on a solid Murashige and Skoog modified medium supplemented with 5 mg·l ⁻¹ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Embryogenic cultures started from callus after three or more months on the primary medium. The embryogenic callus originated from the suspensor region of the embryo. All chromosome counts made in the cells of the embryonic structures demonstrated a diploid stage, which suggest that they originated from zygotic embryo tissue. The early stages of somatic embryogenic development were achieved,i.e., formation of small clusters consisting of an embryonal region made up of isodiametric meristematic cells. A more advanced stage was reached in some cultures in which the distal embryonal end of the embryo appeared smooth and opaque. The ultrastructural characteristics of the embryos, the two types of embryo cells, embryonal and suspensor cells, as well as their contents were similar to those already reported in the case of somatic embryogenesis of other conifers.     

Ultrastructural analysis of the differentiation process of secondary xylem vessel element in Populus deltoides

Using electronic microscopy, ultrastructural changes were observed during differentiation in a secondary xylem vessel element (VE) in Populus deltoides. Results showed that morphological development of VE differentiation was successively divided into three stages. First was primary cell wall outspread (the initial stage), where the VE was highly vacuolated and the protoplasma distributed along the cell wall. Second was secondary cell wall construction (the pivotal stage), where substances accumulated before the tonoplast broke, and the VE organelle was distinct. Golgi bodies and vesicles, which were associated closely with synthesis and transportation of secondary cell wall substances, were also abundant. After the tonoplast broke, these substances accumulated faster. Simultaneously, the protoplasm was disaggregated and the agglomerated chromatin was distributed over the margin of the nucleus, showing the typical characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD). During secondary cell wall formation, no cell wall substances accumulated between the terminal cell walls of neighboring VEs. In addition, terminal cell wall substances were disaggregated in the post secondary cell wall formation. Later, when the remnant terminal cell wall was broken in the third stage, perforation occurred. Thus, for these successive stages of VE differentiation, the critical stage, when differentiation was not reversible, was at the start of secondary cell wall formation with succeeding VE differentiation similar to a typical PCD process.     

Methyl jasmonate induces changes mimicking anatomical defenses in diverse members of the Pinaceae

Conifers have defenses such as the production of phenolic compounds and resins that can be induced by bark beetles and other invading organisms, but the signaling agents involved are unknown. The anatomical effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ), a potent inducer of certain plant defenses, were compared with wounding of the bark of 12-15-year-old trees of five conifer species. Wounding in all species resulted in tissue necrosis and wound periderm development immediately around the wound site. One cm from the wound, swelling of phloem polyphenolic parenchyma cells and phenolic accumulation were observed in Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Picea pungens Engelman, Larix occidentalis Nutt. and Pinus monticola Douglas ex D. Don, but not in Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Traumatic resin ducts were formed in response to wounding in three species of Pinaceae, but not in P. monticola, which formed irregular clusters of cells rather than ducts. Taxus brevifolia did not form resin ducts in response to either wounding or MJ treatment. In the Pinaceae species studied, surface application of 100 mM MJ caused similar anatomical changes to those observed in response to wounding, including phenolic accumulation, cell swelling and traumatic resin duct formation, but it did not induce a wound periderm. Traumatic resin ducts differed in size among the study species, ranging from small in L. occidentalis to very large in P. menziesii. In P. menziesii, P. pungens and L. occidentalis, traumatic resin ducts were more abundant after MJ treatment than after wounding. We conclude that the octadecanoid pathway is likely involved in defense responses in stems of the Pinaceae, but not necessarily in other taxa.     

基于森林资源空间布局的河南省平原林业改革发展研究

河南省平原绿化到平原林业的转变过程经历了5个发展阶段,林业产权的变更相应经历了林业"三定"阶段、四荒拍卖阶段、市场化探索阶段和完善深化阶段.原创性、伴生性、兼容性、流动性是平原林改的主要特点,其核心内涵是真正让农民群众自愿参与,自发实行,自主决策,自我完善.河南省对平原林业改革发展机制进行了创新探索,提出了积极探索集体林权制度改革配套服务办法,促进林业的规模化发展;进一步放活商品林采伐管理,推动林业的产业化进程;鼓励组建林农专业合作组织,提高林业的组织化程度;加强对平原林业改革发展的财政支持等平原林业改革发展的对策建议.     

思茅松树脂道数量与产脂力回归关系研究

对35个思茅松高产脂嫁接无性系的树脂道个数进行测定,并对其与产脂力的关系进行回归分析。结果表明:树脂道个数与产脂力的相关关系较为紧密,经过对18个回归方程的拟合,得出树脂道个数与产脂力的最佳回归方程为:y=a+becx。     

Induction of anatomically based defense responses in stems of diverse conifers by methyl jasmonate: a phylogenetic perspective

Conifers have evolved constitutive and inducible defense mechanisms to help in both wound healing and defense against attack by bark beetles and other organisms. These defenses include oleoresin, phenolics, and static structures in secondary phloem, such as lignified cells and calcium oxalate crystals, that create physical barriers. We used a phylogenetic approach to investigate the defense anatomy of conifer stems of 13 species from five families following treatment with methyl jasmonate (MJ), a compound that induces defense responses in stems of several Pinaceae species. Methyl jasmonate induced a response similar to wounding except that the response was not accompanied by lesion formation, necrosis or a hypersensitive response. In the Pinaceae species studied, MJ induced polyphenolic parenchyma (PP) cell activation and xylem traumatic resin duct (TD) formation. Members of the Taxodiaceae, which are not known to produce large quantities of resin, showed massive xylem TD formation and surface resinosis following MJ treatment. Treatment with MJ caused members of the Araucariaceae and Cupressaceae to form axial phloem resin ducts but not xylem ducts, whereas Podocarpaceae species showed no induction of resin-producing structures. All species treated with MJ showed phenolic deposition in PP cells, and early lignification of phloem fibers was observed in most of the non-Pinaceae species. We conclude that, although evolution of resin-producing structures occurred independently in conifer lineages, MJ seems to induce resin production regardless of tissue location, as well as inducing deposition of phenolic compounds. Co-evolution of conifer defensive strategies and bark beetle pests is discussed.     

麻竹花粉发育过程观察及其分期

以麻竹为材料,采用醋酸洋红、碘-碘化钾压片以及石蜡切片的观察方法对麻竹花粉发育全过程进行了研究,初步将这一过程划分为8个时期,即小孢子母细胞形成期、小孢子母细胞减数分裂期、小孢子早期、小孢子中期、小孢子晚期、二胞花粉早期、二胞花粉晚期和成熟花粉期,并描述了各个时期的基本特征。麻竹花粉发育过程基本正常,小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型,四分体主要为左右对称型,也有四面体形的,成熟的花粉为3-细胞型,具单一萌发孔。