The physiological response on wear comfort of polyethylene terephthalate irradiated by ultra-violet

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the comfort of PET clothing treated by UV. The physiological responses of the human body were investigated. Mean skin temperature and physiological signals such as Electroencephalogram (EEG), and heart rate (Electrocardiogram, (ECG)) were examined for 20 minutes during stable wearing conditions. Mean skin temperature was measured every two seconds using Ramanathan’s method. Physiological responses were measured using Biopac MP100 series and analyzed using the software, Acqknowledge 3.5.2. Psychological effects were analyzed every five minutes. Comfort of untreated PET clothing decreased with the passage of time. Compared with PET clothing untreated, treated for 30 minutes, and treated for 90 minutes, the analysis of EEG showed that PET clothing treated for 90 minutes was the most comfortable after 20 minutes. In addition, the interval of the heart rate shown on the ECG was the highest in PET clothing treated for 90 minutes. Skin temperature was the lowest in PET treated for 90 minutes. We thus conclude that suitable UV irradiation would improve comfort.     

Effects of athletic T-shirt designs on thermal comfort

This paper reports on an experimental investigation of the effects of T-shirts design on clothing thermal comfort measured in terms of clothing thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance. Ten short sleeved T-shirts of varying opening styles and mesh styles were designed and produced for testing on the sweating fabric manikin-Walter. Clothing thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance of the T-shirts were measured when the manikin simulates walking motion and standing posture. The results showed that, the positions of openings and ventilation panels affects the total thermal insulation and vapour resistance; among the various designs tested, openings applied at two vertical side panels along the side seams can most effectively release heat and moisture from the body.     

Exploration of AgNW/PU nanoweb as ECG textile electrodes and comparison with Ag/AgCl electrodes

This study aims to measure ECG signals by the AgNW/PU nanoweb electrodes, and, to compare with signals measured by the conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes. Finally, to investigate the usage potential of the AgNW/PU nanoweb as ECG textile electrodes. The ECG textile electrodes were fabricated, using the polyurethane (PU) nanoweb (Pardam, s.r.o., Czech Republic) coated with 1 wt% of silver nanowires (AgNW) dispersed in ethanol (KLK Co., Korea). To measure the ECG signals, eight participants (Male:Female=1:1) were collected, and then, the signals were measured at rest-state and stress-state in anechoic chamber using Lead I method. From the measured ECG signals, heart rate (HR) and R-R intervals were acquired by using MP150 (Biopac system Inc., USA) and Acqknowledge (ver. 4.2, Biopac system Inc., USA), and then, analyzed by using Kubios HRV (ver. 2.0., Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group, Finland). To examine the morphology of the signals, direct visual evaluation was performed. Also, to statistically compare to the signals, Wilcoxon signed-rank test was conducted by using R statistical language and RStudio (1.0.143 ver., RStudio, Inc., USA). As a result, the ECG waveforms measured by the two different types of electrodes looked similar, especially, QRS-complex, P-wave and T-wave as well as R-peaks properly appeared. Also, there was not a significant difference of HR and RR-intervals measured by the two different types of electrodes. It demonstrated that the new AgNW/PU nanoweb electrodes could perform properly as ECG electrodes.     

Mathematical simulation and experimental measurement of clothing surface temperature under different sized air gaps

The influence of air gap thickness on clothing surface temperature is analyzed by means of experimental and simulated methods. A three-dimensional body scanner is used to determine the air gap distribution between different-sized garments. The clothing surface temperature is measured by an infrared thermal camera to evaluate the heat transfer through air gap layer. The combination of two non-contact measuring techniques is a novel way to investigate the relationship between air gap thickness and clothing surface temperature. A mathematical model is set up to simulate the heat and moisture transfer from skin to environment by including the sensible and latent heat transfer through air gap layer under clothing, fabric layer and boundary air layer adjacent to the fabric. The established mathematical model is used to forecast the surface temperature and evaluate the heat transfer capacity of different sized garments.     

Three-dimensional carbon nanotube electrodes for extracellular recording of cardiac myocytes

Low impedance at the interface between tissue and conducting electrodes is of utmost importance for the electrical recording or stimulation of heart and brain tissue. A common way to improve the cell-metal interface and thus the signal-to-noise ratio of recordings, as well as the charge transfer for stimulation applications, is to increase the electrochemically active electrode surface area. In this paper, we propose a method to decrease the impedance of microelectrodes by the introduction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), offering an extremely rough surface. In a multistage process, an array of multiple microelectrodes covered with high quality, tightly bound CNTs was realized. It is shown by impedance spectroscopy and cardiac myocyte recordings that the transducer properties of the carbon nanotube electrodes are superior to conventional gold and titanium nitride electrodes. These findings will be favorable for any kind of implantable heart electrodes and electrophysiology in cardiac myocyte cultures.     

Application of artificial neural network (ANN) for prediction of fabrics’ extensibility

In the field of clothing technology, prediction of the fabric properties is very important because the fabric is the basic element of every clothing item. Knowing the fabric properties it is possible to predict fabrics’ behaviour during process of clothing manufacturing (in phase of cutting, sewing and ironing) as well as clothing items’ behaviour during usage. According to the fabrics’ characteristics and model design it is possible to predict appearances of the clothing items and their draping which can be presented with many computer simulations. In this paper extensibility of the fabric which appears during a small forces loading on the fabrics are investigated. Loading of small forces on the fabric appears in each phases of clothing manufacturing processes and during usage of clothing items. Investigations are managed on 50 fabrics which are weaving in twill weave and 100 % wool. The basic characteristics of fabric (density of warp and weft, mass per unit area, thickness) are defined according appropriate standard methods and tensile properties in the warp and weft directions are measured using KES-FB1 measuring system. Using an artificial neural network (ANN) prediction of extensibility properties of the fabrics are done, results are compared with experimental values and deviations are determined. ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network during the learning phase. They can be used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data. Based on the implemented investigations, minimal deviations between experimental and predicted values are obtained and can be concluded that ANN can be used for prediction of the fabrics properties.     

Predicting the influence of seam design on formability and strength of nonwoven structures using artificial neural network

Formability which is also known as drapability is defined as the ability of a planar textile structure to be directly deformed to fit a three-dimensional surface without the formation of wrinkling, kinks or tears. According to human’s desire for comfortable and high quality clothing, formability has a specific place in the textile industry so many studies have been conducted on understanding and predicting formability of textiles. Artificial neural network method is used in this study order to predict the influence of seam design on formability and tensile behavior of nonwoven structures. Our findings and analysis showed that seam design, seam allowance and weight of nonwoven layers are three main parameters significantly affecting the formability and overall tensile of nonwoven structure. Predicted values obtained from the ANN methodology were compared with the experimental data proving very good correlation between examined and predicted values.     

Effects of bending properties and drapability on the hand and appearance of wool-blended Fabrics: Comparison of real clothing with online and 3D virtual garments

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bending properties and drapability on the hand and appearance of wool-blended fabrics for comparison of real clothing with online and 3D virtual garments. Objective evaluations were performed by measuring mechanical properties of fabrics, while subjective evaluations were performed by subjects evaluating sensory images of fabrics; real clothing evaluations were performed offline and online, and 3D virtual garments were evaluated. Bending properties and drape coefficients of fabrics were affected by wool blending ratio, and fabrics with high wool blending ratio showed low stiffness, warm-cool, weight, and high smoothness, drapability image. In the real clothing evaluation, stiffness image showed many differences with online evaluation with respect to wool blending ratio. Objective bending properties and drape coefficients showed no correlation with subjective sensory images offline. For the online results, objective mechanical properties had good correlations with all sensory images except smoothness. Stiffness and warm-cool online scores were higher than the offline ones and the offline drapability was higher than the online one for 100 % wool fabrics. Thus, clothing was generally evaluated online as more hard and moist than real clothing. For the virtual garment evaluation, sensory images had no difference according to wool blending ratio compared with real clothing. Many differences in subjective sensory images between real clothing and virtual garments were observed, except for smoothness and weight images. The results showed that it is difficult to exactly predict the hand and appearance of clothing according to fabric properties using 3D virtual garment system.     

电化学法快速测定茶多酚含量的研究

基于电化学循环伏安法,讨论了3种低成本自制工作电极——银电极、碳糊电极和玻碳电极在茶多酚含量测定应用上的可行性。通过分析茶多酚在电极表面的氧化还原行为,发现所制银电极不适宜检测茶多酚,碳糊电极、玻碳电极的氧化电流峰值与茶多酚含量有良好的线性关系。所制玻碳电极测定绿茶茶样中的茶多酚含量的重复性和准确性较碳糊电极好。与国标方法相比,碳糊电极、玻碳电极检测茶多酚所需时间大大缩短。结果表明,电化学方法可应用于茶多酚含量的快速测定,从而为快速、低价、便捷检测茶多酚提供一条新思路。     

An evaluation of the use of short-term weight changes in grazing sheep for estimating herbage intake

A technique for estimating herbage intake by weighing sheep before and after grazing, with an allowance for insensible weight loss (IWL) was evaluated.
Live weights were estimated by weighing each animal 200 times using an electronic balance and a microcomputer. This enabled each sheep to be weighed to ± 10 g and overcame the problem of fluctuation in weight due to movement. Mean rates of IWL in housed sheep were 2·3, 1·4, and 0·8 g min⁻¹ for walking, standing eating or idling and when lying ruminating respectively. Intake rate (IR) estimated by weighing gave a small but significant bias of −0·8 g min⁻¹ when compared with measurements of IR made using housed sheep. Estimates of IWL and IR were made with ewes grazing continuously stocked ryegrass swards maintained at surface heights of 3,6,9 and 12 cm. IWL was higher outdoors than indoors and tended to be higher on the longer swards. IR estimated by weighing gave similar results to those obtained using the chromic oxide technique. At a sward surface height of 3 cm, IR and total intake were lower than for taller swards and total time spent grazing decreased with increasing sward surface height.     

Fabrication of poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers by wire electrode-incorporated electrospinning

Wire electrodes for needleless electrospinning consist of stainless steel wires in place of cylinder electrodes. The effects of different numbers of constituent stainless steel wires on the morphology and diameter of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers are examined. With 1, 2, 3, or 4 stainless steel wires being twisted as wire electrodes, an 8, 10, or 12 wt.% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution is electrospun into PVA nanofibers by using a needleless electrospinning machine. The morphology and diameter of PVA nanofibers is observed by scanning electron microscopy. The combination of the number of stainless steel wires (two), PVA solution (10 wt.%), and the collecting distance (10 cm) results in the finest diameter and an evenly formed fiber morphology. In addition, the nanofibers exhibit a wide range of diameters when electrospun with an electrode consisting of more than two stainless steel wires. Compared with the cylinder electrode, the use of a wire electrode can form nanofibers, which results in a more even morphology.     

Effect of clothing constructions on core temperature during exercise and recovery at an ambient temperature

In this paper we investigated the human thermoregulatory responses, especially core temperature behavior during exercise and recovery at ambient temperature of 10 °C and 50 % R.H. under the conditions of wearing three kinds of clothing with same weight and different constructions. Six healthy men wore three kinds of clothing: one insulating the upper half of the body thinly and the lower half of the body heavily (clothing A, the weights in the upper and lower halves of the body were 489 g and 1278 g, respectively.), the second one insulating the upper half of the body heavily and the lower half of the body thinly (clothing B, 1212 g and 559 g, respectively.), and the third one insulating the upper and lower halves of the body moderately (clothing C, 899 g and 879 g, respectively.). The level of rectal temperature was the greatest during exercise in clothing C and the lowest during recovery in clothing A. The increasing and decreasing rates of core temperature during exercise and recovery, respectively, were the smallest in clothing B. These findings are discussed in terms of different cooling efficiency from the lower extremities and disfunction of counter current heat exchange system among clothing A, B, and C.     

不同基因型冬小麦在两种栽培模式下蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率的比较研究

为寻找提高小麦水分利用效率的途径,以株型扩张品种烟农19、株型紧凑品种泰山23和株型半扩张品种济麦20为材料,比较研究了垄作(小水沟内渗灌)和平作(大水漫灌)两种栽培模式下小麦的水分利用效率.结果表明,不同基因型供试品种的叶片温度、籽粒产量和水分利用效率在两种栽培模式下存在显著差异,产量水平的水分利用效率与光合速率和蒸腾速率呈显著正相关.垄作小麦冠层为波浪状,有利于提高小麦的籽粒产量和水分利用效率.水分高效型品种与水分高效型栽培技术结合能够取得较高的水分利用效率.     

垄作栽培对小麦旗叶光合及叶绿素荧光特性的响应

为进一步探索垄作栽培小麦的增产机理,以传统平作为对照,研究了垄作对小麦旗叶光合、SPAD值以及叶绿素荧光特性和产量的影响。结果表明,与传统平作相比,垄作小麦后期光合速率优势明显;开花后垄作小麦旗叶叶绿素含量始终高于传统平作,开花10d后差异达显著水平;垄作和平作小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Fv、Fm在测定时期内均呈现下降趋势,且垄作高于平作;垄作小麦产量、穗粒数和千粒重较平作显著增加。说明小麦垄作栽培有利于优化小麦光合性能及产量构成,从而实现高产。     

A study on heat insulation of composites made of recycled far-infrared fibers and three-dimensional crimped hollow polyester fibers

Far-infrared polyethylene terephthalate (FPET) fibers have been commonly used in clothing in order to attain heat retention, and the combination of three-dimensional crimped hollow polyethylene terephthalate (TPET) fibers makes the clothing to be fluffy and air permeable, and thereby improves the wearing comfort. This study aims to make thermally insulating nonwoven composites by using recycled far infrared fibers. The composites are used to cover the heat transfer lines and prevent the heat emissivity. A specified amount of low-melting-point polyethylene terephthalate (LPET) fibers and FPET and TPET fibers at different ratios are blended, followed by being needle punched at 100-300 needles/min, and then hot pressed at 120 °C, in order to form thirty nonwoven composite types. These nonwoven composites are measured for their porosity, thickness, and air permeability, and are tested for thermal insulation and temperature-rise slope under a constant ambient temperature.     

营养钵育苗移栽对玉米增产效果的影响

小区试验表明,使用营养钵育苗移栽可以使玉米成活率达到95%以上,玉米产量增加11.2%,增产效果显著.营养钵育苗移栽提高了育苗移栽的安全性,为玉米的增产、稳产开辟了一条新的途径。     

不同种植方式对小麦群体质量和产量结构的影响

为了深入研究小麦垄作栽培的增产机理,采用“大田切片法”研究了小麦不同种植方式（垄作和传统平作）的群体质量和产量结构。结果表明,垄作小麦冠层不同层次（上、中、下层）叶面积系数均高于平作小麦,并且群体透光率在各时期垄作也优于平作;垄作小麦的群体和旗叶光舍速率及干物质积累等指标也大于平作。表明小麦垄作栽培显著改善了群体质量。对小麦群体干物质的调查表明,垄作栽培提高了小麦茎秆基部充实度,因而垄作小麦的抗倒伏能力较强。垄作小麦较平作小麦增产11％左右。     

马铃薯不同种植方式对产量性状的影响

本文通过垄作、平作、堆作三种不同种植方式对马铃薯产量、商品薯率、植株性状表现等作了分析讨论。结果表明,不同种植方式对马铃薯产量影响较大。垄作种植产量最高,为2251 kg/667 m2,比堆作种植增产65.76%,增产达极显著水平,比平作种植增产21.82%,增产达显著水平;平作种植产量为1 848 kg/667 m2,位居第二,比堆作种植增产36.08%,增产达极显著水平。大中薯率垄作种植第一,为89.03%,比堆作种植高20.37个百分点;平作种植位居第二,为86.62%,比堆作种植高17.96个百分点。     

抛秧立苗对水稻光合特性和物质生产的影响

 以超级稻品种南粳44作为试验材料,设置带土直立苗、带土倾斜苗、带土平躺苗、无土平躺苗、无土手栽苗等不同苗姿,研究抛秧立苗及其对水稻光合特性和物质生产的影响。结果表明,1)立苗速度表现为带土倾斜苗>带土平躺苗>无土平躺苗;2)无土平躺苗立苗期叶面积一直下降,其他苗姿秧苗均上升。无土平躺苗、无土手栽苗黄叶比率分别在抛后8 d、6 d达到最大后开始下降,而带土秧苗均在第2天达到最大后下降,其黄叶比率显著小于无土秧苗。3)立苗期除无土平躺苗栽后2~4 d地上干物质量下降外,其他苗姿秧苗栽后都上升,总体增速表现为带土直立苗>带土倾斜苗>带土平躺苗>无土手栽苗>无土平躺苗,立苗期各苗姿秧苗干物质积累量、光合势、净同化率均呈现此趋势;4)水稻各生育时期茎蘖数、群体叶面积指数、有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、粒叶比、群体光合势、净同化率、阶段物质积累量和群体生长速率均表现为带土直立苗>带土倾斜苗、无土手栽苗>带土平躺苗>无土平躺苗,抽穗期和齐穗后20 d剑叶的光合速率亦呈此趋势。带土秧苗活棵立苗比无土秧苗快,直立苗、倾斜苗比平躺苗快,且各生育期的群体生长均具优势。因此,带土秧苗抛栽并提高直立苗比率,能保持较好的光合特性和较高的物质生产能力,利于水稻生长和高产的形成。