Catch performance of coastal squid jigging boats using LED panels in combination with metal halide lamps

Squid attracting light systems consisting of low power light emitting diode panels (LEDs) and conventional metal halide lamps (MHs) were tested to describe the influence of combinations of LEDs and MHs on squid catch. Fishing trials using LEDs (9 kW) and different numbers of MHs were carried out in August and September 2009 targeting two squid species: (1) Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus in northern waters of the Sea of Japan (off Hokkaido) by 4 coastal squid jigging boats (19 gross tonnage) and (2) swordtip squid Photololigo edulis in western waters (off Iki) by 5 boats of the same class. Catches of both species tended to increase with the number of MHs. Generalized Linear Model analysis revealed that in addition to the number of MHs, the catch amount was influenced by fishing power (ability) of boat and by the monthly variation of squid abundance (only for P. edulis off Iki). The expected catch (number of boxes) was not proportional to the number of MHs. The largest catch was expected for P. edulis off Iki by using LEDs with 24 MHs. The optimal combination of LEDs and MHs for T. pacificus off Hokkaido was less clear because the combination with 36 MHs had the largest positive effect on the catch; this was the maximum number MHs used.     

基于灰色系统的北太平洋柔鱼渔汛特征分析及旺汛期预测

柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)是大洋性经济头足类,是我国远洋鱿钓渔船重要的捕捞对象。分析柔鱼渔汛特征并预测旺汛期,有助于柔鱼资源的合理开发与利用。本研究根据2013―2017年北太平洋柔鱼渔业生产统计数据,以每日平均渔获量(CPUEday)作为资源丰度,利用分位数的方法划分旺汛期;结合灰色波形预测方法,对旺汛期日期序列建立灰色波形预测模型群[GM(1,1)模型],对旺汛期出现的时间进行预测。结果显示,北太平洋柔鱼渔汛时间最早为5月12日,一直持续到年终;旺汛期为每年的8―11月,第1旺汛期基本在8月出现。GM(1,1)模型的平均相对误差为6.83%,旺汛期日期序列预测的平均相对误差为8.19%,验证数据的平均相对误差为15.82%,表明此模型可预测北太平洋柔鱼的旺汛期。研究结果可为远洋渔业企业的高效率、合理化的科学生产提供技术支撑。     

Effect of a stepwise lighting method termed “stage reduced lighting” using LED and metal halide fishing lamps in the Japanese common squid jigging fishery

Lighting systems combining light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and metal halide lamps (MHs) are expected to be energy-saving tools in Japan??s squid jigging fishery. Previous research has shown the need for light stronger than LEDs (9?kW) and 36 MHs (108?kW) to catch the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus. We tested a stepwise lighting method termed ??stage reduced lighting?? in the Tsushima Strait in January and February 2010 using nine fishing boats. LEDs (9?kW) and 50 MHs (150?kW) were lit for 3.9?h on average, and then the number of MHs was reduced to either 30 or 36 until the end of fishing (7.3?h on average). This method reduced fuel consumption by 22?C25?% compared to the continuous use of all fishing lamps (159?kW). We carried out a catch analysis of nine experimental boats and 21 commercial boats during the experimental period. Generalized linear modeling analysis suggested that the squid catch can be explained by the illuminated fraction of the moon and monthly changes in squid abundance, and the lighting method. The stage reduced lighting using LEDs and MHs has the potential to reduce fuel consumption while maintaining the squid catch.     

利用栖息地指数模型预测秘鲁外海茎柔鱼热点区

利用栖息地指数模型准确地预测了秘鲁外海茎柔鱼的热点区。根据2008-2010年1-12月期间我国鱿钓渔船在秘鲁外海的生产数据,结合实时的海表温及海表面高度数据,分别建立以作业次数、单位捕捞努力量渔获量为基础的适应性指数。利用算术平均数模型建立基于海表温和海表面高度的栖息地指数模型,并利用2011年生产及环境数据对栖息地指数模型进行验证。结果显示,以作业次数为基础的适应性指数符合正态分布,而以单位捕捞努力量渔获量为基础的适应性指数显著性检验不显著,因此,只建立以作业次数为基础的模型。结果表明,以作业次数为基础的栖息地指数模型都高估了茎柔鱼热点区的范围,但大体范围基本一致,这说明其能较好地预测茎柔鱼的热点区。     

An assessment of the west winter–spring cohort of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

In the Northwest Pacific, the squid jigging fisheries targeted the west winter–spring cohort of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) from August to November. Total annual catch by the Chinese mainland squid jigging fleet during 2000–2005 ranged from 64,100 to 104,200 t. The unique life history of this squid species makes the use of traditional age- or length-structured models difficult in evaluating the effect of intensive commercial jigging on this stock. We fitted a modified depletion model to the Chinese jigging fisheries data to estimate the squid stock abundance during 2000–2005. Monthly biological data were randomly sampled from the five squid jigging vessels during the fishing seasons. Effects of using different natural mortality rates (M) and three different error assumptions were evaluated in fitting the depletion model. Based on sensitivity analyses, the log-normal error model was found to be preferred for the squid assessment. The assessment results indicated that the initial (pre-fishing season) annual population sizes ranged from 199 to 704 million squid with the M value of 0.03–0.10 during 2000–2005. The proportional escapement (M = 0.03–0.10) for different fishing seasons over the time period of 2000–2005 ranged from 15.3% (in 2000) to 69.9% (in 2001), with an average of 37.18%, which was close to the management target of 40%. Thus, the current fishing mortality of the squid jigging fishery was considered to be sustainable. We inferred its annual maximum allowable catch ranging from 80,000 to 100,000 t. This study suggests that the modified depletion model provides an alternative method for assessing short-lived species such as O. bartramii.     

日本资源管理型渔业体系下的典型作业方式管制实践

通过文献研究,对日本资源管理型渔业体系下的典型作业方式管理措施进行梳理,以期对我国典型作业方式准入制度的构建和完善提供参考。对围网、底拖网、刺网和流网、定置网及鱿钓等5种日本渔业主要作业方式的管理措施体系进行了分类和介绍,认为日本的渔业管理通过不同层级的权限许可,根据海洋渔业资源的自然属性差异采取区域化的管理模式,并以恢复渔业资源为目标,逐步推进从总可捕量管理制度向捕捞努力量控制制度的转变。     

Standardising the CPUE for the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Illex argentinus</Emphasis> fishery in the Southwest Atlantic

The catch per unit effort (CPUE) is a widely used index for assessing the abundance of exploited populations in fishery management. To obtain appropriate CPUE values, it is essential to standardise catch-effort data from fisheries. This task is particularly important for squid fisheries because squid generally have a short life-span and are vulnerable to environmental variability, and thus effective fishery management should take such factors into account. In this study, we analysed unit catches of paired vessels operating under similar fishing conditions to calculate their relative fishing power (RFP) in order to standardise the CPUE of the Taiwanese fleet jigging for Illex argentinus in the Southwest Atlantic. To evaluate the appropriateness of the method, we used a logbook dataset covering eleven years (1993–2003), in which 93.5% of the total catch during the period was included. The results indicate that 98.7% of the fishing effort can be standardised according to the estimated RFP. Compared to nominal CPUE, the standardised CPUE values projected an explainable temporal pattern, indicating an increasing trend in abundance from 1995 to 1999 and a subsequent sharp plunge from 1999 to 2003. However, the RFP was not related to apparent physical factors of the vessel, such as gross tonnage or vessel length. Our evaluations suggest that the RFP method is appropriate for standardising the CPUE, so that it can serve as an abundance index that reflects the annual recruitment size of the squid fishery, because the quality of the method can potentially take possible affecting factors into account in order to satisfy the general assumptions of standardisation criteria. However, the effects of varying the settings of parameters should be carefully examined prior to applying this standardisation method to other squid fisheries.     

北太平洋巴特柔鱼渔业2001年低产原因分析

中国在1993年开始试捕北太平洋巴特柔鱼后,数年间在该海域无论是船只数也好(年年维持在三、四百艘左右),渔获量也好(年产量在10×104t左右),中国的鱿钓船队已发展成为该渔业的主要生产力量。但2001年却遇到了前所未有的挫折,年产量跌到7×104t多。通过对2001年的渔海况进行综合分析研究,结果表明2001年度从海况方面而言,2001年存在的不利于柔鱼生长、集群的因素主要有:黑潮大蛇行、黑潮势力偏弱、北部水温过低和渔汛期流隔不明显。从资源情况而言,西部资源较大幅度的下降是使得渔获量减少的主要原因。而饵料不足也是渔获量降低的原因之一。此外,对东部渔场鱿鱼洄游、分布规律了解不够,使得这一群体未得到充分利用。所以,2001年低产是多方面因素造成的,且在不同海区其主要原因各不相同。     

峰值法和数据包络分析法在中国远洋鱿钓渔业方面的应用与比较分析

概述了PTP和DEA法的基本理论，并将其应用于我国的远洋鱿钓渔业，结果表明，1999年我国北太平洋鱿钓渔业的“捕捞能力”尚未得到充分的发挥，仍有潜力可挖；影响西南大西洋鱿钓渔业“捕捞能力”的主要因素是制冷能力，钓机数，集鱼灯和水下灯，而船长，船舶总吨位，功率和舱容仅为次要因素。通过应用，本文分析比较了这两种方法的特点；PTP法长于在时间序列方面的一个纵向的分析，能够在一定程度上反映渔业技术和资源随时间的变化而发生的变化，而DEA法则擅于在捕捞单位间进行横向的“能力”比较，并能对影响“捕捞能力”的因素进行有效的灵敏度分析。     

印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼钓捕技术试验

2004年9月~2005年1月印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼调查期间,对钓捕技术进行了试验。结果认为,不同的作业位置其手钓产量不同,其中船头产量为最高,手钓平均脱钩率不到10%。采用变色灯是提高渔获量的重要技术,时间一般为凌晨3:00~5:00,其钓捕产量可占总产量的一半以上。变色前后的单位时间产量分别为0.565t/h和1.044t/h。采用1.6mm×3排机钓钩、每根钓线装6~8枚机钓钩进行单线作业,可有效降低脱钩率,平均脱钩率只有12%。     

中国鱿鱼钓机装备研究现状及展望

鱿鱼钓机是远洋鱿钓渔业的重要生产工具。目前鱿鱼钓机装备发展面临的主要问题是机钓产量低。本文介绍了我国鱿鱼钓机装备的研究现状,对钓机运转速度、作业水深控制、抖动模式设置及结构设计等方面的研究趋势进行了探讨。最后,提出了我国鱿鱼钓机发展对策,研究指出需重点解决钓机结构优化设计、控制系统性能优化、运行参数优化等问题,为远洋鱿钓渔业的可持续发展提供参考依据。     

基于空间相关性的西北太平洋柔鱼CPUE标准化研究

CPUE标准化方法通常都假设名义CPUE之间是相互独立且没有相关性,然而鱼类集群分布通常存在着空间相关性,为此本研究以西北太平洋柔鱼的CPUE标准化为例,采用1999-2012年6-11月中国鱿钓生产数据以及对应的海表面温度和叶绿素浓度的环境数据,将空间相关性加入广义线性模型(general linear model,GLM)中.在空间GLM模型中运用4个距离模型(指数模型、球面模型、线性模型和高斯模型),进行标准GLM模型和4种空间GLM模型的CPUE标准化结果比较.结果发现,4种空间GLM模型均比标准GLM模型的最小信息准则(akaike information criterion,AIC)更小,标准化结果更准确.同时,在4个距离模型中,指数模型的AIC值最小,其CPUE标准化结果最佳.研究表明,在CPUE标准化中,鉴于鱼类集群与分布特性,应该充分考虑空间相关性这一因素.     

智利外海茎柔鱼产量分布及其与表温的关系

根据2004年4～6月我国鱿钓船在智利外海生产统计数据和表温资料,用Marineexplore4.0绘制各月产量、CPUE与表温关系的分布图并进行分析。结果表明,4～6月茎柔鱼产量主要分布在28°～30°S、76°～78°W附近海域,平均CPUE在10t/d以上。作业渔场的表温范围为17～20℃,主要集中在表温为17～19℃海域。     

Distribution and migration of Japanese common squid, Todarodes pacificus, in the southwestern part of the East (Japan) Sea

Data on squid catches of Korean and Japan, water temperatures at depth of 100 m, and night-visible images of fishing boats collected in the East (Japan) Sea from 1970 to 1999 were analyzed to examine the distribution and migration of the Japanese common squid, Todarodes pacificus, in the southwestern part of the East (Japan) Sea. The main fishing grounds detected from squid catch in each grid (0.5° latitude × 0.5° longitude) by Korean squid fishery and night-visible images provided by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) were situated in the southwestern part of the East (Japan) Sea. The distribution and migration route was illustrated from squid catch in each grid and DMSP OLS image. In years of high catches, the fishing grounds were situated mainly between Ulleung Island and the eastern coastal waters of Korea, while in years of low catches they were situated between Ulleung Island and the Yamato Bank in the central East (Japan) Sea. The center of fishing activity began moving northward from around the Korea/Tsushima strait to the northern boundary of the Tsushima Warm Current in March, reaching into the Yamato Bank in September, and then returning to the strait by February. The northward and southward migration routes differed; the northward migration route occurred closer to the mainland coast of Korea than the southward migration route did. This work suggests T. pacificus begin their northward migration almost 2 months earlier than previously suggested.     

Seasonal potential fishing ground prediction of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the western and central North Pacific

We explored the seasonal potential fishing grounds of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the western and central North Pacific using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models fitted with squid fishery data as response and environmental factors from remotely sensed [sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), eddy kinetic energy (EKE), wind stress curl (WSC) and numerical model‐derived sea surface salinity (SSS)] covariates. The potential squid fishing grounds from January–February (winter) and June–July (summer) 2001–2004 were simulated separately and covered the near‐coast (winter) and offshore (summer) forage areas off the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition and subarctic frontal zones. The oceanographic conditions differed between regions and were regulated by the inherent seasonal variability and prevailing basin dynamics. The seasonal and spatial extents of potential squid fishing grounds were largely explained by SST (7–17°C in the winter and 11–18°C in the summer) and SSS (33.8–34.8 in the winter and 33.7–34.3 in the summer). These ocean properties are water mass tracers and define the boundaries of the North Pacific hydrographic provinces. Mesoscale variability in the upper ocean inferred from SSH and EKE were also influential to squid potential fishing grounds and are presumably linked to the augmented primary productivity from nutrient enhancement and entrainment of passive plankton. WSC, however, has the least model contribution to squid potential fishing habitat relative to the other environmental factors examined. Findings of this work underpin the importance of SST and SSS as robust predictors of the seasonal squid potential fishing grounds in the western and central North Pacific and highlight MaxEnt's potential for operational fishery application.     

北太平洋中部柔鱼钓作业中手钓技术的分析与探讨

由于手钓在北太平洋柔鱼捕捞作业中占有重要地位,本文对影响手钓渔获产量的几种技术因素作了实际测试和一定的分析,包括:抖动频率、每次抖动时间、拉线速度等。实际测试结果表明,对于捕捞体重为2kg左右的柔鱼,其以上三种技术指标的适宜范围分别为5次/min、2.16S/次、70～75m/min。     

国外鱿鱼钓机的开发与应用

鱿鱼钓机是远洋鱿钓渔业中降低劳动强度、提高生产效率实现渔业现代化的重要生产工具。本文概述了鱿鱼钓机系统发展历程中的3种主要类型:机械控制型、基本电控型和电脑控制型。分析了国外鱿鱼钓机装备的研究与应用情况,对几种主流鱿鱼钓机型式的性能水平进行了对比。针对国内鱿钓渔业中机钓产量低的现状,提出鱿鱼钓机的研究方向主要为降低脱钩率和优化抖动模式。本文可以为研制优质高效的国产化鱿鱼钓机提供参考。     

个体差异对西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼耳石形态的影响

根据2007-2008年我国鱿钓船在西南大西洋海域采集的560对阿根廷滑柔鱼耳石样本,以耳石总长(TSL)、最大宽度(MW)、背区长(DDL)、背侧区长(DLL)、侧区长(LDL)、吻侧区长(RLL)、吻宽(RW)、吻区长(RL)、翼区长(WL)和翼区宽(WW)作为耳石各区生长指标,以耳石MW与TSL之比、RW与RL之比、WW与WL之比作为表征耳石外形变化的指标,利用方差分析(ANOVA)和最小显著差多重比较法(LSD)研究性别、性腺成熟度和不同胴长等个体差异对耳石各区生长和外形变化的影响。结果表明,不同性别间TSL、MW、DLL、DDL、RLL、RL、WL和WW的变化存在显著性差异(P<0.05);雌、雄样本内不同性腺成熟度、不同胴长范围间TSL、MW、DLL、LDL、WL和WW的变化均存在显著性差异(P<0.05);MW/TSL、RW/RL和WW/WL的变化在不同性别、不同性腺成熟度和不同胴长范围间不存在显著性差异。研究认为,胴长组301～350 mm可能是耳石各区生长的拐点区。     

福建省光诱敷网作业发展前景及管理研究

福建省的光诱鱿鱼敷网作业是福建省渔民在近十几年发展起来的一种用来专门捕捞枪乌贼的新型渔具.它具有投资少、生产费用低、劳动强度小、捕捞效率好、经济效益高等优点.目前其捕捞枪乌贼的产量已占所有作业捕捞枪乌贼产量的三分之二以上.然而,近年来,由于该作业的迅速发展,也带来了如诱集枪乌贼的灯光强度过大,渔获物中的幼鱼比例增多,渔场矛盾等问题.为了科学有效管理该作业,本文通过收集有关资料,整理分析,提出促进光诱鱿鱼敷网作业可持续发展的一些建议.     

基于约束线性回归的柔鱼栖息地指数渔场预报模型构建

柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)是我国在西北太平洋重要的商业捕捞对象,对其渔场进行准确预报是提高渔业生产能力的重要内容。本研究分别选取2005~2013年我国在该海域的柔鱼渔获量和捕捞努力量作为计算适宜度指数(SI)的2种指标,利用包括海表温度、叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度、表温梯度强度和100 m水深的Argo浮标水温数据在内的海洋环境因子,通过非线性回归,生成了不同环境因子的SI曲线。在考虑约束条件的前提下,建立2种柔鱼渔场的栖息地指数(HSI)模型,并利用逐步回归剔除不显著的解释变量。2种模型拟合优度比较的结果显示,利用渔获量建立的模型具有更高的精度,其中,7~11月模型的调整后相关系数分别为0.853(P0.001)、0.773(P0.001)、0.789(P0.001)、0.745(P0.001)和0.724(P0.0001)。各环境因子的SI权重系数符合约束条件,并随着季节的变化,权重值有所不同。在主要渔汛期间(7、8和10月),100 m水深温度的SI对HSI得分起到了最关键作用;而在渔汛末期(11月),与海表温度相关的SI成为影响HSI的最重要因子。利用该模型对2014年进行预报实验,预报结果与实际渔场在空间分布上具有一致性。全年统计结果显示,高HSI(0.7)的区域渔获量占总渔获量的49.06%,而低HSI(0.3)区域渔获量仅占9.06%,表明该模型具有一定的渔场预报能力。