甜高粱茎秆残渣生料多菌种固态发酵生产蛋白饲料

为实现甜高粱茎秆残渣生产蛋白饲料的规模化应用,该研究将黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei),产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)和干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)进行优化组合,添加不同质量分数尿素对甜高粱茎秆残渣进行生料固态发酵生产蛋白饲料。试验通过对比发酵前后粗蛋白、真蛋白、粗灰分和粗脂肪质量分数变化发现:添加4种菌的复合菌株,再添加1%尿素发酵8 d后能使以甜高粱茎秆残渣为底物的饲料中纤维素由33.00%降低至24.09%,半纤维素由20.99%降低至17.69%;粗蛋白质量分数由2.27%提升至7.14%,真蛋白由2.01%提升至6.41%。该研究简化了甜高粱秸秆残渣规模化生产饲料蛋白的工艺,为该工艺的推广应用奠定基础。     

多菌种分步降解玉米秸秆生产蛋白饲料的工艺

研究了多菌种分步降解玉米秸秆产蛋白饲料的工艺条件,选用黄孢原毛平革菌固体发酵去除部分木质素,接入木霉菌进一步降解木质纤维素,加入酵母发酵产蛋白饲料。木霉菌最佳接种时间为第10 天,经12 d的共发酵,按秸秆与麸皮配比3.0∶1加入麸皮、酵母接种量8%、固液比1∶3.0、硫酸铵用量2.5%,继续共发酵72 h,粗蛋白质量分数可达25.3%。结果表明,多菌种分步降解产蛋白饲料工艺为玉米秸秆生物利用提供了一种新途径。     

豆腐渣混合苹果渣固态发酵改善纤维适口性

为了改善豆腐渣发酵后膳食纤维的适口性,适量混合部分苹果渣,利用其糖分提高酿酒酵母的发酵效率,并对其固态发酵工艺条件进行优化。采用单因素和正交试验方法优化的较佳发酵条件为pH值为8、发酵温度22℃、豆腐渣与苹果渣质量比2∶1、酿酒酵母接种量8%、发酵时间48 h。在优化发酵条件下,豆腐渣和苹果渣混合物中粗纤维的质量分数由发酵前的107.8 mg/g下降到发酵后的64.2 mg/g,降解率为40.45%。混合苹果渣的固态发酵极大地改善了膳食纤维的适口性,可以作为健康食品原料广泛使用。     

甜高粱茎汁及茎渣同步糖化发酵工艺优化

为了提高甜高粱秸秆乙醇生产中茎汁和茎渣的利用,以甜高粱茎汁及其渣为发酵原料,对茎汁茎渣混合原料同步糖化乙醇发酵的工艺条件进行优化研究。采用Plackett-Burman(PB)筛选设计试验筛选出影响甜高粱茎秆渣汁同步糖化乙醇发酵的显著因素。采用响应面法建立了同步糖化发酵乙醇生产的乙醇产量数学模型。根据该模型进行了工艺参数的优化,以乙醇产量为指标,试验所得甜高粱茎秆渣汁同步糖化化乙醇发酵的优化工艺条件为:发酵温度36.58℃,混合纤维素酶添加量=23.5(FBU/m L)/35.25(CBU/m L),甜高粱渣汁质量体积比为8.2%,理论预测乙醇产量为89.2%,在此条件下进行验证试验,乙醇产量为88.98%,平均质量浓度,验证了数学模型的有效性,为提高甜高粱茎汁及茎渣混合原料同步糖化发酵产乙醇和提高发酵效率提供参考。     

秸秆固态发酵酒精过程中湿度变化的研究

研究了在转轴式反应器中以秸秆为原料,接种康氏木霉TR6(Trichoderma koningii)和耐高温酵母CB2(saccharomyces cerevisiae)同步固态发酵酒精的过程中,底物湿度对生物量、纤维素酶活和酒精产量的影响。结果显示：产纤维素酶的最适底物湿度和产酒精的最适底物湿度并不一致;试验研究得到了发酵温度对底物湿度变化的影响最大,通气速率影响次之,菌体呼吸强度的影响最小。     

不同土著菌及其复合菌对玉米秸秆降解的影响

为研究一种高效的玉米秸秆降解复合菌,选取了木质素降解优势土著菌密黏褶菌、环状芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、栗褐链霉菌、黄孢原毛平革菌、杂色云芝、绿色木霉、黑曲霉,对各单一菌种对玉米秸秆的降解能力进行了测定,通过菌种间的拮抗试验,将单一菌种进行组合,初步构建了一组木质纤维素降解复合菌。结果表明：在整个35 d的预处理周期中,黑曲霉、绿色木霉对秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素体现了较高的降解能力,黑曲霉、绿色木霉对半纤维素的降解率分别为47.81%、37.53%,对纤维素的降解率分别为38.96%、46.32%;黄孢原毛平革菌、杂色云芝对玉米秸秆中的木质素体现了较强的降解能力,对木质素的降解率分别为43.56%、39.17%;菌种拮抗试验表明该试验所选用的真菌、放线菌及细菌之间无拮抗反应,可以进行混合培养;对复合菌预处理前后的玉米秸秆微观结构进行扫描电镜分析,发现在降解过程中复合菌对木质纤维素的结构产生了破坏作用,提高了木质纤维素的可及性;木质素、纤维素、半纤维素的含量在整个发酵过程中都在逐渐减少,发酵结束时复合菌对半纤维素的降解率最高达到48.53%,纤维素的降解率为36.38%,木质素的降解率为40.11%,在提高木质素降解率的同时减少了纤维素消耗。该研究为秸秆类生物质降解及利用提供了参考依据。     

牛粪堆肥中高效菌株的筛选与应用效果

为了探索牛粪快速腐熟原理及方法,以糖、淀粉、蛋白质、纤维素、油脂培养基为筛选培养基,以菌株增殖倍数、菌株性能等为筛选条件,从牛粪常温堆肥中筛选不同原料高效功能菌,并组成功能菌剂;以不同原料菌及单菌株发酵试验对发酵机制进行研究。结果表明,芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌、木霉及曲霉等为重要功能菌,组成功能菌剂发酵升温快,进入高温期仅需4 d,发酵腐熟时间可缩短至19~20 d;发酵及升温效果依次为糖原料功能菌淀粉原料功能菌蛋白质原料功能菌纤维素原料功能菌;芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌、木霉、曲霉利用糖、淀粉、蛋白质及纤维素能力强,升温及腐熟效果好。各菌株充分利用基质各成分,紧密协同生长及代谢,迅速进入高温期,是堆肥快速发酵及腐熟的主要作用机制。     

草坪草糖化及发酵生产燃料乙醇

为利用草坪草生产燃料乙醇,通过粉碎和碱性氧化物浸泡预处理草坪草,采用纤维素酶和果胶酶混合糖化纤维素,研究嗜鞣管囊酵母和酿酒酵母发酵水解液生产乙醇,结果表明,碱性氧化物固液比为1:40（质量比）,浸泡48 h预处理后的木质素脱除率为70%（质量分数）;嗜鞣管囊酵母和酿酒酵母发酵30 h后乙醇的质量体积分数最高,分别为9.6 g/L和11.7 g/L,以可发酵糖减少量计算,糖醇转化率分别为25.7%和38.1%（质量分数）,为理论糖醇转化率的61.2%和74.7%。     

真菌及混合菌对玉米秸秆类腐殖质形成和转化的影响

针对3类真菌（木霉、黑曲霉和青霉）及混合菌在液体培养条件下对玉米秸秆类腐殖质形成和转化的影响,重点研究接种后秸秆类腐殖质组成的变化情况,以期为秸秆的生物降解、转化与土壤有机质的形成、更新提供理论参考和依据。结果表明：（1）接种可迅速减少代谢液和增加菌体-秸秆残留物的含碳量,随菌体繁殖,代谢液中含碳量持续降低,随后,降解作用促使小分子进入代谢液使其碳量增加,后期呼吸作用显著,代谢液碳量再度降低。此外,残留物可被黑曲霉和混合菌有效降解,木霉和青霉在培养初期的较强繁殖能力使残留物中碳量先增加,后又被降解。（2）培养初期,木霉、青霉和混合菌对残留物中有机碳组分的降解使小分子物质进入WSS（水溶性物质）,随后菌体的繁殖迫使WSS再度降低,而黑曲霉则以利用WSS合成其自身组分为主。（3）起初,FLA（类富里酸）的形成速度大于HLA（类胡敏酸）,而后FLA逐渐向HLA转化,木霉处理HLA在类腐植酸中所占比例最大。（4）培养过程中,FLA分子向简单化方向发展,而HLA分子先简单,而后渐变复杂。HLA单位碳芳香环的缩合程度随培养进行先逐渐降低而后增大,总趋势为增大,木霉处理HLA的复杂程度最高。（5）残留物HLu（类胡敏素）的碳含量在整个培养过程中先增高后降低,最终均有＂净损失＂,损失最大的为木霉处理。     

黑曲霉和米曲霉发酵改善豆渣口感

豆渣作为豆制品生产的副产品,富含营养。为了解决豆渣颗粒大,口感差,难以直接食用的问题,该文对利用黑曲霉和米曲霉发酵豆渣降低其粒度分布进而改善其口感、增加其可食性进行了研究。结果表明:利用黑曲霉和米曲霉在28℃,相对湿度为95%的条件下发酵,能使渣感减弱,吞咽变易,口感明显改善;对发酵10d后豆渣的外观形态、显微镜观察、粒度分布进行考察,均一致表现为发酵后豆渣颗粒显著变小;黑曲霉发酵豆渣对渣感的降低效果好于米曲霉发酵豆渣和未发酵豆渣;发酵使豆渣颗粒变小是口感改善的主要原因;口感改善的根本原因是发酵豆渣过程中所产生的纤维素酶和半纤维素酶降解了豆渣中的纤维素和半纤维素,导致豆渣颗粒变小的缘故。该研究对豆渣的综合利用提供了新途径。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.