Apparent metabolisable energy and digestibility of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) fat, cocoa (Theobroma cacao) fat and soybean oil in broiler chicks

1. The objective of this experiment was to determine and compare the apparent lipid digestibility coefficient and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) value of shea nut (Vitellaria paradoxa, Gaertn.) fat in broiler chickens with that of soybean oil and cocoa fat. 2. One hundred and sixty 13-d-old male broiler chicks were used in a randomised complete block design. The fats were added at 30, 60 and 90 g/kg to a basal diet. A tenth dietary treatment was the basal feed with no added fats or oils. The birds were fed on the diets for 8 d and all droppings were collected for the final 4 d. 3. The mean coefficient of apparent lipid digestibility for shea fat (0.58) was similar to that of cocoa fat (0.54) but lower than that of soybean oil (0.95). There was evidence of a lipid x concentration interaction with the 90 g/kg shea fat diet having low lipid digestibility (0.43). 4. There was an interaction between the effects of dietary lipid concentration and test lipid on AME but, at dietary levels of 60 g/kg and below, the AME of shea fat (22.0 MJ/kg DM) and cocoa fat (26.4 MJ/kg DM) was significantly lower than that of soybean oil (39.8 MJ/kg DM).     

两种不同发酵工艺的棉籽粕营养价值的研究

利用现代固态发酵原理,研究两种不同发酵工艺对棉粕脱毒效果及其营养价值的影响。工艺一是使用本实验室保存的两株菌直接进行固态发酵,工艺二是在工艺一的基础上添加酶解液进行固态发酵。试验结果表明(以干物质计),棉籽粕发酵和发酵酶解产品中游离棉酚分别降低到197.68 mg/kg和202.35 mg/kg,粗蛋白质分别提高到59.64%和60.88%,小肽含量分别提高到19.41%和23.59%。来航蛋公鸡强饲代谢试验结果表明,发酵和发酵酶解棉籽粕的能量和营养物质消化率均高于未发酵棉粕。肉鸡饲养试验结果表明,发酵棉粕按50%、75%和发酵酶解棉粕按75%的比例替代基础日粮中的豆粕,不影响肉鸡的日采食量。国标二级高游离棉酚棉籽粕经过固态发酵处理后,外观蓬松变软,气味芳香,其营养价值得到显著改善。蛋公鸡的营养物质及能量消化率得到显著提高,同时益生菌及生物酶活性增加,在肉仔鸡日粮中的应用不影响日采食量。     

发酵黄芪对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在研究黄芪发酵前后对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化功能的影响。将210只1日龄AA肉鸡随机分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只。A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;B、C、D、E、F、G组分别在基础日粮中添加0.2%黄芪、0.5%黄芪、0.8%黄芪、0.2%发酵黄芪、0.5%发酵黄芪、0.8%发酵黄芪,添加量以质量百分比计。试验期为42 d。分别于第21、42天测定肉鸡生长指标、抗氧化指标。结果表明,在第21天,发酵黄芪组平均日采食量均显著高于黄芪组（P < 0.05）,黄芪组料重比显著低于对照组和发酵黄芪组（P < 0.05）;E组血清过氧化氢酶（CAT）含量显著高于A、B组（P < 0.05）,血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性显著高于与A组（P < 0.05）。在第42天,发酵黄芪组平均日增重均较高,料重比显著低于A、B组（P < 0.05）;试验组GSH-Px活性均显著高于A组（P < 0.05）,发酵黄芪组与黄芪组相比差异不显著（P > 0.05）,发酵黄芪组血清中超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活性均高于黄芪组,且与B和C组差异显著（P < 0.05）。综上所述,在肉鸡日粮中添加一定量发酵黄芪能显著提高平均日增重,降低料肉比,且可通过提高血清中GSH-Px和T-SOD活性来提高其抗氧化能力;发酵黄芪的作用效果优于黄芪,最适宜添加量为0.5%。     

Utilization of alternative protein meals with or without multiple-enzyme supplementation in broilers fed low-energy diets

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different protein meals, with or without enzyme supplementation, on the performance of broilers. A diet based on a combination of protein meals (15% soybean meal, and 5% each of sunflower meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, and cottonseed meal) was compared with 4 other diets containing 15% soybean meal and 20% of sunflower meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, or cottonseed meal. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 2,630 kcal of ME/kg and 0.95% digestible lysine, with all other essential amino acids set to meet or exceed the ideal protein ratios. Each diet was fed with or without supplemental exogenous enzyme (Rovabio Excel at 500 g/metric ton of feed) to 6 replicate pens of 50 chicks from 1 to 35 d posthatch as coarse mash. In the cottonseed meal-based diet, supplemental enzyme resulted in high 35-d feed intake and FCR compared with the cottonseed meal-fed groups with no enzyme. There was a significant (P < 0.05) diet × enzyme interaction for 35-d feed intake and FCR. Birds fed the sunflower meal-based diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher final BW gain and lower FCR as compared with those fed rapeseed meal- or cottonseed meal-based diets, whereas the BW gain of birds fed the rapeseed meal-based diet was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with birds in all other groups. In conclusion, in low-ME broiler diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis, up to 20% sunflower meal and canola meal can be safely incorporated into the diet. Supplementation of Rovabio failed to exert any positive effect on production parameters when used with diets containing high levels of each of the common protein meals.     

Effects of Aspergillus niger fermented rapeseed meal on nutrient digestibility,growth performance and serum parameters in growing pigs

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influences of Aspergillus niger fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. A total of 72 growing pigs (body weight = 40.8 ± 2.1 kg) were used in feeding trials, lasting for up to 42 days, and were randomly allotted to one of three diets, including a corn‐soybean meal control diet as well as two experimental diets containing 10% unfermented rapeseed meal (RSM) or 10% FRSM. The results showed that average daily gain and feed conversion ratio of pigs fed FRSM were superior (P < 0.05) to that of pigs fed unfermented RSM and did not differ from the control. Pigs fed control diet had higher (P < 0.05) total tract apparent digestibility for dry matter, protein, calcium and phosphorus than pigs fed unfermented RSM diet and did not differ from the FRSM diet. Pigs fed FRSM had lower levels (P < 0.05) of serum aspartate transaminase compared to unfermented RSM. In conclusion, solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger may improve the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of RSM for pigs and FRSM is a promising alternative protein for pig production.     

发酵棉粕及其他营养素对肉鸡脂肪代谢影响的研究进展

现代肉鸡饲养管理方法,使鸡种表现出增重迅速、出栏日龄逐年缩短,但是在这一过程中,易造成肉鸡脂肪过度沉积。过多的脂肪沉积降低胴体品质、降低饲料转化率,提高了养殖成本;肉鸡分割和深加工过程中没有商业价值的脂肪组织被剔除,降低了屠体产量;此外,肝脏脂肪过度沉积会引发脂肪肝等代谢疾病,增加肉鸡死淘率;同时,消费者也不愿购买脂肪含量过高的肉制品,这些都给肉鸡养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失。发酵棉粕营养价值高,其发酵微生物、发酵产物等可直接降低肉鸡脂肪沉积,也可通过影响肉鸡脂肪代谢相关基因来调控脂肪沉积,除此之外,改变肠道微生物菌落结构也是发酵棉粕调控脂肪代谢的一个可能原因。此外,植物提取物、益生菌等均能显著影响肉鸡脂肪代谢。文章简述了肉鸡脂肪代谢,并总结了发酵饲料尤其是发酵棉粕对肉鸡脂肪代谢的调控作用,以期为肉鸡健康养殖和饼粕资源的开发利用提供理论基础。     

发酵饲料对海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

旨在研究发酵饲料对海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响。以玉米和豆粕为发酵底物,利用乳酸菌和酿酒酵母菌进行发酵。选取336日龄的海兰褐蛋鸡600只,随机分为4组,每组150只,3个重复,每个重复50只。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的基础日粮中分别添加3%、5%、8%的发酵饲料,对照组基础日粮中不添加发酵饲料。饲喂试验周期为4周,期间测定各组蛋鸡的生产性能及蛋品质相关指标。结果表明,基础日粮中添加不同比例的发酵饲料,均可在一定程度上改善蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质,其中：饲喂发酵饲料第2周,试验Ⅱ组的产蛋数与对照组相比显著（P<0.05）增加;饲喂发酵饲料第3周,试验Ⅱ组的产蛋数和总蛋重与对照组相比均显著（P<0.05）提高;饲喂发酵饲料4周后,试验Ⅱ组的产蛋数、总蛋重、产蛋率与对照组相比均显著（P<0.05）提高,并且料蛋比显著（P<0.05）下降;试验Ⅱ组的蛋壳强度显著（P<0.05）高于对照组;试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的哈氏单位显著（P<0.05）高于对照组。综上提示,在基础日粮中添加不同比例的发酵饲料,可在一定程度上提高海兰褐蛋鸡的生产性能及蛋品质,其中,5%添加水平的效果最佳。     

菌酶协同发酵菜籽粕在动物生产中的应用及存在问题

通过菌酶协同发酵技术提升菜籽粕类饲料质量和营养价值，改善适口性，降低饲料中植酸和硫苷含量，增加菜籽粕类饲料替换常规蛋白原料豆粕的比例，可在一定程度上缓解养殖业中大豆粕等蛋白饲料原料成本不断提高的问题。分析发酵菜籽粕处理常用方法——微生物发酵法和酶解法的优缺点，介绍制备菌酶协同发酵菜籽粕类饲料所需的菌种和酶制剂种类，综述菌酶协同发酵菜籽粕的功效，阐述其在动物生产中的应用现状及存在的问题，以期为菌酶协同发酵菜籽粕在畜禽生产中的科学应用提供参考。     

固态发酵菜籽粕对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究用固态发酵菜籽粕替代部分豆粕对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及消化酶活性的影响.试验选用1日龄爱拔益加肉仔鸡180羽,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复10羽,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(豆粕对照组)以及用未发酵菜籽粕(菜籽粕组)或固态发酵菜籽粕(发酵菜籽粕组)等氮替代基础饲粮中25％豆粕的饲粮.试验期6周.结果表明:发酵菜籽粕组较菜籽粕组可显著提高肉仔鸡全期的平均日增重(P＜0.05),而发酵菜籽粕组肉仔鸡平均日增重比豆粕对照组稍高,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).21日龄时,与豆粕对照组相比,发酵菜籽粕组显著提高了肉仔鸡的脾脏指数、胸腺指数及十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P＜0.05);42日龄时,菜籽粕组较豆粕对照组显著提高了肉仔鸡的脾脏指数(P＜0.05),发酵菜籽粕组显著提高了十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P＜0.05).由此可见,固态发酵菜籽粕等氮替代基础饲粮中25％的豆粕具有提高肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能和肠道消化酶活性的作用.     

Supplementation of diets containing pea meal with exogenous enzymes: effects on weight gain,feed conversion,nutrient digestibility and gross morphology of the gastrointestinal tract of growing broiler chicks

1. The potential for the nutritional improvement of pea-based diets by supplementation with a cocktail of exogenous carbohydrases was investigated using growing broiler chicks. 2. Pea meals (grown in the UK) were included in wheat-based diets at 300 g/kg as a partial replacement for an approximately isonitrogenous mixture of wheat and soybean meal. A wheat/soybean meal diet served as a control and each diet was supplemented with a cocktail of alpha-amylase, pectinase and cellulase. The diets were fed to 1-d-old broiler chicks for a period of 21 d. Weight gain and feed conversion were monitored weekly and excreta were collected during the final week in order to determine nutrient digestibility coefficients and metabolisable energy. On d 21, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was excised and gross morphology measured. 3. Inclusion of pea meal reduced weight gain, feed conversion, nutrient digestibility and also increased the relative sizes of the distal sections of the GI tract. 4. Enzyme addition partially ameliorated the detrimental effects of pea meal inclusion although similar improvements were also noted for birds fed on the control diet. 5. It is concluded that the nutritive value of pea-meal-based diets can be improved by the addition of carbohydrases, and that some pea cultivars show considerable potential as vegetable protein sources for broiler chicks.     

双菌种固态发酵豆粕制备大豆肽发酵条件的研究

对黑曲霉AS3.350和米曲霉A-9005双菌种混合发酵产大豆肽的方法进行了研究,结果表明其较优工艺为：黑曲霉和米曲霉的菌种比为2∶1,初始pH为6.0,温度32℃,发酵时间144h,结论得到在最佳条件下的大豆肽转化率为89.61%。     

Effects of Lactobacillus and Bacillus subtilis Mixed Fermentation Feed on Growth Performance,Slaughter Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers

The purpose of this experiment was to study the usage and proportion of fermented feed in broiler feed.By adding 0,10% and 20% fermented complete formula feed to the broiler feed,and granulating normally,the influence of the usage mode of the fermented feed on the production performance,slaughter performance,intestinal tract and other related indexes of the broiler feed were studied,so as to provide reference for the application of the fermented feed in the broiler feed.180 1-day-old healthy AA male broilers were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 10 chickens in each replicate.The three treatment groups were fed with 0,10% and 20% of the total fermented feed for 42 days.The results showed that:From the whole period (1-42 days old),the 10% fermentation feed substitution group significantly reduced the feed consumption and weight gain ratio (P<0.05),and the average daily weight gain increased (P=0.05).At 42 days old,there was no significant effect of fermented feed on slaughter performance (P>0.05).The ileal crypt depth of broilers in the 20% fermentation feed replacement group was significantly higher than that in the control group and the 10% replacement group (P<0.05).The length of duodenal villi and V/C in 20% and 10% fermentative feed substitution group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).The results showed that the replacement of 10% fermented feed in broiler feed could reduce the ratio of feed to weight gain,increase the average daily gain,and have a certain impact on intestinal development.     

Roasted Full-Fat Soybeans in Starter,Grower, and Finisher Diets for Female Broiler Turkeys

A study was conducted to examine the growth performance and carcass composition of broiler turkeys fed graded levels of roasted soybeans processed by flame roasting. Roasted soybeans were incorporated as a partial replacement of soybean meal in starter (0 or 15% of the diet) and as a partial or complete replacement for soybean meal in grower and finisher diets (0:100, 33.3:66.6, 66.6:33.3, 100:0; roasted full-fat soybeans:soybean meal). At 21 d of age, the birds fed the starter diet with roasted soybeans ate more feed and were heavier than the controls, but feed conversion was similar. Feed consumption and feed conversion were not affected by ratio of roasted soybeans to soybean meal. However, birds fed the diet containing the 66.6:33.3 ratio were heavier than birds fed any other diet. At 84 d of age, carcass CP content of the birds fed roasted soybeans in the starter diet were similar to the control birds, whereas the carcass fat content was lower.     

植物乳杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌混菌发酵饲料对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肠道结构的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵饲料在肉鸡饲料中的使用方法和添加比例。在肉鸡饲料中添加0、10%、20%发酵全价饲料,正常制粒,研究其对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肠道等相关指标的影响,为发酵饲料在肉鸡饲料中的应用提供参考。选择1日龄爱拔益加（AA）健康肉仔公鸡180只,随机分为3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。3个处理组分别饲喂含发酵全价饲料0（F0组）、10%（F10组）、20%的日粮（F20组）,饲养时间42 d。结果表明,从全期来看（1~42日龄）,10%发酵饲料替代组显著降低了料重比（P<0.05）,平均日增重有增加的趋势（P=0.05）。42日龄时,发酵饲料对屠宰性能无显著影响（P>0.05）;20%发酵饲料替代组肉鸡的回肠隐窝深度显著高于对照组和10%替代组（P<0.05）;20%和10%发酵饲料替代组肉鸡十二指肠绒毛长度、十二指肠和空肠的绒毛长度/隐窝深度（V/C）显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。以上结果提示,肉鸡饲料中以10%的发酵全价饲料替代可以降低料重比,提高平均日增重,并对肠道发育有一定的影响。     

Effects of fermented mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) by‐product diets on growth performance and carcass traits in growing‐fattening Berkshire pigs

This study was conducted to investigate effects of fermented mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) by‐product diets on the growth performance and carcass traits in growing‐fattening Berkshire pigs. The fermented diets mainly contained 40.0% mushroom by‐product, 20.0% formula feed, 26.0% rice bran and supplemental 0.1% probiotics. The mixed ingredients were fermented for 5 days at room temperature. Berkshire pigs (n = 225) were divided into five groups and three replications. The basal diets (C) were substituted by 10% (T1), 30% (T2), 50% (T3) and 70% (T4) fermented mushroom by‐product diets. Crude protein concentration and total calorie in fermented diets were significantly increased (P < 0.05) at the end of fermentation days compared with initial fermentation day. Body weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass weight were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the T2, T3 and T4 groups than in the control group. Carcass grade was significantly better (P < 0.05) in the pigs fed fermented diets than in the pigs fed control diet and the ratio of high grade (1 plus 2 grades) was higher in the fermented diet groups compared with the control group. Therefore, although a diet of fermented mushroom by‐product decreased growth performance and feed efficiency, it improved the carcass grade in Berkshire pigs.     

Chemical composition and nutritive value of kapok seed meal for broiler chickens

1. Mechanically extracted kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed meal (KSM) contained 324 g crude protein, 97 g ether extract, 289 g fibre, 94 g ash, 128 g available carbohydrates, 3-8 g calcium, 11 g phosphorus, 10.4 g cyclopropenoid fatty acids and 15 g tannins per kg. 2. In a 4 x 2 factorial experiment, KSM was incorporated in broiler starter and finisher feeds at 0, 30, 60 and 90 g/kg, replacing sunflower meal (SFM) w/w; without and with multi-enzyme supplementation. 3. No significant differences were noticed between treatments in body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, mortality or carcase yields. 4. Multi-enzyme (amylase, endoxylanase, hemicellulase, beta-glucanase, pectinase, phytase and protease) supplementation did not improve the growth performance of broilers fed on the KSM diets.     

Effect of fermented corn–soybean meal on carcass and meat quality of grower-finisher pigs

The fermented feed has been identified as a potential alternative to antibiotics in feeds that markedly affects gut health and growth performance of pigs. Two recent studies performed in our laboratory investigated that the fermented corn–soybean meal (fermented feed, FF) improved the gut health of pigs. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a FF on the carcass, meat quality, muscle fatty acids profile, muscle amino acid and antioxidant ability of grower-finisher pigs. In this study, a total of 48 crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) were randomly divided into 2 treatments with unfermented corn–soybean diet (Ctrl) and FF diet. Compared with control pigs fed a standard diet, the results showed that FF significantly increased the muscle colour of redness and significantly reduced muscle moisture loss rate. Furthermore, FF significantly increased the content of aromatic amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alanine. More importantly, FF increased monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Collectively, FF could be a promising feed strategy in improving meat quality and nutritional value in grower-finisher pig.     

发酵玉米蛋白粉对肉仔鸡生长性能、肠道微生物数量和抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究复合微生物发酵玉米蛋白粉对肉仔鸡生长性能、肠道微生物数量和抗氧化能力的影响。选取7日龄黄羽肉仔鸡150只,随机分为3组,每组10个重复,每个重复5只鸡。对照组饲喂不添加发酵玉米蛋白粉的基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂添加5%和10%发酵玉米蛋白粉的试验饲粮。试验期49 d。结果表明,与对照组相比:1)饲粮添加5%和10%的发酵玉米蛋白粉能够显著提高肉仔鸡的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P0.05),并且饲粮添加10%的发酵玉米蛋白粉能够显著降低料重比(P0.05);2)饲粮添加10%的发酵玉米蛋白粉能够显著或极显著提高28日龄的肝脏指数、肾脏指数以及56日龄的肾脏指数、胸腺指数(P0.05或P0.01);3)饲粮添加10%的发酵玉米蛋白粉能够极显著降低28日龄盲肠大肠杆菌数量(P0.01),饲粮添加5%和10%的发酵玉米蛋白粉能够极显著增加28和56日龄盲肠乳酸杆菌的数量(P0.05);4)饲粮添加5%和10%的发酵玉米蛋白粉能够极显著提高血清抗超氧阴离子自由基和抑制羟自由基能力(P0.01),并极显著降低28日龄血清丙二醛含量(P0.01)。由此可见,饲粮添加发酵玉米蛋白粉能够有效促进肉仔鸡生长,优化肠道菌群结构,提高抗氧化能力。     

酵母蛋白粉替代肉鸡日粮中鱼粉的效果研究

选用1日龄AA肉鸡600羽随机分成5组,每组设6个重复,每个重复20羽,分别饲喂鱼粉对照日粮和用酵母蛋白粉等能等蛋白替代对照日粮中25%、50%、75%和100%鱼粉的试验日粮,研究用活性酵母蛋白粉替代鱼粉作为蛋白源对肉鸡生长性能以及养分利用率的影响。结果表明:100%替代组的后期增重较对照组提高0.84%(P>0.05),100%替代组的后期及全期料重比较对照组降低2.20%和1.56%,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。各组之间营养物质的利用率差异不显著(P>0.05)。100%替代组可以降低饲料成本和增重成本。酵母蛋白粉替代肉鸡日粮中的鱼粉是可行的。     

Effects of Astragalus membranaceus on growth performance,carcass characteristics,and antioxidant status of broiler chickens

Abstract

An experiment was conducted using 720 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens to evaluate the effects of Astragalus membranaceus root powder (AMP), Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and antioxidant enzymes, and metabolites of blood and liver in broiler chickens. The six dietary treatments included a control that was a corn–soybean meal basal diet; basal diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg antibiotic; 350 mg/kg APS; or 5000, 10,000, or 15,000 mg/kg diet of AMP. Supplementation of 10,000 mg/kg AMP increased average daily gain and feed conversion rate of broilers in grower period (22–42 d) and over the entire experiment compared to basic diet. Responses of antioxidant status to dietary APS and AMP varied depending on the age of the broilers. Beneficial effects of AMP on growth and feed utilization of broilers could be obtained by inclusion of AMP at the rate of 10,000 mg/kg diet.