Karyotype Analysis of Sesbania rostrata Brem.

The karyotype of Sesbania rostrata, a species endemic to West Africa, which produces nitrogen fixing, nodules on stem and branches, was analysed. The somatic chromosome number was 12 with two pairs of long, submetacentric and four pairs of short, metacentric chromosomes. The chromosome number in another species S. aculeata, which is well adapted as a green manure crop in India but not capable of stem nodulation, was also 2n = 12. The similarity between the chromosome complements of the two species indicates that they may be cross compatible.     

Effect of Integration of Fertilizer and Green Manure Nitrogen on Yield Attributes, Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, India, during the wet seasons of 1992 and 1993 to study the effect of full and partial substitution of fertiliser N with green manure N (Sesbania rostrata) on nitrogen uptake, yield attributes and yield of rice. The experiment consisted of eight treatments with two levels of N (100 and 200 kg ha⁻¹) and three sources of N application viz., fertilizer, integrated (1:1 fertilizer and green manure N) and green manure N compared to the recommended practice (150 kg fertilizer plus 6.25 t ha⁻¹ (72 kg N) green manure) and a no N control. Nitrogen application markedly increased the N uptake. Combined use of the two N sources at 200 and 222 kg N ha⁻¹ and of single fertilizer N at 200 kg N ha⁻¹ recorded the maximum N uptake, increased the yield attributes such as number of panicles per unit area, weight per panicle, number of total and filled grains per panicle and test weight. At 200 kg N ha⁻¹ full substitution of N by green manure reduced the grain yield but only partial substitution of N by green manure resulted in almost similar yield as single fertilizer N. Thus 200 kg N ha⁻¹ applied in equal proportions of fertilizer and green manure N can be recommended for medium duration rice cultivars.     

Maximizing Sugarcane Yield by Increasing Plant Population Density, Minimizing NO3-N Leaching and Improving Soil Organic Matter in Different Crop Rotations

In a field experiment conducted during 1992–95 at Lucknow, India, sugarcane was planted in rows 60 and 90 cm apart in three crop rotations (rice-sugarcane-ratoon, Sesbania aculeata for green manure-sugarcane-ratoon, and cowpea-sugarcane-ratoon) with 0, 150 and 300 kg N ha⁻¹ as urea either with or without farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t ha⁻¹. Sugarcane yields were significantly greater in the Sesbania rotation than in the other because of a larger N uptake. N uptake of the crop was significantly affected by soil organic carbon, and available N and K contents. Ratoon yields, however, were largest in the cowpea sequence followed by the rice rotation, probably due to a prolonged residual effect of cowpea and rice root residues. The residual effect of a Sesbania green manure was negligible as demonstrated by the low NO₃-N content of the soil profile after sugarcane harvest compared to the other two crop sequences. The total cane productivity (main sugarcane plus ratoon) was greater (156 t ha⁻¹) in the cowpea rotation than the Sesbania (152 t ha⁻¹) and rice (140 t ha⁻¹) rotations.     

Effect of Neem Leaf (Azadirachta indica L.) on Growth and Yield of Low Land Rice

The farmers of tropical Asia are applying neem leaves to rice fields as green manure traditionally. Neem cake blending of urea is recommended for inhibition of nitrification and increasing nitrogen use efficiency. Field experiment conducted at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, during kharif and rabi seasons in 1984–85 with a short duration (105 days) rice cv. IR 50 showed that application of fresh neem leaf at 5 t/ha or dry neem leaf 1.25 t/ha with urea resulted in higher N recovery per cent and N response ratio and gave increased grain yield compared to the yield obtained due to the application of urea alone. Besides increasing the grain yield, neem leaf application could save about 50 per cent N application and give greater net returns to the farmer.     

Integrated Nitrogen Management with Green Manures in Rice-Chickpea Cropping System

A field experiment was conducted during wet and dry seasons of 1987–88 and 1988–89 to evaluate the performance of green manures with and without fertilizer nitrogen in lowland rice and their residual effect on succeeding crop of chickpea grown under rice-chickpea cropping system. Incorporation of Ipomea carnea (green leaves), Cassia tora and Parthenium hysterophorus (green young plants) ca. 5 t/ha fresh weight significantly improved yield and yield components namely panicles per hill, panicle length, grains per panicle and test weight of transplanted rice. The results showed that at least 20 kg/ha fertilizer nitrogen applied to rice could be replaced by incorporation of 5 t/ha fresh weight green manure. Supplementation of 60 kg N/ha through urea to the green manures treated plots proved to be the best in respect of grain yield and was comparable to the yield obtained under 80 kg N/ha as urea alone. Plant N-uptake followed the similar pattern of rice grain yield. Residual fertility in terms of available nitrogen increased under the green manure treatments, whereas urea nitrogen alone made no impact on fertility build-up. Green manures showed significantly higher residual response than fertilizer N alone to seed yield and N uptake of chickpea.     

田菁改良重度盐渍化土壤的效果分析

为评价田菁改良重度盐渍化土壤的效果,试验设置4个处理：（1）只种植田菁(T);（2）种植田菁,施用二铵450 kg/hm²(TA);（3）种植田菁,施用磷石膏2250 kg/hm²(TG);（4）不种植田菁的空白处理作对照(CK)。结果表明：施用磷石膏能够显著促进田菁生长(P<0.05),TG处理地上部、地下部生物量较T、TA处理分别增加了14.24%、24.77%和8.32%、12.39%,施用二铵对田菁生长的促进作用不显著。种植田菁能够显著降低重度盐渍化土壤含盐量、容重,提高土壤速效氮、速效钾、水溶性有机质(DOC)含量,及土壤大团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)、总孔隙度(P<0.05),TG处理改良效果最大。相关分析表明,盐渍化土壤含盐量、Na⁺含量、DOC、有机质是维系盐渍化土壤结构的关键性状,降低土壤含盐量、Na⁺含量,提高DOC、有机质含量是盐渍化土壤改良方向。种植田菁,同时施用磷石膏是一种快速提升重度盐渍化土壤肥力的有效方法。     

Soil Organic Carbon Build-up and Dynamics in Rice–Rice Cropping Systems

Intensive irrigated rice system is the most important food production system in the world. Continued population growth necessitates increased rice production to meet the increased need of food production through increased rice productivity to ensure food security. In contrast, the recent slowdown in yield growth in intensive irrigated rice‐based cropping systems as a result of deterioration of soil health and decline in productivity level is a serious cause for concern. The objective of this research was to investigate the soil organic carbon (SOC) build‐up and its dynamics in rice–rice cropping system by including a green manure (GM) crop Sesbania rostrata Berm. either during fallow and/or intercrop at 4 : 1 ratio as additive series without changing rice geometry. The results revealed that there is a gradual build‐up of SOC when S. rostrata included and in situ incorporated at flowering stage as a basic means of improving soil quality in rice–rice cropping system. Further, the soil organic matter fractions viz. humic acid and fulvic acid were also improved in all GM‐incorporated systems. In general, the proportion of fulvic acid was higher than humic acid. Cropping system involving three GMs viz. S. rostrata‐rice/S. rostrata‐rice/S. rostrata registered significantly higher SOC and was 10.63 percent higher than traditional rice–rice cropping system (A₁). This was followed by S. rostrata‐rice/S. rostrata‐rice system. Although the traditional rice–rice cropping system (A₁) also conserved SOC (0.29 and 1.69 % higher than initial during first and second annual cropping cycle, respectively), the magnitude was very low. Repeated application of S. rostrata as GM improved SOC, which formed the basis for sustainable management of soil resources. It can be concluded that S. rostrata would affect the rate of loss of SOC in cropping systems and its ultimate level in soils.     

Nitrogen Mineralization Rates and Kinetics in Soils Freshly Amended with Green Manures

Long term incubation studies to determine the nitrogen (N) mineralization rates and kinetics in soils freshly amended with some commonly used green manures such as Sesbania rostrata. Gliricidia maculata. Leucaena leucocephala and Azolla pinnata are scarce. A long term aerobic study was, therefore, conducted by incubating soils freshly amended with the above-mentioned green manures in PVC columns at 35 ± 1 C and with 0.01 Mpa moisture content. The soils were then leached at periodic intervals for up to 36 weeks.
The N-mineralization rates were greatest during the first week and decreased with time in all soils. The green manure amended soils leached 247 mg kg⁻¹ more NO₃+ NO₂– N than the unamended control. In general, the total N mineralized (mean 61%) was almost twice that of net N mineralized (mean 30%) in the amended soils. The percent N mineralized (total and net), however, varied with the nature of green manure incorporated into the soil. It was greatest in the soil amended with sesbania and lowest in the soil amended with azolla. The kinetic parameters derived using the double exponential model indicated that green manure amended soils possessed significantly higher N-mineralization potentials and rate constants compared to the unamended control. The kinetic parameters also varied with the nature of green manure incorporated into the soil. Among the various parameters lignin content, lignin to N ratio and lignin + polyphenol to N ratio of the green manures were the key factors governing the rate of decomposition and subsequent N mineralization from the amended soils.     

Optimum Seed Rate and Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirement of Rice Under Semi-deepwater Ecosystem

The effect of varying seed rates (100–1000 seeds m⁻²) and nitrogen fertilizer (0–60 kg N ha_-1) applied either in a single basal dose or in splits was investigated on a tall elongating, photosensitive rice variety, Nalini, under semi-deepwater conditions (0–100cm) during 1993 and 1994 at Cuttack, India. Seedling emergence was higher in 1993 (53.9 %) than in 1994 (44.1 %) and it increased proportionately with increasing seed rate, Increase in the number of tillers and panicles m⁻² at higher seed rates was associated with a corresponding decrease in panicle weight. Regression analysis indicated a decrease of 0.91–1.28g in panicle weight for an increase of 100 panicles m⁻². The grain yield of rice was significantly higher at 400 seeds m⁻² in 1993 and at 600 seeds m⁻² in 1994 than at low seed rates but further increase in seed rate did not increase the yield. Application of N fertilizer increased the panicle number and thereby grain yield significantly. The effect of basal and split applied N at active or maximum tillering stages as well as between 30 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹ was not significant on the grain yield. The results suggest that a basal dose of 30kg N ha⁻¹ and seeding density of 400–600 seeds m⁻², resulting in 40–50 % seedling emergence and 150–200 panicles m⁻², each with 2.0–2.5 g weight, may be adequate for optimum productivity of rice under semideepwater conditions.     

Effect of Incorporation and Unincorporation of Azolla Biofertilizer on the Grain Yield of Rice

Azolla pinnata R. Brown was used as a biofertilizer for rice crop in early and late wet seasons of 1985–86. Azolla as dual crop with rice increased the grain yield significantly over uninoculated control. Incorporation of Azolla increased the yield components and grain yield higher than leaving Azolla on water surface without incorporation. Azolla incorporation with 90 kg nitrogen/ha recorded the highest plant height, tiller numbers/ hill, panicles/m² and 1000 grain weight and grain yield of rice.     

晒田强度和穗肥运筹对三角形强化栽培水稻光合生产力和氮素利用的影响

以杂交中稻组合II优498为材料,在三角形强化栽培(TSRI)条件下,研究3种晒田强度(0~20 cm土壤相对含水量为80%±5%、60%±5%和40%±5%,分别记为W₁、W₂和W₃)和3种穗肥运筹(晒田复水后第1、8和15天施用第1次氮素穗肥,分别记为S₁、S₂和S₃)对灌浆结实期水稻光合生产和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,晒田程度和穗肥运筹对水稻光合生产、干物质积累、氮素积累、转运和利用和产量的影响存在显著互作效应,且晒田影响最为显著,氮素穗肥运筹次之。轻度晒田(W₁)复水后第1天施用第1次氮素穗肥会降低抽穗后15 d和30 d的群体光合和有效穗数,推迟至复水后第8天或第15天施用第1次氮素穗肥可以提高抽穗后15 d和30 d的群体光合、收获指数和氮素稻谷生产效率;中度和重度晒田(W₂和W₃)复水后第1天和第8天施用第1次氮素穗肥可以提高孕穗期和齐穗期剑叶P_n和抽穗后15 d和30 d的群体光合、干物质积累、籽粒产量及构成指标、稻株氮素积累与利用。经过分析比较得出,TSRI模式下W₂S₁为晒田强度和穗肥运筹的最优组合,产量达到10.96 t ha^-1。     

氮肥用量对云南高原粳稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

研究不同氮肥施用量对粳稻产量、生长发育、干物质积累量及氮素吸收利用的影响,为云南高原粳稻氮肥减量施用提供依据。选用云南高原非糯粳稻‘楚粳28’和糯型粳稻‘云科粳1号’为试验材料,按照当地常规氮肥施用模式,设置施氮量为0、75、150、225、300 kg/hm²(N₀、N₁、N₂、N₃、N₄)5个处理。结果显示,随着氮肥用量的增加2种类型粳稻品种产量呈增加趋势;在N₁处理下‘云科粳1号’产量及增产幅度显著高于‘楚粳28’,其他处理下‘楚粳28’的产量大于‘云科粳1号’。氮肥处理使‘楚粳28’有较高的有效穗数和结实率,平均比‘云科粳1号’高13.36%和6.24%。氮肥使‘楚粳28’生育期延长了1~8天,总叶片数增加0~1叶,使‘云科粳1号’生育期延长了2~9天,总叶片数增加0.3~1.1叶;氮肥处理下‘楚粳28’的干物质积累量和总吸氮量平均比‘云科粳1号’分别高4.42%和18.43%,‘楚粳28’的氮肥吸收利用率比‘云科粳1号’高2.66%。综上,非糯型粳稻的产量及氮肥吸收利用率高于糯型粳稻,非糯粳稻‘楚粳28’适合的氮肥用量为225 kg/hm²,糯型粳稻‘云科粳1号’适合的氮肥量为150 kg/hm²。     

基于图像分析方法的水稻根系形态特征指标的定量分析

利用图像分析方法定量研究水稻根系形态特征指标的变化规律。通过实施不同水氮处理和不同品种的水稻桶栽试验,选用WinRhizo (WR)软件的不同模式(LM和T200)分析根系图像,分别提取根直径范围0~0.30 mm和0.25~1.80 mm的根系形态数据,并与基于Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件(IP)的根直径和不定根长的测量结果进行比较分析;确定了3种水稻品种不同类型根直径的范围;对不同生育时期水稻根长、根体积、根表面积、根系干重和不定根数量等水稻根系形态特征指标变化差异,以及分枝特征进行了分析。结果表明：(1)基于WR软件LM和T200模式下的根直径测量结果与基于IP软件的测量结果之间NRMSE分别为5.44%和10.95%。(2)界定细分枝根直径范围为0.03~0.10 mm,扬稻6号(V3)粗分枝根和不定根分别为0.10~0.30 mm和0.30~1.65 mm,而日本晴(V1)和武香粳14(V2)分别为0.10~0.25 mm和0.25~1.40 mm,不定根长与IP测量结果进行比较,其NRMSE为10.78%~12.01%。(3)各指标抽穗前增长迅速,之后增长减缓或衰老下降;不同氮肥处理间各指标分蘖至成熟均差异显著,增施氮肥可促进根系生长,明显提高不定根比例;适当控水可促进根系生长,明显提高分枝根比例;品种V3自分蘖期到成熟期各指标均显著高于V1和V2,V1与V2间差异不显著。本研究表明,本方法具有较好的精度和可行性,为推进水稻或其他作物根系的定量研究提供了参考。     

Physiological Changes in Sesbania Species to Reducing Light Intensities

Sesbania sesban and S. grandiflora were studied for their physiological characters under different light intensities (100, 75, 50 and 25 %) in a natural environment for 4 months. Rate of photosynthesis (PN) and stomatal conductance (CS) significantly decreased with decreasing light intensities and with intensity reduced to half the full sun light under high shading i.e. at 25 % light intensity, whereas the intercellular CO₂ concentration increased with decreasing light intensities in both the species. The reduction in PN was more in S. grandiflora than S. sesban. S. sesban maintained higher carboxylation efficiency under shade condition as compared to S. grandiflora. Rate of transpiration and water use efficiency (PN/TR) decreased while leaf diffusion resistance increased significantly with decreasing light intensities. Total chlorophyll content was maximal under 50 % light intensity in both plant species. Accumulation of chl b increased but chl a decreases under low light intensities. The higher accumulation of chl b in S. sesban under shade predicted its shade adaptability. The total protein content and NRA reduced under low light intensities. The overall rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, carboxylation efficiency and water-use efficiency were higher in S. sesban as compared to S. grandiflora , indicating its better adaptability under shade condition and that it may be suitable to grow under stress in agroforestry systems in semi-arid tropics.     

The reproductive biology of three perennial Sesbania species (Leguminosae)

Summary The reproductive biology of Sesbania sesban, S. goetzei and S. keniensis (Leguminosae; Papilionoideae) was studied. Fifty percent flowering was observed at 102 to 153 days after germination for S. sesban accessions; 96 to 146 days for S. goetzei and 131 to 176 days for S. keniensis accessions. Flowers opened in the afternoon and remained fresh for 2–3 days. Bee species including Xylocopa sp., Apis mellifera, Megachile bituberculata and Chalicodoma sp. visited the flowers. Hand pollination experiments showed that all three species were self and cross compatible. The percentage of fully developed seeds was greater in pods formed after cross pollination compared to self pollination. No evidence was found for stigmatic or stylar self incompatibility. Outcrossing is probably the common method of reproduction under natural conditions, although in isolated trees substantial seed set by selfing might occur. Pod production under natural conditions was 34% for S. sesban; 49% for S. goetzei and 39% for S. keniensis. Considerable variation was found in pod production under open pollination between accessions of the same species. Selective abortion was observed within pods, with more mature seeds formed at the distal end of the pod.     

绿肥轮作对早稻生长动态及氮素吸收利用的影响

综合评价南方稻区不同冬季绿肥种植下水稻对氮素的吸收利用特性,为水稻高产栽培中氮肥的合理运筹和水稻氮素营养性状改良提供依据。比较不同冬季绿肥紫云英、油菜、黑麦草及混播绿肥对后作水稻产量、生长动态及氮素吸收利用的变化。结果表明：（1）处理紫云英—早稻—晚稻(MV-R-R)的早稻产量分别比黑麦草—早稻—晚稻(RG-R-R)、油菜—早稻—晚稻(RP-R-R)、混播绿肥—早稻—晚稻(MS-R-R)高6.61%、3.29%及0.78%。（2）在分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期植株含氮率均是处理MV-RR达到最大,较其他处理平均分别高9.68%、19.72%、6.23%和8.66%。在分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期植株吸氮量均是处理MV-R-R最高,处理RP-R-R最低。（3）处理MV-R-R在分蘖期至孕穗期、孕穗期至抽穗期及抽穗期至成熟期各处理的吸收量较其他处理平均分别高出21.81%、68.73%和286.5%,且绿肥轮作条件下水稻氮素阶段吸收量及其占总吸收量的比例均以抽穗至成熟期最小,最大值所处的生育阶段则是分蘖前。因此,MV-R-R处理具有较高的增产潜力,有利于提高氮肥利用效率,改善稻田氮素循环。     

不同生长调节物质对机插早稻秧苗生育特性及产量的影响

为揭示生长调节物质对机插双季杂交早稻秧苗生育特性及产量的影响,以杂交早稻‘淦鑫203’为材料,选用旱育保姆、拌种剂、多效唑3种生长调节物质并设置对照处理进行田间试验。结果显示：3种生长调节物质均能矮化壮秧增加秧苗假茎宽、绿叶数、根量、苗体可溶性糖含量及全氮含量,提高分蘖能力及成秧率保证机插质量,增加产量。其中多效唑处理矮化壮秧效果最好,成秧率最大且较对照高3.74%,产量最高且较对照增产9.98%。综合来看,生长调节物质均能壮秧增产,且多效唑是杂交早稻机插育秧较为理想的生长调节物质。     

Effect of Plant Spacing and Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Herb and Oil Yields of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats. var. I cauvery)

A field experiment was conducted for 2 years during 1991–93 at the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic plants, Bangalore, India to study the effect of plant spacings (60 × 60, 60 × 45, 60 × 30 and 45 × 45 cm) and nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on growth, herb and oil yield of lemongrass. A closer plant spacing of 45 × 45 cm resulted in higher herb and oil yields compared to wider spacing of 60 × 60 cm. Application of 150 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ resulted in higher herb and oil yields. Higher nitrogen applications also increased the plant height and number of tillers per clump. The oil content and quality-was not influenced by spacing and nitrogen levels.     

籼粳交超级稻甬优538花后氮素积累模型与特征分析

以甬优籼粳交超级稻甬优538为试材,常规粳稻镇稻18和杂交籼稻中浙优1号为对照,研究甬优籼粳杂交稻花后氮素积累特征以及比较不同类型品种花后氮素积累特征差异。结果表明: (1)两年中,甬优538平均产量为12.5 t hm^-2,显著高于对照。抽穗期、成熟期及抽穗-成熟期氮素积累量均呈甬优538>镇稻18>中浙优1号。百千克籽粒吸氮量以镇稻18最高,甬优538最低;氮肥偏生产力则以甬优538最高,镇稻18最低。甬优538花后茎鞘氮素转运量和转运率、穗部氮素积累量显著高于对照。(2)镇稻18和甬优538花后各时期氮素积累量均高于中浙优1号,且各品种花后氮素积累量与花后天数均以Richards方程拟合效果较好(R²均大于0.995)。分析特征参数,花后最大氮素积累速率、花后平均氮素积累速率及花后到达最大氮素积累速率的时间均呈镇稻18>中浙优1号>甬优538,花后氮素有效吸收时间则呈甬优538>镇稻18>中浙优1号。花后氮素积累渐增期、缓增期的持续天数、积累速率和积累量以镇稻18最高、甬优538最低,快增期的持续天数和积累量以甬优538显著高于对照。本研究结果表明,甬优538花后较强的氮素积累优势集中在快增期,此期氮素积累量占其花后氮素积累总量的86.1%(两年平均值)。且甬优538在花后快增期较强的氮素积累能力主要在于其较长的快增期持续天数。