用mtdfreml方法估计双肌臀大白猪达100kg体重日龄的遗传力

利用ｍｔｄｆｒｅｍｌ,即多性状非求导约束最大似然法进行遗传参数估计是一种崭新的方法 ,这个软件包由美国完成于1993年 8月 ,1995年 4月加以修订。国外已大量使用这一软件包进行动物遗传参数的估计〔4〕,而在国内由于技术和性能测定的不够完善 ,使用较少。在使用这一方法进行遗传参数估计时 ,首先必须建立混合模型 ,确定固定效应和随机效应〔1,3〕。本试验用一种较为客观的方法对固定效应及其水平数加以确定。双肌臀大白猪由中国农大吴常信教授和师守堃教授于 1997年从加拿大引进 ,饲养在江西省养猪育种中心。这一品种猪在国内的育种需要…     

应用多性状动物模型及DFREML法对罗曼褐壳蛋鸡纯系的遗传分析

采用多性状动物模型BLUP和非求导约束最大似然法（MTDFREML）估计了引进罗曼蛋鸡纯系配套组合中4个品系9个性状的方差组分和遗传参数,并估计了固定效应的BLUE值和动物个体的加性遗传效应值（育种值）,分析了测定性状的世代间遗传趋势和表型趋势。结果表明,4个系各性状的遗传力基本一致,体重、蛋重以及不同周期的产蛋量之间存在显著的正相关。蛋重与产蛋量存在较强的遗传负相关。六个世代选育后,各品系蛋重、产蛋量的平均育种值均有提高,表明对产蛋量和蛋重的选择是有效的。     

应用多性状动物模型及DFREML法对罗曼褐壳蛋鸡纯系的遗传分析

采用多性状动物模型BLUP和非求导约束最大似然法（MTDFREML）估计了引进罗曼蛋鸡纯系配套组合中4个品系9个性状的方差组分和遗传参数,并估计了固定效应的BLUE值和动物个体的加性遗传效应值（育种值）,分析了测定性状的世代间遗传趋势和表型趋势。结果表明,4个系各性状的遗传力基本一致,体重、蛋重以及不同周期的产蛋量之间存在显著的正相关。蛋重与产蛋量存在较强的遗传负相关。六个世代选育后,各品系蛋重、产蛋量的平均育种值均有提高,表明对产蛋量和蛋重的选择是有效的。     

畜禽遗传参数估计的DF—REML法

论述了畜禽遗传参数估计的非求导约束最大似然法（ＤＦ－ＲＥＭＬ）的原理及计算技术，详细推导了ＤＦ－ＲＥＭＬ法参数估计的计算公式，并用该方法对北京地区１３个荷斯坦奶牛场１９７７￣１９９３年１２２７４条奶牛头胎３０５ｄ产奶量记录进行了实际分析，比较了不同统计模型对参数估计结果的影响。计算结果表明：用公畜模型和动物模型所估计的遗传力分别为０．１６和０．２２；北京地区奶牛群体头胎３０５ｄ产奶量具有中等遗传力     

对敖汉细毛羊早期性状遗传参数估计的研究

运用动物模型BLUP法(最佳线性无偏预测法)和MTDFREML法(多性状非求导约束最大似然法)对敖汉细毛羊的早期性状进行了分析,得出了初生重、断乳重和周岁重的遗传力,并就遗传参数估计结果进行了讨论。     

利用数据库系统对常规遗传参数会计方法的实现

本文针对当前动物遗传育种工作的需要，利用数据库系统，开发了常规遗传参数估计系统。本系统使用ＦＯＸＰＲＯ编程，计算迅速，结果可靠。为动物遗传育种工作提供了一种方便迅速的常规遗传参数估计方法。     

畜禽遗传参数估计方法的研究进展

遗传参数估计是动物育种中的一项基础工作，它可以归结为方差组分估计。随着计算技术和数量遗传学的发展，进行遗传参数估计的新的统计分析模型和朝的估计方法不断涌现。本文则综述了从最初的方差分析（ANOVA）方法到最近的R新方法等方差组分估计方法的原理及优缺点。     

湘村黑猪繁殖性能的遗传效应分析

依据调查记录的育种数据资料,运用多性状非求导约束最大似然法(multiple traits derivative free restricted maximum likelihood,MTDFREML)数学模型,对湘村黑猪繁殖性状进行了遗传参数估计。结果表明,窝总产仔数(TNB)、产活仔数(NBA)、初生窝重(LW)和21日龄窝重(LW21)的遗传力分别是0.18、0.15、0.07、0.09。母体效应率、窝效应率的变化范围分别是0.07~0.11、0.14~0.33;性状间遗传相关、永久环境相关、残差相关、表型相关范围分别为0.40~0.91、0.68~0.97、0.33~0.62、0.31~0.87。     

数量性状方差组分的估计方法

本文研究讨论了在单性状模型下几种方差组分估计方法,它们是:极大似然法(ML)、约束极大似然法(REML)、最小二乘无偏估计(MINQUE)、最小方差二乘无偏估计以及 Henderson 的第3法等。其中MINQUE和REML法的估计误差最小,但MINQUE的收敛速度高于REML。Henderson 第3法和ML对误差方差均为有偏估计,因此它们的估计误最大;MINQUE法实质上就是REML估计,因此在实际应用中多采用MINQUE和REML法。     

家禽遗传力和估计育种值分析软件V1.0获计算机著作权登记

由浙江省农科院开发的家禽遗传力和估计育种值分析软件V1.0近日获得国家版权局计算机著作权登记。本软件属于家禽育种技术范围,是一个根据群体中存在亲缘关系个体和它们的生产性能资料用REML法(限制性最大似然法)得出个体的估计育种值和性状遗传力的软件。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.