3S技术支持下的云南旱灾损失实时评估探讨

旱灾经济损失实时评价是灾害经济学研究的重要内容之一.针对云南百年一遇大旱,从旱情综合信息空间数据库建立、旱灾的监测预测、干旱灾害评估系统的建立、旱灾调度分配保障方案和技术等进行了可行性分析,并简单介绍了旱灾经济损失估值程序、旱灾经济损失估值指标体系、旱灾经济损失估值方法,旨在为正确制定减灾决策和评估减灾经济效益提供依据.     

辽西地区2006年特大旱灾损失及抗旱减灾措施

2006年辽西地区发生特大伏旱,本文根据此次旱情、灾情特点,对旱灾等级及损失进行了评估。旱灾造成农作物受旱面积94.91万hm2, 经济损失达371991万元;造成69.69万人、20.81万头牲畜饮水困难,经济损失达655.18万元。进而针对辽西地区干旱频发、水资源极度匮乏、生态环境脆弱等现状,提出：编制抗旱工程规划、加强水利工程建设、做好干旱灾害的监测、因地制宜调整生产结构、发展旱作节水农业、加强生态环境建设、推广节水灌溉技术、建立抗旱应急机制等若干抗旱减灾措施。     

新疆农业旱灾风险分担机制初探

新疆是典型的干旱半干旱地区,受气候、地理环境、工程及其他人为因素等影响,大部分地区连年发生持续性干旱.干旱灾害严重影响、制约了新疆农牧业生产乃至国民经济的持续发展.全面分析了该区域旱灾本质、成因及其发生规律,应对当前旱灾风险分担机制存在的问题,对旱灾风险分担机制进行了初步的探讨,提出了旱灾风险分担机制的具体措施,为实现农业减灾提供了技术支持.     

贵州省玉米不同生育阶段干旱灾害风险分析

选取玉米不同生育阶段的降水距平百分数为干旱指标,进行不同生育阶段旱情等级的划分;基于信息扩散理论分析贵州省玉米不同生育阶段干旱灾害风险。结果表明,干旱灾害风险发生的概率以播种—出苗期最高,出苗—拔节期最低;播种—出苗期、抽穗—灌浆期发生特旱的概率较高,出苗—拔节期发生轻旱的概率较高;拔节—抽穗期、抽穗—灌浆期、灌浆—成熟期、全生育期发生中旱的概率较高。贵州省中部播种—出苗期旱灾风险较高,西北部出苗—拔节期、全生育期旱灾风险较高,西南部拔节—抽穗期旱灾风险较高,北部出苗—拔节期旱灾风险较高,东部抽穗—灌浆期、灌浆—成熟期、全生育期旱灾风险较高。应用信息扩散理论进行玉米不同生育阶段干旱灾害风险评估是可行的。     

农机抗旱救灾显神威 昭平县3000多台农机战旱魔

今年9月份以来，昭平县持续高温干旱无雨，全县各乡镇均遭受不同程度的旱情，尤为严重的有北陀、凤凰、樟木林等10个乡镇。据统计到目前，全县受旱农作物达0．8万hm^2，成灾面积0．5846万hm^2，受灾人口26万人，旱灾造成人畜饮水困难5．4万人、牧畜2．051万头。旱灾严重影响到晚稻农业生产的增产增收，影响到农民的增收。     

云南省干旱分区及农业旱灾风险区划研究

探讨了干旱分区及农业旱灾风险区划的方法,并在云南省开展了应用研究。选取流域地貌特征指数、多年平均干旱指数和75%保证率年降雨量负距平百分率指标,采用主成分分析法对云南省进行干旱自然分区进行了研究;将干旱分区成果作为旱灾风险区划指标之一,综合考虑旱灾风险危险性、脆弱性及易损性因素建立了旱灾风险区划指标体系,并根据多层次模糊综合评估结果进行了云南农业旱灾风险区划研究。结果表明,滇东北是干旱易发区,滇西南是干旱轻发区或少发区;滇东北属于旱灾高风险区,滇西北属于旱灾低风险区。分区成果与云南省的历史干旱情况基本符合,表明基于主成分的干旱自然分区和基于构成要素的旱灾风险区划方法是可行的。     

农机显神威 全力降旱魔

骄阳似火，烈日当空，禾田龟裂，旱情肆虐。自8月中旬以来，江西省新建县60余万亩水田和20余万亩旱地遭遇严重的干旱。其中45万亩水田和11万亩早地旱情特别严重，急需人工补水。为确保农业生产不受影响，将干旱损失减到最低限度，我局首先启动了旱灾应急措施，要求全县所有农业机械立即投入抗旱作业。在大旱之年确保水稻不减产，旱地少损失。到目前为止，我县共投入各型抗旱农业机械6150台套，7．8万千瓦，浇灌水田43万亩，旱地7万余亩。     

动态简讯

旱情告急,农机救援:来自抗旱救灾一线的报告湖南旱情严重农机倾力抗灾●陈万清今年6月10日至8月10日,我省出现持续晴热高温无降雨天气,部分地区最高气温达到40℃,致使全省117个县(市、区)、2169个乡镇旱情严重。受旱耕地面积达175.4万公顷,其中稻田脱水50.2万公顷、开坼30.7万公顷、过白23.8万公顷、枯萎17万公顷。干旱造成全省1713座小型水库、近24万口山塘干涸,有234.78万人口、85.5万头大牲畜饮水困难。据测算,全省因旱灾造成农业直接经济损失近34亿元。据郴州7月31日统计,该市有11个县(市、区)252个乡镇遭受较重的旱灾。全市共有3899个…     

基于土壤墒情模型的旱情评估预测模型研究

干旱灾害是对农业生产影响最为严重的自然灾害之一,严重制约了安徽省淮北地区经济社会可持续发展。首先简要介绍安徽省淮北地区干旱特点及原因,构建了区域干旱评价指标体系并划分不同季节旱情等级标准,然后建立了基于土壤墒情、降水量及地下水埋深的综合旱情评估预测模型。将干旱评价指标体系及评估预测模型分别应用到2008年冬旱评估、2009年3月份干旱预测评估,结果表明：该模型预测评估结果基本能够反映区域干旱的实际情况,能够为区域防旱抗旱提供技术服务。     

抗大旱 保民生 促春耕——灾情不减 行动不息——云南电网公司抗大旱保民生促春耕纪实

2009年秋季以来,我国西南、江南、华南部分地区发生了严重干旱。旱情主要分布在云南全省、贵州西南部、广西西北部、四川东部和重庆等地,同时山西南部、河南北部、陕西关中等地的冬麦区也发生了轻旱和部分人、畜饮水困难。其中,云南省遭受了百年一遇的旱灾,程度之重、范围之大均为历史罕见,对当地群众生活、农业生产、塘库蓄水、森林防火等造成极大影响。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。