信息素迷向法规模化防治梨小食心虫

梨小食心虫是梨树和桃树上一种重要的蛀食性害虫,为了推动果园害虫的无公害防治,2010年在山东省莱阳市的桃园和梨园应用信息素散发器对梨小食心虫进行了迷向防治研究。在应用信息素散发器的桃园与梨园中,梨小食心虫发生数量明显低于对照园,使用密度增加,梨小食心虫的发生数量降低,迷向率增加。每公顷施用信息素散发器450、900、1350根的桃园,对梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为67.80%、80.14%、89.29%,而梨园中对梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为84.17%、93.41%、98.17%。桃园与梨园施用信息素散发器后,梨小食心虫的蛀果率明显低于对照园,桃园与梨园对梨小食心虫的防治效果分别在40.34%～73.57%和54.24%～92.38%之间。研究表明,梨园中信息素散发器对梨小食心虫的防治效果高于桃园。     

二化螟性诱剂迷向防治作用的研究

1997～ 1999年 ,在安徽省广德县应用性诱剂对越冬代二化螟进行了较大面积的迷向防治试验。结果表明 ,田间放置诱芯150～750个/hm²的迷向率为71.1%～80.7% ;每公顷放置诱芯750、300～375、120～150个和 30个的迷向区卵量比对照区分别下降79.4%～86.1%、72.9%～84.7%、58.3%～65.1%和58.9% ;每公顷放置60个诱芯的大面积迷向示范区中稻秧田和早稻大田卵块量分别比对照下降 82.4%和73.2% ,早稻大田枯鞘丛率比对照下降70.4%。应用性诱剂迷向防治二化螟 ,方法简便 ,成本低 ,无公害 ,可望成为目前单季稻区6月底前不用或少用农药且能控制第一代二化螟危害的有效方法     

X射线辐照对梨小食心虫成虫寿命和生殖相关参数的影响

为建立基于X射线辐照的害虫不育技术,以梨小食心虫2、5、8日龄的雄蛹为研究对象,利用X射线对其进行0（CK）、67、133和200 Gy剂量的辐照处理,明确其最适辐照蛹龄;并对最适辐照蛹龄的梨小食心虫进行X射线辐照,明确辐照处理对其羽化成虫的繁殖能力、寿命、飞行能力和交配竞争力的影响。结果表明,梨小食心虫最适辐照蛹龄为8日龄;雄蛹经67 Gy与133 Gy辐照剂量处理后,与其羽化后成虫交配后的雌成虫单雌产卵量分别为25.14粒和24.56粒,卵孵化率分别为18.21%和14.61%,寿命分别为16.80 d和15.60 d,均显著低于对照;梨小食心虫雄蛹辐照处理对其羽化成虫与雌成虫的交配次数无显著影响,但辐照处理雄蛹羽化后的雄成虫与雌成虫交配后,雌成虫的日产卵量比对照明显减少,且辐照剂量越高,日产卵量变化幅度越小,产卵期也越短;辐照处理对雄蛹羽化后雄成虫的飞行能力无明显影响,但其与雌成虫的交配竞争指数下降为0.15。     

Control of the codling moth (cydia pomonella) in apple and pear orchards in Israel by mating disruption

Control of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by pheromone-mediated mating disruption, was studied in Israel using two types of dispensers: Shin-Etsu twist-tie (normal and long-life) and TNO matrix formulation (square wafers). Factors affecting mating disruption: initial pest population density, timing of the pheromone application, early season insecticide treatments and monitoring of the pest, were evaluated. Efficacy of mating disruption was assessed by comparing catch of males in pheromone traps located in pheromone-treated and chemically sprayed control plots. Fruit infestation during the season and at picking time was the major criterion to assess mating disruption. The preferred time for pheromone application was before the first flight of the moth. When pheromones were applied at a later stage, one or two early insecticide sprays had to be used to reduce the initial level of the codling moth population. In all tests, trap catch in pheromone-treated plots was drastically reduced as compared with respective control plots. In pheromone-treated plots where total seasonal trap catch (after pheromone application) was less than 12 males/trap, fruit infestation was less than 1.5%; zero trap catch resulted in 0.1-0.3% infestation. At high population levels, mating disruption was ineffective, with the rate of infestation at picking-time being similar in pheromone-treated and control plots. All the field tests indicated that mating disruption with either Shin-Etsu ropes or TNO squares can control codling moth infestations in apple and pear orchards, at relatively low densities of the pest, as efficiently as commercial insecticide sprays.     

不同光环境对梨小食心虫成虫寿命和繁殖的影响

为明确不同光环境对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta成虫寿命和繁殖的影响,于室内条件下测定不同光照强度（10 000、1 000、100、1和0.01 mW/m2）与不同波长光（红光630 nm、黄光575 nm、绿光510 nm、蓝光455 nm、紫光440 nm和紫外光365 nm）照射下梨小食心虫的成虫寿命、交配率、产卵前期、产卵期、单雌产卵量、卵发育历期和卵孵化率等生物学参数进行分析。结果表明,相较于10 000、1 000和100 mW/m2高光照强度处理,1 mW/m2和0.01 mW/m2低光照强度处理下,梨小食心虫雌、雄成虫寿命较短（<15 d）,单雌产卵量较低,分别为51.44粒和51.02粒;卵发育历期较长,分别为3.36 d和3.24 d;产卵前期和产卵期均以1 mW/m2处理最短,分别为3.80 d和5.19 d;交配率和卵孵化率在不同光照强度下无显著差异。相较于黄光、绿光和蓝光,红光和紫外光环境下梨小食心虫雌、雄成虫寿命缩短（<13 d）,交配率降低,分别为54.45%和65.56%;产卵前期延长（>5.5 d）,产卵期缩短（&l...     

Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth in apple orchards

The effects of field aging (0–28 days) and pheromone loading rate on the longevity of red rubber septa loaded with the sex pheromone blend of the oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta (Busck), were evaluated in North Carolina apple orchards in 2002. Separate field tests examined the influence of trap height and pheromone loading rate of rubber septa on trap catches of adultG. molesta males in an abandoned orchard. The loss of the major pheromone component, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8–12:OAc), from red rubber septa over a 4-week period exhibited a relatively constant release rate with 30, 100 and 300 μg pheromone. Trap catch was significantly higher in pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy than in those in the lower canopy. Pheromone traps baited with 100μg lures caught more moths compared with those loaded with 300 μg. There was no apparent relationship between pheromone trap catch and septa age, with trap catch appearing to be primarily a function ofG. molesta population density. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 14, 2006.     

需引起警惕的棕榈科植物入侵害虫—椰子织蛾

椰子织蛾是为害棕榈科植物的重要食叶害虫之一,2013年8月在我国海南首次发现。本文报道了该害虫各发育阶段的外部形态、COⅠ/cox1测序和比对的分子鉴定结果、寄主及为害情况。序列比对显示,目标样本430bp的cox1序列与NCBI中已提交的Opisina arenosella的线粒体COⅠ条形码序列覆盖率为100%,一致性达99.8%,表明分子遗传数据支持形态鉴定结果。调查发现,椰子织蛾寄主主要为椰子、王棕和林刺葵,已在海南9个市县发生,局部地区为害严重。椰子织蛾已在海南定殖、扩散,并形成经济和景观危害,其入侵将对我国南方热带、亚热带地区棕榈科植物的安全生产和生态环境构成重大威胁,需提高警惕,加强检疫,防止其扩散蔓延,并开展防治研究。     

复合式膏体迷向剂对梨小、桃小食心虫的防控效果

2012年在宁夏苹果园试验研究了复合式膏体迷向剂对梨小、桃小食心虫防控效果。试验设3个处理（涂抹高度2 m与3.5 m以及常规药剂防治）,1次重复,通过监测全年诱蛾量、调查果实膨大期与成熟期蛀果率来分析防控效果。结果显示,复合式膏体迷向剂有效控制了梨小食心虫的危害,涂抹高度3.5 m时,梨小食心虫诱蛾数下降94.8%,涂抹高度2 m时,下降84.6%,两处理区成熟期蛀果率分别下降86.5%和63.9%。由于试验区桃小食心虫种群密度较小,本次试验尚无法确定该迷向剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果。     

桔小实蝇发育速率与温度关系的研究

本文报道了人工饲料饲养的桔小实蝇在恒温条件下发育速率与温度的关系。结果表明,桔小实蝇卵、幼虫及蛹的发育起点温度分别为１２．１９℃、５．２４℃及１０．０８℃;有效积温分别为１９．９日度、１５６．７日度及１５７．８日度。整个世代发育起点温度为１２．１９℃,完成生活史（从卵到成虫）所需的有效积温为３３４．４日度。文中还对桔小实蝇年发生世代数进行了讨论。     

梨小食心虫谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因序列分析及其与吡虫啉的相关性

为明确梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）对吡虫啉的代谢作用,基于不同亚致死浓度吡虫啉处理的梨小食心虫转录组数据库进行筛选,并通过生物信息学分析、系统发育树构建、保守位点序列比对、分子对接和表达谱分析来确定梨小食心虫代谢吡虫啉过程中的关键GST。结果显示,共筛选到梨小食心虫的17个GST基因,其中GmGSTS1、GmGSTD2、GmGSTE5和GmGSTE4基因编码的蛋白与苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella的GST蛋白有较高的相似性,相似度达69.12%～89.66%。梨小食心虫GmGSTD2蛋白G位点和H位点的保守氨基酸与褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens及烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci代谢吡虫啉相关GST氨基酸序列完全一致。吡虫啉与梨小食心虫GmGSTD2蛋白G位点的ARG-66和H位点的TYR-112可以形成稳定的氢键;与GmGSTE3蛋白G位点的LEU-45和H位点的LYS-123可以形成稳定的氢键。在吡虫啉处理后,梨小食心虫体内GmGSTD2和GmGSTE3基因的表达量显...     

Control of the European grapevine moth<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lobesia botrana</Emphasis> in Greece by the mating disruption technique: A three-year survey

During 1996–1998 mating disruption trials were conducted on all three generations of the grapevine mothLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lep., Tortricidae) in a 25-ha vineyard situated at Spata, Attiki, Greece. Shortly before the beginning of the first flight period ampoule-type pheromone dispensers were set up lining a 6.5-ha rectangular plot. Around the dispenser zone a protection belt was created whereBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and selective insecticides were applied against the second and third generation larvae. The protection belt was 35 m wide and covered 3.5 ha. The rest of the vineyard was divided into the reference plot — where conventional insecticide treatments were implemented to control both carpophagous pest generations, and the untreated control plot — which measured 1 ha. Male catches within the dispenser zone were virtually zero. Nevertheless, no difference was apparent between the percentage of mated females from within and outside of the dispenser zone. Attractant was released from the dispensers throughout the season at a rather constant rate, but by the middle of the third flight period dispensers were found to be almost empty. During the 3 years of the survey pest pressure was often at exceptionally high levels. The effectiveness of the mating disruption technique (MDT) was found to vary with year and pest generation. MDT was used against the first (anthophagous) generation with rather poor results. In the following carpophagous generations results were comparable to control measures with insecticides used and sometimes slightly better. The density of the pest population in the pheromone-treated vineyard as compared with the untreated control, was reduced on average by 67% in the second and by 57% in the third generation. MDT therefore did not accomplish sufficient crop protection. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2003.     

Pheromone-based communication disruption ofAdoxophyes orana on peach using the new RAK 3+4 dispensers and their effect on development of fruit rot diseases

The effectiveness of the pheromone-based communication disruption method was examined against the summerfruit tortrix,Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of peach trees, using the new RAK 3+4 dispenser (BASF). NoA. orana males were captured in pheromone traps inside the experimental orchards, which were saturated with the RAK 3+4 dispensers. The percent of damaged leaves was practically zero, while the level of damaged fruits was 0–6% in pheromone-treated orchards. The percentage of fruit rot caused byMonilinia laxa was lower in pheromone-based communication disruption orchards than in the control. It was concluded that the RAK 3+4 dispenser could be used againstA. orana as an economical and environmentally friendly method.     

交配对麦蛾卵巢形态及卵子发生的影响

为明确交配前后麦蛾Sitotroga cerealella雌成虫生殖系统中的组织形态及结构变化,利用光学体视显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察麦蛾卵巢形态及卵子的发生情况,并探究交配对卵巢及卵子发生的影响。结果表明,麦蛾卵巢的发育主要分为5个级别：卵巢发育初期（I 级,初羽化雌成虫）、成熟待产期（II 级）、产卵初期（III 级）、产卵盛期（IV 级）以及产卵末期（V 级）;卵子的发生主要分为卵黄发生期、卵黄成熟期和卵黄消亡期3个阶段。未交配雌成虫的卵巢发育停留在成熟待产期,而交配后72 h内雌成虫的卵巢管长度、总卵粒数和成熟卵粒数均随羽化时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,且均在成熟待产期向产卵初期过渡时达到最高值;交配更有利于促进卵子的发育成熟。     

光周期对橘小实蝇表型、肠道菌群及免疫的影响

为了解光周期对橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的生态影响,于室内测定全光（24 L∶0 D）、全暗（0 L∶24 D）和对照（14 L∶10 D）这3种光周期处理下橘小实蝇的表型、肠道菌群以及免疫变化。结果显示,全光和全暗处理后橘小实蝇幼虫的发育历期分别为5.51 d和5.40 d,单头蛹重分别为14.47 mg和10.82 mg,均较对照显著降低;全光和全暗处理后橘小实蝇雌成虫的卵巢面积分别较对照显著减小;全光和全暗处理后橘小实蝇肠道微生物Shannon指数、Ace指数和Chao指数分别较对照显著降低,而Simpson指数分别较对照显著增加;3个光周期处理后橘小实蝇肠道微生物共有36个门,处理后橘小实蝇肠道微生物物种组成较对照减少;3个光周期处理后橘小实蝇肠道微生物样本组内集中,组间无重叠,全光样本、全暗样本均与对照样本距离较远;全光和全暗处理后橘小实蝇肠道微生物类群分别与对照组有明显差异;全光和全暗处理后橘小实蝇被线虫侵染的死亡率显著增加,分别为80%和90%。     

温湿度、光照周期和寄主植物对小地老虎求偶及交配行为的影响

为了解温度、光照周期、相对湿度及寄主植物对小地老虎求偶及交配的影响,采用直接观察法研究这些因子对小地老虎求偶及交配的影响。结果表明,温度为25℃时,小地老虎的求偶次数、交配次数最多,求偶率、交配率最高,求偶起始时间最短,求偶持续时间、单次交配持续时间最长,分别为6.83次、1.78次、86.21%、82.32%、311.35 min、65.46 min、43.53 min,高于或低于25℃会抑制求偶及交配;光照周期为6 h∶18 h时,小地老虎的求偶次数、交配次数最多,求偶率、交配率最高,求偶起始时间、求偶持续时间、单次交配持续时间最长,分别为8.45次、2.42次、93.62%、90.63%、347.41 min、86.83 min、60.33 min,光照周期延长会抑制求偶及交配;湿度为55%时,小地老虎的求偶次数、交配次数最少,求偶率、交配率最低,求偶起始时间最长,求偶持续时间、单次交配持续时间最短,分别为4.41次、1.34次、72.65%、70.45%、325.78 min、53.45 min、31.34 min,湿度升高会促进求偶及交配;放玉米叶片时,小地老虎的的求偶次数、交配次数最多,求偶率、交配率最高,求偶起始时间最短,求偶持续时间、单次交配持续时间最长,分别为8.87次、2.73次、95.32%、93.26%、262.42 min、85.52 min、64.67 min。     

产地差异对宁夏枸杞果实形态及糖分含量的影响

本研究调查分析了内蒙、青海、宁夏、新疆、甘肃五省的7个不同枸杞产地的宁夏枸杞的果实外观形态以及枸杞多糖、总糖含量的差异;结合当地气象数据,分析了气象因子与枸杞果实外观形态的相关性,并采用主成分分析法对7个产地枸杞果实外观形态指标进行统计分析,对不同产地枸杞果实大小进行了排名。结果表明:青海诺木洪农场、甘肃白银市靖远县和新疆精河县的枸杞果实较大,而宁夏银川和中宁产枸杞较小;海拔和平均温度是影响枸杞果实形态的主导因子,海拔越高,平均温度越低则果实越大、越长;宁夏中宁县所产枸杞的枸杞多糖的含量最高,达到了7.525 g·100g-1,显著高于其它产地(P0.05),但总糖含量最低;内蒙杭锦后旗、青海诺木洪农场和内蒙乌拉特前旗3个产地枸杞果实的总糖含量较高。该研究结果,将为药用枸杞栽培和种植区域的定位提供理论依据,为综合评价不同枸杞产区枸杞的品质提供数据基础。     

马铃薯黄萎病病原菌营养亲和群、生理小种、交配型鉴定以及致病力差异分析

为明确引起马铃薯黄萎病的大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae的遗传变异和致病力的差异,对从内蒙古及其周边地区马铃薯发病株上分离得到的29株大丽轮枝菌的营养亲和群、生理小种和交配型进行了测定,利用伤根接种法进行致病力分化研究。结果表明,供试的29株马铃薯大丽轮枝菌菌株被划分为VCG2B、VCG4B和VCG4A三个营养亲和群,其菌株数分别为11、2和16株;供试的29株菌株均鉴定为单一的2号生理小种和MAT1-2-1交配型。供试的29株大丽轮枝菌菌株间致病力存在一定的差异,其中NCP-1菌株的致病力最强,病情指数为83.33;而NWS-5菌株的致病力最弱,病情指数仅为10.85;不同营养亲和群菌株的平均致病力也存在显著差异,VCG4B型菌株的平均致病力最高,平均病情指数为67.18;其次为VCB2B型菌株,平均病情指数为42.50,而VCG4A型菌株致病力最弱,平均病情指数仅为20.54。     

马铃薯糖苷生物碱对枸杞镰孢菌果腐病的诱导抗性及相关防御酶活性的影响

为探索马铃薯糖苷生物碱诱导采后枸杞鲜果抗病性的效应,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了离体条件下马铃薯糖苷生物碱对枸杞鲜果采后主要致腐病原菌镰孢菌Fusarium sp.的抑菌活性;采用浸泡处理法测定了马铃薯糖苷生物碱对采后枸杞鲜果发病病情指数及对果实多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等相关防御酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度马铃薯糖苷生物碱对镰孢菌均具有一定的抑制作用,EC50为0.11 g/mL;0.05～0.25 g/mL(提取原料)的马铃薯糖苷生物碱能显著降低采后枸杞鲜果病情指数,较对照降低了10.18%～38.51%;以0.15 g/mL(提取原料)的马铃薯糖苷生物碱处理后对枸杞鲜果抗果腐病的诱导效果最好,达45.81%;马铃薯糖苷生物碱处理枸杞鲜果后,果实中4种防御酶PPO、POD、PAL、SOD的活性均较对照有不同程度提高,分别于处理后第4、5、2、2天与对照差异达到最大,较对照提高了30.76%、21.34%、31.35%和21.91%。表明马铃薯糖苷生物碱能够诱导枸杞鲜果对采后病害的抗性效应,且采后抗病性可能与枸杞相关防御酶活性的增加有关。