加强高等农业院校农业科技推广工作的对策研究——以西北农林科技大学为例

高等农业院校已成为我国新时期农业科技推广的主体力量.西北农林科技大学通过专家大院、示范基地、校地(企)合作等形式建立起了自己完整的农业科技推广体系,开拓了大学科技成果进村人户的便捷通道;为加强农业高校的农业科技推广工作提供了经验和启示.农业高校要通过增强社会服务意识,坚持产学研办学模式,创新推广载体,建立专家团队,完善目标考评机制,开办农民培训班等途径来加强农业科技推广工作.     

美国农业推广经验的启示

21世纪 ,我国农业进入发展新阶段 ,农业生产由数量型向质量型发展 ,由粗放型经营向集约型经营转变。面对加入ＷＴＯ后的新形势 ,提高农业效益与增强国际竞争力已十分迫切。为此 ,加快农业科技创新步伐 ,推动科技成果快速转化和产业化进程 ,是农业现阶段的重要任务。目前 ,我国农业科技推广工作改革严重滞后 ,制约了农业科技进步 ,借鉴发达国家农业推广的经验 ,加强农业科技推广体系建设 ,对全面完成新时期农业肩负的历史使命有着重要意义。从发达国家农业科技推广体系来看 ,美国的农业科技推广体制 ,很值得我们借鉴。一、美国的农业推广体系…     

农业技术推广体系的发展现状及未来设想

中国农业正处于从传统农业向现代农业转变的关键时期，要实现我国农业现代化，就必须大力加强科技推广工作。为此，农业技术推广就成为我国提高农业科技水平和生产力的重要手段，为我国现代农业的发展提供了强大的技术支撑。本文阐述了建立健全农业技术推广体系的重要意义，分析了在构建新时期农业技术推广体系中存在的问题和不足，提出了今后我国农业技术推广体系的发展设想，以期提高我国农业技术推广的水平和成效，促进我国农业实现可持续性发展。     

浅谈我国农业科技推广的现状及完善对策

农业科技推广在把新的农业科技成果转变为实际成产力方面发挥着最重要的作用。随着全国经济的发展和产业结构的转变升级,这一体制已经很难适应市场经济下农村发展的形势。本文首先介绍了我国现行农业推广体系的现状,然后揭示了我国现行农业科技推广体系固有的局限性,最后是根据存在的局限性提出了几点对应对策。     

精准扶贫视域下山东省基层农业科技推广人才队伍建设研究

通过在胶东半岛、鲁西南、鲁西北等山东地区发放问卷,对基层农业科技推广人才队伍的建设情况调查发现,新一轮的农业科技推广体系的改革提高了基层农技推广机构的经费收入,增加了农业推广人员下乡为农民提供服务的时间,多元化的农村社会化服务体系已经逐渐形成。但是,基层农业科技推广的行政化和政府公共信息服务能力较弱等问题依然未能解决,基层农业科技推广人员严重不足、农技推广人员活力不够、乡镇农技推广人员从事农技推广工作的时间少、推广经费不足等问题已成为制约基层农业科技推广人员做好为农民技术服务的重要原因。为此,文章提出建立人才队伍供给的四定管理机制、建立人员的准入机制、建立专岗专责机制、建立激励约束机制、整合基层农业科技推广志愿者队伍等政策建议。     

观点·声音

<正>李克强:我们建立了一整套农业科技推广体系10月15日,国务院总理李克强在联合国粮农组织的演讲中谈到,30多年来,中国家庭农业能够不断焕发出新的活力,也与科技、政策等创新密不可分。我们建立了一整套农业科技推广体系,大面积推广优良品种、农业机械,推广设施农业。仅杂交水稻一项,每年就带来数千万吨的增产。我们大力鼓励农民合作社、专业农户、企业公司以及政府服务组织等,为农民提供农业     

中国农机化技术推广体系建设研究

农机化技术推广体系是我国农业科技推广体系的重要组成部分,在提高农业机械化水平、农业节本增效方面发挥着重要作用.本文总结了我国农机化技术推广体系取得的成就,分析了制约我国农机化技术推广体系建设的主要因素,并提出相应对策措施.     

浅析上杭县农业技术推广体系

本文叙述了我县农业技术推广体系的现状,分析了目前农业科技推广工作中存在的主要问题,提出了解决这些问题和加强基层农业技术推广体系建设的建议.     

我国农业技术推广运行机制研究

在农业技术发展的进程中,农业技术推广起到了重大的作用,在极大程度上推动了农业产业化。本文根据我国当前农业技术推广体系的现实状况,初步探讨了一些相关问题,并总结出我国农业科技推广体系的三类发展模式。此外,通过进一步分析发展机理,提出了一系列与我国国情相适应的农业科技推广体系改革方案,为完善我国农业科技推广体系提供一些参考思路。     

张桃林：完善推广体系 大力发展农业机械化

日前，农业部副部长张桃林到江西省新建、广昌、瑞金、于都等地，就农业科技推广、农民教育培训、农机化等工作进行调研。张桃林强调，要进一步完善农技推广体系，加强农民教育培训，大力发展农业机械化，加速现代农业发展。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。