东海区泗礁沙滩碎波带仔稚鱼种类组成及栖息地利用模式

为探明泗礁沙滩碎波带仔稚鱼种类组成及其对碎波带的利用模式,于2010年7月至2011年8月每月大潮期间,在泗礁沙滩8个站位点水深0.5~1.5 m处,两人沿海岸平行方向步行拖曳小型拖网(1 m×4 m,网目1 mm)采集仔稚鱼样本。周年采集仔稚鱼1 762尾,隶属于28科46种,其中海洋性鱼类29种,河口性鱼类14种,洄游性鱼类2种,淡水性鱼类1种。体长10~30 mm的仔稚鱼占总渔获量的87.05%;后弯曲期仔鱼和稚鱼分别占总渔获量的24.57%和68.27%。鳀(Engraulis japonicus)为优势种,占总渔获量的55.68%。种类数及单位捕捞努力渔获量(CPUE)春夏季较高而秋冬较低,种类数和CPUE峰值分别出现在2010年8月和2011年5月。站点间的种类数和CPUE变化表明,仔稚鱼偏好栖息于封闭型沙滩碎波带。前10位主要种对碎波带的利用分3种类型:鳀、中国花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)、鮻(Liza haematocheila)和棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)利用碎波带作为保育场;中华侧带小公鱼(Stolephorus chinensis)、鲻(Mugil cephalus)、细鳞鯻(Terapon jarbua)和弓斑东方鲀(Takifugu ocellatus)连续数月利用碎波带作为暂时栖息地;相模虾虎鱼(Sagamia geneionema)和鲬(Platycephalus indicus)则在单月进入碎波带栖息。因此在进行海滩和港湾开发和利用时,应重视对沙滩破碎带仔稚鱼栖息地的保护。     

Influence of offshore breakwaters on fish assemblage structure in the surf zone of a sandy beach in Tokyo Bay,central Japan

To determine the effects of shore-parallel offshore breakwaters on the surf-zone fish assemblage structure of a sandy beach, three study sites (sheltered inshore of breakwater, between adjacent breakwaters, and exposed without breakwaters) were sampled at Ohnuki Beach in Tokyo Bay, central Japan, in September and December 2009 and March and June 2010. Although some physical variables (wave height, turbidity, and water depth) differed among the three sites, no differences were apparent among the sites in the numbers of fish species and individuals, or in the abundance of epibenthic invertebrates (a main fish prey). In addition, species and individual numbers of two dominant feeding groups (mysid and copepod feeders) showed no significant among-site differences. Cluster and ordination analyses confirmed the similarity in fish species composition among the three sites. Furthermore, the mean standard length of all fishes collected throughout the study period did not differ significantly among the sites, the overall results indicating that the presence of breakwaters had little effect on surf-zone fish assemblage structure in the study area, despite some breakwater-related differences in the abiotic environment.     

Influence of artificial headlands on fish assemblage structure in the surf zone of a sandy beach,Kashimanada Coast,Ibaraki Prefecture,central Japan

To determine the effects of artificial headlands (groins with an anchor-shaped head portion) on the surf-zone fish assemblage structure of a sandy beach with strong wave action, three study sites (headland site sheltered behind the head portion, pocket-beach site between two adjacent headlands and exposed reference site without headlands) were sampled on the Kashimanada Coast, central Japan, in summer and autumn in 2012 and 2013. Distinct differences in physical conditions were recognized between the headland site and the other two sites throughout the study period, the former being characterized by lower wave height and turbidity, finer sediment particles and richer detritus. The fish assemblage structures also differed among the sites, the headland site supporting greater species and individual numbers. Cluster analysis showed clear differences in species composition of fish assemblages between the headland site and the other two sites. In addition, small-sized fishes tended to be more abundant at the headland site compared with the other two sites, although no differences were apparent in fish assemblage structure between the pocket-beach and reference sites. These results suggested that the presence of headlands had marked effects on the surf-zone fish assemblage structure in the study area.     

Physical habitat utilization of fish in a Sonoran Desert stream, Arizona, southwestern United States

Abstract– The physical habitat utilization of 7 species of native fishes in a Sonoran Desert stream, Aravaipa Creek, Arizona is described. The species occupied significantly different depths and velocities of water. Longfin dace ( Agosia chrysogaster ), speckled dace ( Rhinichthys osculus ) and loach minnow ( Tiaroga cobitis ) used similar depths and velocities. Two of the three larger species (Sonora sucker [ Catostomus insignis ] and roundtail chub [ Gila robusta ]) used areas of greater depth and reduced velocity. Desert sucker ( Catostomus clarki ) grouped with loach minnow and speckled dace in the velocity of water occupied, but utilized deeper waters. The spikedace ( Meda fulgida ) aligned very closely with desert sucker in use of all 3 physical habitat variables.     

Larval fish abundance and distribution during the late winter bloom off Gran Canaria Island, Canary Islands

The species composition, distribution and abundance of fish larvae off Gran Canaria (Canary Islands), an oceanic island in the NE Atlantic, were studied from January to August 2005. Weekly samplings were carried out at six stations in the eastern and southern flanks of the island, at the edge of the island shelf, in order to analyze the fluctuations of the planktonic community. The highest chlorophyll a values were recorded in March, coinciding with the lowest values of temperature in the mixed layer, which gave rise to the 'late winter bloom'. Mesozooplankton biomass peaked with only a week-lag to phytoplankton, and its average value (13.5 ± 10.9 SD mg dry weight m⁻³) was typical for the area. A clear windward-leeward distribution pattern was found for small mesozooplankton and neritic larvae, showing higher values in two stagnation points, upstream and downstream of the island. A total of 128 taxa of fish larvae were identified. Neritic and oceanic larvae appeared in quite similar proportions. Only three families accounted for half of the total larval fish collected: Myctophidae (24.9%), Sparidae (12.7%) and Clupeidae (11.9%). Sardinella aurita (8% of total larvae collected) was the most abundant species, appearing during the whole period of study and at each of the six sampled stations. Sardina pilchardus larvae were rarely captured but were always encountered with the arrival of NW African upwelling filaments to the island coast, suggesting that these larvae were transported in those mesoscale structures.     

Baseline survey of the fish fauna of a highly eutrophic estuary and evidence for its colonisation by Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

International Aquatic Research - This study represents the first quantitative survey of the fish fauna of the highly eutrophic Vasse and Wonnerup estuaries, part of the Ramsar-listed Vasse-Wonnerup...     

The effect of managed hydropower peaking on the physical habitat, benthos and fish fauna in the River Bregenzerach in Austria

The lower reaches of the Bregenzerach, a river in western Austria, have been affected by heavy hydro-peaking discharges (up to 60 m³ s^?1) for several decades. In conjunction with a plan to construct a new power plant, mitigation measures were developed to reduce the adverse effects of hydro-peaking in this river reach. The impact assessment examined the effects of a new flow management system introduced in 1992. The study concentrated on three main components: abiotics (morphology, hydrology, hydraulics), fish and benthic fauna. Prior to mitigation, both the fish and invertebrate fauna were heavily affected by the peaking. Benthic biomass was less than 15% of that predicted by an altitude model. After mitigation benthic biomass recovered to about 60% of the model prediction. No post-mitigation improvement was found with respect to fish biomass. Flow velocity distribution data showed that rising surge releases had two distinct phases, a bed-filling and a flow acceleration phase. The present flow management system, based on a dual-flow logistic, resulted in increased base flows and reduced peak flows, but did not alter the ramping rates. The reduction of the adverse effects of the bed-filling phase was apparently responsible for the recovery of the benthic fauna. However, the unaltered ramping rate of the acceleration phase may have inhibited the development of the fish community. An analysis of the hydrograph demonstrated the possibility of adjusting the present management strategy to reduce the ramping rate of the acceleration phase, smoothing out the peak duration curve.     

祟明东滩团结沙鱼类群落多样性与生长特性

研究了长江口祟明东滩团结沙5~8月间的鱼类多样性和生长特性。初步调查表明,祟明东滩团结沙共有鱼类9目19种,以鲤形目最多,鲻形目次之。这些鱼类分为4个主要生态类型,包括河口性鱼类4种、近海鱼类3种、江海洄游型鱼类4种和淡水鱼类8种。鱼类群落多样性较低,以个体数为单位计算的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′为2.790,Simpson优势度指数λ为0.198,Pielou种类均匀度指数J′为0.657。主要优势鱼类为窄体舌鳎、刀鲚、长蛇鮈、鲻、鲫、中国花鲈和中华鲟等7种,个体都较小。这7种鱼中窄体舌鳎、刀鲚、长蛇鮈、鲻、鲫和中华鲟呈等速生长,而中国花鲈为异速生长,肥满度最大的是鲫,最小的是刀鲚。5~8月间每个月渔获物的种类与数量组成有一定差异。为了更好地保护长江口祟明东滩的鱼类资源,应加强长江口渔业生态环境的综合治理,加大增殖和保护鱼类资源的力度,充分发挥长江口中华鲟自然保护区的保护功能。     

Reduction of a native fish fauna by alien species: an example from Brazilian freshwater tropical lakes

The consequences of introducing Cichla cf. monoculus Spix & Agassiz, Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz) and Pygocentrus nattereri Kner into lakes in the River Doce basin, Brazil, on richness, diversity and efficiency of aquatic macrophytes as natural refugia to native fishes was investigated. Samples were taken from lakes with and without alien fishes in areas with and without aquatic macrophytes. The presence of alien fishes reduced richness and diversity of the native fish community. The refugia function, which could be attributed to the clustering of aquatic macrophytes, does not exist in these lakes probably because the alien fishes exploit such habitats for reproduction. Since introductions threaten the native fish diversity of the region, studies on regional dispersion and factors that minimise the spread of alien fishes are needed.     

长江口和杭州湾碎波带仔稚鱼群聚时空分布特征及相关环境因子分析

2009年8月至2010年8月每月大潮前后在长江口和杭州湾碎波带的12个站点采集仔稚鱼,共采集到仔稚鱼14 907尾,隶属24科74种,主要优势种有刀鲚(Coilia nasus,47.84%)、普氏缰虾虎鱼(Amoya pflaumii,11.58%)、属(Hemiculter spp.,9.12%)、飘鱼属(Pseudolaubuca spp.,6.29%)、多鳞四指马鲅(Eleutheronema rhadinum,5.62%)。分析了碎波带仔稚鱼群聚的时空分布特征与水温、盐度、底质、地形等环境因子的关系。聚类和排序的结果显示,全年仔稚鱼群聚在时间序列上可分为4组,各组间存在明显的种类更替,出现的主要优势种分别是12月–翌年4月的乔氏新银鱼(Neosalanx jordani),5月的中国大银鱼(Protosalanx chinensis)、中国花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus),6月–9月的刀鲚、普氏缰虾虎鱼、属、飘鱼属、多鳞四指马鲅,以及10月、11月的有明银鱼(Salanx ariakensis)。在空间梯度上可分为长江口碎波带站点和杭州湾碎波带站点两组,两组间相异性贡献度最高的种类是刀鲚和普氏缰虾虎鱼(10%),多个组内的独有种类显示出不同生态类型鱼类仔稚鱼对碎波带栖息地的生境选择分化。CCA结果显示,所选的5个环境因子中只有水温和盐度对仔稚鱼群聚整体的时空分布有显著影响,但是对整个时空分布特征的解释度并不算高,意味着还存在其他重要的影响因素,可能包括饵料生物、径流等。对主要种类在单种的尺度上进行了丰度时空分布与环境因子的GAM曲线拟合,发现底质和地形对特定种类的仔稚鱼的分布有显著影响。地形开阔平坦、底质为沙质的站点仔稚鱼种类和丰度都相对较多,如优势种中的飘鱼属种类、多鳞四指马鲅、日本须鳎(Paraplagusia japonica)等都倾向选择栖息在开阔平坦的沙质底站点。     

The impact of land-claim on macrobenthos,fish and shorebirds on the forth estuary,eastern Scotland

1. The impact of land-claim on the intertidal areas of the Forth estuary, eastern Scotland is described. It is shown that in recent times almost 50% of the intertidal area has been destroyed for a variety of purposes, including agriculture, harbours and industrial development. 2. The loss of infaunal invertebrate biomass and production from the intertidal habitat has been calculated for each part of the estuary, and by summation for the whole estuary. The loss is discussed in relation to the total biomass and production, both intertidally and subtidally, of the estuary. It is shown that proportionately more biomass and production may have been lost than area. 3. The impact of land-claim on estuarine fish is calculated. Land-claim has removed 24% of the natural fish habitats in the Forth estuary, and thereby removed 40% of their food supply. 4. The impact of habitat loss on birds was observed for one area where observations continued throughout a period of land-claim. For individual bird species at Torry Bay, land-claim had consequences ranging from neutral to substantially negative. Significant declines were found for overwintering populations of dunlin and bar-tailed godwit. Comparisons of pre- and post-land-claim bird feeding usage of this area, showed that the impact of land-claim on local bird populations differed between species. The large scale loss of habitat on the Forth seems likely to have reduced the size of some shorebird populations which overwinter on the estuary. 5. It is concluded that when considering the impact of land-claim on estuaries that, as found in some previous studies, a simple consideration of area lost may be inadequate to describe the effects of land-claim, and the consequences for animals living within the estuary may differ considerably amongst themselves and from area to area.     

Selection of spawning habitat by several gobiid fishes in the subtidal zone of a small temperate estuary

We examined the spawning sites of several gobiid fishes in the subtidal zone of a small temperate estuary and determined the relationship of the nest abundance of each species with several environmental conditions, including water temperature, salinity, median particle size, proportion of silt and clay, current width, maximum water depth, distance from each site to the river mouth, and density of objects (boulders, cobbles, empty oyster shells, and empty clam shells) in the water. During this study, we found 115 nests belonging to the following six species: Favonigobius gymnauchen, Tridentiger obscurus, Leucopsarion petersii, Acanthogobius lactipes, Rhinogobius giurinus, and Tridentiger trigonocephalus. Stepwise multiple regression analysis, which was used to determine the best model for the nest abundance of all species, revealed that the nest abundance of each species clearly increased with an increase in the density of spawning substrates, such as cobbles and bivalve shells. These results show that the density of spawning substrates is a crucial factor affecting the selection of spawning habitats by each species.     

The effect of a closed area and beach seine exclusion on coral reef fish catches

Fish landing data from the Mombasa Marine National Park (MNP) and a marine reserve exploited by various gears were studied over a 5‐yr period to determine the influence of the closed area and different gears in fisheries. The number fishing and boats per landing site was constant, but total and catch per unit effort progressively declined in all sites on an annual basis irrespective of the existence of a marine reserve, exclusion of the beach seines or use of gear. Differences between landing sites were most pronounced when analysed on a catch per area as opposed to the more standard catch per fisherman, suggesting compensation in human effort when catches decline. A marine reserve next to a closed area that excluded beach seines had the highest catch per area (5.5 kg ha^?1 month^?1) despite having the highest density of fishermen (0.07 ± 0.02 fishermen ha^?1 month^?1). The annual rate of decline in the catch was lower than the other sites at around 250 g day^?1 compared with 310–400 g day^?1 in the other sites. One landing site, which excluded beach seine landings for more than 20 yrs, had a high catch per area (～5.3 kg ha^?1 month^?1), but after experiencing a doubling in the effort of other gears (line, speargun and trap), the catch per fisherman and area were reduced. Environmental or habitat degradation and excessive effort remain the most likely explanation for the overall declines in catch from 1995 to 1999. Closed areas and beach seine exclusion have the potential to increase catch rates, but the first often reduces the total fishing area and possibly leads to a loss of total catch, at least on a time scale of less than 10 yrs. The exclusion of beach seines can lead to an increase in other gear types that can also cause reductions in catch.     

The effect of depth, distance from dam and habitat on spatial distribution of fish in an artificial reservoir

Abstract –  Spatial distribution of the fish community in the deep canyon-shaped Římov Reservoir, Czech Republic, was studied using overnight gillnetting fishing in 1999–2007. Effects of depth, distance from the dam to the tributary and habitat type (benthic and pelagic) on fish community structure, catch per unit of effort (CPUE), biomass per unit of effort (BPUE) and average weight were tested. Fish were recorded in all sampled depths and parts of the reservoir. Redundancy analysis revealed that effects of three environmental variables were significant and most variability was explained by depth, then by distance from the dam and habitat type. CPUE and BPUE of all species decreased with depth and responses of individual species to depth were similar for juvenile and adult fish. Number of species, CPUE and BPUE of all species except perch increased heading towards the tributary and peaked close to or at the tributary part of the reservoir. Responses of juvenile fish to distance from the dam differed from that of adult fish. Structure of fish community differed in benthic and pelagic habitats with species preferably occupying epipelagic (bleak, asp, rudd and juvenile bleak, roach and bream) or littoral waters (perch, pikeperch, ruffe, roach, bream and juvenile percids). This study showed that fish distribution in the reservoir followed distinct patterns, which were probably shaped by a combination of physiological constraints plus trade-off between food resources and competition.     

Spatial scale effects on habitat associations of the Ashy Darter,Etheostoma cinereum,an imperiled fish in the southeast United States

Abstract – The ashy darter, Etheostoma cinereum, is an imperiled fish within the Cumberland and Tennessee drainages of the southeast United States. An understanding of habitat associations and the relationship of habitat use across multiple spatial scales are critical elements in its conservation. Our objectives were to quantify habitat associations at the stream reach and microhabitat scales for adult and juvenile darters, and to understand the linkage between the two scales based on gradients of habitat use. We focused our efforts within the Rockcastle River, Kentucky (Cumberland River drainage), because the watershed was known to contain a relatively large ashy darter population. Three hundred twenty‐two individuals were collected from 21 reaches. The species was restricted to the mainstem of the river and the lower reaches of the larger tributaries. The distribution and abundance of adult and juvenile darters differed significantly at each spatial scale, and both groups demonstrated non‐random use of the available habitat. Gradients of stream size and substrate size were identified as important factors. A threshold of environmental quality was determined based on the habitat use patterns among the two scales. Habitat use between the two scales was independent within the threshold, indicating that the specific quality of the microhabitats did not necessarily matter within a stream reach. However, beyond the threshold, a decrease of at least 48% in adult and juvenile darter abundance was seen, indicating that a sufficient network of suitable microhabitats is needed to support a good population of darters within a stream reach.     

Larval feeding behaviour of the endangered fish golden bubblebee goodeid, Allotoca dugesi, implications for conservation of an endangered species

Abstract To improve survival of cultured juvenile fishes, it is important to understand prey preferences and predation behaviour of fish larvae. In this study, the feeding behaviour and prey preference of Allotoca dugesi (Bean), a small fish species endemic to Mexico and currently threatened with extinction are presented. Three zooplanktonic prey, viz. Brachionus calyciflorus (Pallas) , Moina macrocopa (Goulden) and Daphnia pulex (Leydig) were tested. The mean size (standard length ± SE, mm) of the larvae ranged from 9.0 ± 0.1 mm at week 1 to 18 ± 2 mm at the end of the experimental period (8 weeks). The gape size (mean ± SE) increased from 0.125 ± 0.002 mm at the first week to 2.300 ± 0.361 mm by the eighth week. Capture success (capture/attack) ranged from 0.80 to 0.98 with Brachionus , 0.72–0.94 with Moina and 0.17–0.46 with Daphnia . Prey preference experiments were conducted using B. calyciflorus, M. macrocopa and D. pulex at a fixed ratio of 5 : 2 : 2 ind. mL⁻¹, respectively, and revealed a positive selection for rotifers and Moina , but avoidance of Daphnia . The results are discussed with reference to conservation efforts for Allotoca dugesi .     

Effect of predation and habitat quality on growth and reproduction of a stream fish

Billman EJ, Tjarks BJ, Belk MC. Effect of predation and habitat quality on growth and reproduction of a stream fish.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 102–113. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Anthropogenic disturbances are rarely independent, requiring native fishes to respond to multiple factors to persist in changing environments. We examined the interaction of predation environment (presence of introduced brown trout, Salmo trutta) and habitat quality on growth and reproduction of southern leatherside chub, Lepidomeda aliciae, a small‐bodied stream fish native to central Utah, USA. Southern leatherside chub were sampled from four streams representing a complete two‐factor cross of predation environment and habitat quality. Growth was estimated using increment analysis of annuli on otoliths, and reproductive traits were measured for both sexes. Southern leatherside chub growth was greater in high‐quality than in low‐quality habitats, and greater in predator than in nonpredator environments. However, fish exhibited a greater growth response to presence of brown trout in low‐quality habitats. Southern leatherside chub growth followed predictions of plastic responses to resource availability based on habitat quality and predation environment (lethal vs. nonlethal effects). Reproductive allocation (gonad wet mass) was significantly greater in low‐quality versus high‐quality habitats, but was unaffected by predation environment. Other female life‐history traits were affected either by both effects or their interaction. Reproductive responses to habitat quality and predation environment were consistent with predictions based on differential mortality. Southern leatherside chub growth and reproduction responded differently to the combination of habitat quality and predation environment, thus demonstrating the importance of assessing interacting effects of anthropogenic disturbances to more fully comprehend impacts on native species and to appropriately manage, recover and restore these species and their habitats.     

Distribution and abundance of the larval black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli (Bleeker), in coastal waters and an estuary of western Taiwan

This study compared the distribution, abundance and body length of larval black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli (Bleeker), to relative environmental conditions in the coastal waters near Wan-kung and the Da-du estuary of western Taiwan to evaluate the utilization of these two water bodies as nursery grounds. Sampling was carried out on spring tides from October 1993 to September 1994. In the coastal waters, salinity (mean = 31.5^0/00) and current speed (39.1 cm s^?1) were significantly higher than those in the estuary (28.3^0/00 and 29.6 cm s^?1). Most of the larvae occurred from late winter to early spring. The period of occurrence was longer and the density was higher in the coastal waters. The mean body length in the coastal waters (9.28 mm) was greater than that in the estuary (7.33 mm), but the coefficient of variation of body length was smaller (coastal waters, 8.15%; estuary, 19.87%). The occurrence of the larvae in the two regions was negatively correlated with water temperature and positively with salinity and dissolved oxygen, and the change of density of larval black porgy was similar to that of all larval species discriminated by principal component analysis. The range and mode of the length-frequency distributions were different between the two regions. It was concluded that coastal waters are overall a better nursery habitat for black porgy.     

Influences of local habitat and stream spatial position on fish assemblages in a dammed watershed,the Qingyi Stream,China

Abstract – Identifying the underlying mechanisms that explain the spatial variation in stream fish assemblages is crucial for the protection of species diversity. The influences of local habitat and stream spatial position on fish assemblages were examined from first‐order through third‐order streams within a dammed watershed, the Qingyi Stream, China. Based on linear regression models, the most important environmental variables influencing fish species richness were water temperature and wetted width, but stream spatial position variables were less important. Using canonical correspondence analysis, five environmental variables were identified to significantly influence fish assemblages, including three habitats (elevation, substrate and water depth) and two spatial variables (C‐link and Link). Our results suggest that, in a heavily dammed watershed, by blocking the migration routes of fishes, dams weaken the influence of stream spatial position on fish species richness. However, fish species compositions are significantly influenced by both local habitat environment and stream spatial position, which is perhaps owing to the distribution of fish species according to ecological requirements not related to spatial processes.     

Diet shift of larval and juvenile landlocked Ryukyu-ayu <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis</Emphasis> in the Fukuji Reservoir,Okinawa Island,Japan

ABSTRACT:   The diet shift of larval and juvenile Ryukyu-ayu Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis was investigated for the landlocked population stocked in the Fukuji Reservoir, Okinawa Island. Gut contents of 274 specimens (5.1–31.4 mm in body length) including 31 yolk-sac larvae (5.7–8.0 mm) were examined. The diet of larval and juvenile landlocked P. a. ryukyuensis was mainly composed of zooplankton such as dinoflagellates, rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans. Feeding incidence was 48% in total and it gradually increased with growth. Diet analysis clearly demonstrated a diet shift during the larval and juvenile periods. For yolk-sac larvae and 5.0–19.9 mm fish, the diet was dominated by dinoflagellates Gymnodinium sp., and Peridinium sp., both numerically and by frequency, followed by rotifers that mainly consisted of Polyarthra spp. Diet breadth (Levin's standardized index B_A) diversified with growth, and feeding on copepods and cladocerans gradually increased in 10.0–14.9 mm fish. Diet overlap (Morisita's index: C) showed that diet drastically changed in 20.0–24.9 mm fish with a specialization on cladocerans Bosminopsis deitersi and Diaphanosoma brachyurum . This diet shift probably corresponded with an increase of feeding ability resulting from an enlargement of the mouth, increased swimming ability, and the development of sense organs.