非洲猪瘟防控工作管理及改进措施

近年来,随着非洲猪瘟的传入,对我国生猪养殖造成了严重的威胁.由于没有防控非洲猪瘟的疫苗和药物,使得该病的防控变得非常困难.为了有效做好非洲猪瘟的防控工作,加强生猪养殖建设,本文分析了目前非洲猪瘟防控工作存在问题,提出了改进措施,希望有助于该领域的研究.     

非洲猪瘟的流行病学特点及防控措施

非洲猪瘟是一种烈性的动物传染病，家猪感染之后病死率最高可达到100%。非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒引发的，目前还没有特效的治疗药物和有效的商品化疫苗，所以做好对非洲猪瘟的防控依然是生猪养殖行业最重要的工作之一。非洲猪瘟自2018年首次传入我国后在多地暴发，随着我国农业部门出台一系列防控举措，已将该病造成的损失降到最低。本文借鉴了国外防控经验，并结合国内非洲猪瘟疫情形势，总结了国内外一些防控非洲猪瘟的举措，以期为生猪养殖行业提供参考。     

生物安全防控与非洲猪瘟

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒引起的急性高度传染性疾病,能感染家猪和各类野猪。该病是我国重点防范的一类动物疾病,其发病过程短,死亡率高达100%。2018年8月非洲猪瘟首次传入我国辽宁省沈阳市后,迅速向全国各个地区蔓延,不仅对养殖业造成毁灭性灾害,还给人类的食品安全埋下隐患。目前该病并未研发出疫苗和特效药物,只能做好生物安全防控工作,控制疫情发展。     

非洲猪瘟的防控

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒引起的一种急性、烈性、高度接触性传染病。在世界卫生组织将其列为法定报告动物疫病,目前我国将其列为一类动物疫病。该病在1921年东非国家肯尼亚首次确认以来,随后相继传入非洲、欧洲、美洲等大洲。我国于2018年8月3日首次在辽宁省确认传入,其后波及多个省份。一旦发生该病,严重危害养猪业,其发病率和死亡率100%,会造成巨大的经济损失和社会影响。本文现就该病的流行病学、临床症状、诊断及如何加强非洲猪瘟的防控加以阐述,以供参考。     

浅谈非洲猪瘟的流行和防控措施

非洲猪瘟是一种急性烈性传染病,其传播速度非常快。目前我国已有许多地区生猪受到该病毒的侵袭,为防止病毒扩散,需对该病毒进行分析,采取相应的措施进行防控,切实保障我国生猪的安全,为人们的饮食安全提供保障。1流行特点非洲猪瘟于1921年首发于非洲的肯尼亚,2018年8月3日首次传入我国的沈阳市,截至目前,已有20多个省市报道了非洲猪瘟疫情,给我国养猪业造成了极其严重的经济损失。有报道称,携带非洲猪瘟的野猪、软蜱及野鸟,还有非洲猪瘟病猪、带毒猪、被病毒污染的饲料、饮水、用具、车辆、人以及环境等都可能是该病的传染源。非洲猪瘟病毒的主要感染部位是消化道,如果生猪食用了受到污染的食物以及水源,病毒便很快到达其消化道,引起生猪产生一系列病症,如果在养殖场猪的数量较多,会快速扩散,造成大批猪只死亡。     

非洲猪瘟防控与思考

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒感染引起的猪的一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病。我国将其列为一类动物疫病。1921年非洲肯尼亚首次确认非洲猪瘟疫情,2018年8月传入我国辽宁,该疫病已流行近100年之久,因非洲猪瘟病毒血清型繁多又无交叉免疫性,因而到目前未研制出有效疫苗,为防控非洲猪瘟流行提出很大的难题。如何防控非洲猪瘟流行和消灭非洲猪瘟病毒是摆在人类面前一个艰巨的任务。     

我国非洲猪瘟流行现状与防控展望

非洲猪瘟(ASF)是由非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)感染引起的一种危害性极强的病毒性传染病,该病的发生和流行对全球养猪业、猪肉食品供应及经济发展造成了巨大影响.自2018年非洲猪瘟传入我国以来,许多猪场采取生物安全、中药等来防控,目前我国的ASF流行情况出现了新的变化,临床中出现了"自然变异株",临床症状不典型,检测拔牙防控效果降低等问题.充分认清ASF现状,采取切实防控方案已成当务之急.     

小型猪场及散户防控非洲猪瘟的措施

非洲猪瘟是2018年8月新传入我国的猪的烈性传染病,被我国列为一类动物疫病,由于广大养殖人员对新传入的疾病缺乏了解和应对措施,使该病给养猪业造成了重大打击。该病危害性大、传染性强、致死率高,本文主要探究小型生猪养殖场及散养户防控非洲猪瘟的措施,以期为非洲猪瘟防控工作提供一些有效的建议。     

非洲猪瘟疫情防控对基层动物卫生监督机构的考验

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒引起的猪的一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病,发病率和死亡率可达100%。2018年8月初首次传入我国,且目前全国多个省份均已报道发生疫情,防控形势异常严峻复杂。本文着重阐述了防控非洲猪瘟工作给基层动物卫生监督机构带来的巨大考验以及应对对策。     

非洲猪瘟实验室检测技术研究进展

非洲猪瘟是一种由非洲猪瘟病毒引起猪的烈性传染病,此病原发于非洲,之后相继蔓延至欧洲和南美洲,2007年传入高加索地区,引起了国际社会的高度关注。2018年8月传入我国,随后大多数省份相继发生了非洲猪瘟疫情。目前非洲猪瘟尚无有效的疫苗用于预防,扑杀和根除是发生疫情后唯一可采取的防控措施,对疫情早期诊断显得尤为重要,本文对非洲猪瘟病原和血清抗体的实验室检测技术进行综述,为非洲猪瘟防控提供参考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.