试述灌溉农业节水技术

通过对我国水资源状况的分析，论述了农业节水的重要性及相关技术的发展。进入９０年代以来，我国水资源的紧缺己经严重影响了农业乃至国民经济的发展。面对２１世纪人口的持续增长和粮食供应的紧张，如何利用有限的水资源保持农业的有效生产具有极其重要的意义。     

农业节水灌溉技术及应用

随着工程技术的发展和人们对生活工作环境要求的提升,水利工程的建设需要有更高的标准和要求,农田水利工程更是受到了有关部门的重视。农田水利工程建设对我国的农业发展至关重要,必须在管理方案上重视工程的进行,严格把控施工质量。水资源短缺是世界各国共同面临的问题,人类的生产生活都离不开水,尤其是农业灌溉。对当前水资源现状和灌溉技术做出分析,并提出相应对策。      

国外灌溉节水技术的进展及启示

1灌溉技术的发展灌溉科学是一门古老的学科，据考证，早在6000多年之前就出现了人类有意识利用河流或洪水的圩、堤、渠等工程。由于人类开始有效地对水加以利用，灌溉农田，从而形成了文明的基础。历史学中有一个专门提法叫“河流文明”，它所指的就是在尼罗河流域，印度河流域，黄河流域和美索不达米亚平原（底格里斯河和幼发拉底河流域）范围内以灌溉农业为基础，使人类得以长期生存、发展，直至形成对世界有重大影响的古代文明。从引水方法而言，在尼罗河流域，人们以低的围堤引水；在美索不达米亚平原建有发达的渠网；在印度河流域以引…     

农业节水灌溉机械化技术

我市农业用水约占总用水量的3／4。这就意味着发展节水型农业，减少农业用水，不但关系到农业本身的可持续发展问题，而且直接影响着整个社会和国民经济发展的大局。干旱缺水是发展农业的严重制约因素，全面推广农田节水灌溉机械化技术势在必行，莱州市农机局结合农业、水利等部门对机械化节水抗旱技术进行了多方位考查研究，在试验示范的基础上，总结     

我国节水灌溉农业机械化技术

农业机械化是农业可持续发展战略整体规划的有机组成部分和重要内容,也是实现节水灌溉的必要条件、手段和载体。同时,节水灌溉也为农业机械化提供了新的发展方向。它们之间的有机结合形成了节水灌溉农业机械化技术体系。为此,通过对节水灌溉与农业机械化的关系的探讨及对我国节水灌溉农业机械化技术现状的总结分析,指出了其目前存在的问题及发展的趋势。     

农业节水灌溉现状及其发展趋势

在分析我国实施农业节水灌溉必要性的基础上,论述了目前我国农业主要采取的节水灌溉技术及其优缺点,并对农业未来的发展趋势进行了展望,即继续完善农业田间工程配套技术建设,在农业管理中采用信息化管理,并将农业节水与工程节水技术相结合,利用先进的灌溉管理体制来实现农业节水的高效快速发展。     

农业水利灌溉模式与节水技术措施研究

在全国用水总量中,农业种植用水量的占比非常大,但随着节水灌溉技术的推广,这一比例逐年下降.分析了我国农业发展过程中农田水利灌溉模式和节水技术的现状及存在问题,针对性地提出了相应的建议措施.     

试述农业节水灌溉技术中的喷灌系统

通过对农业节水灌溉技术中喷灌系统优缺点的分析，简述了现行喷灌主组成及基本分类；指出发展节水灌溉技术已势在必行。     

Water saving technology and saving water in China

Rapid expansion of irrigated agricultural and increasing urban demands for water have important implications for the economy of China, especially for the agricultural sector in the northern part of the nation. In response to the water crisis, China's government has begun in recent years to invest in research on techniques to save water in the agricultural sector, although there is a debate about the extent of success in adoption by farmers. Top policy makers have publicly stated they would allocate billions of dollars in funding if they knew it would succeed in saving water. Unfortunately, there has been relatively little research in China on the economics of water saving technology and there is almost no systematic information on the extent to which the technologies have been adopted, if they are appearing to save water, and the characteristics of the communities that have been adopting them. Our goal is to sketch a picture of the state of water saving technology in northern China to increase awareness of past trends and current status. In simplest terms, we seek to establish a set of first order facts about the role that water saving technology has been playing in China's agricultural sector. We pursue three specific objectives: (1) to illustrate progress in adoption over the past two decades, (2) to identify the characteristics of technologies that have been most successful and those that have not, and (3) to explain factors that might be promoting water saving technology and factors that might be holding back adoption. We find that, although water saving technologies have expanded rapidly in recent years—especially those that can be adopted by individual households (as opposed to those that require the collective action of an entire community), there is still considerable room for water saving technology to be expanded.     

Water saving technology for paddy rice irrigation and its popularization in China

In consideration of the fact that drought occurs very often in China and the demand for paddy rice irrigation is very large, the technology of water saving irrigation for paddy rice is studied, and popularized in a demonstration region of the city of Yancheng. Test results show that dry-foot paddy irrigation saves 48.5% of water, and increases from 8.9 to 12.9% of yield, increasing 1302 Yaun of benefit per hectare, compared to traditional flooding irrigation. The technology has the advantages of clear index, notable effectiveness of water saving, reduction of soil loss and high production; besides, the rice is of good quality and the investment is economical. So, it is easy to be popularized in large areas.     

中国节水灌溉装备与技术发展展望

分别从灌排设施、灌排管理体制和投资政策3个方面,回顾了中国灌溉排水70 a以来所取得的成就.随着灌溉面积增大,灌排设施极大提高了中国粮食产量和农业生产能力;灌排管理体制发生巨大变化,由农民集体管理为主转化为骨干工程国家事业单位管理为主,促进了灌排工程快速发展和良性运行;投资政策有效地服务了水利基本建设.但目前中国依旧存在灌溉用水利用率较低、水肥一体化灌溉农田占比较低和灌溉系统信息化程度较低等问题,与高质量的农业生产发展还有很大的距离.结合国家粮食与生态保障的战略需求,分别从大中型灌区节水改造、水肥一体化节水灌溉装备与技术和喷滴灌、管道输水灌溉和泵站改造方面,提出了中国节水灌溉装备与技术的未来机遇和挑战.为了促进中国节水灌溉行业发展,加强灌排装备的理论研究和自主创新,发展高效、节能和环保的技术和产品,提高产业信息化、智能化和网络化,是实现农业现代化生产建设的必然趋势.     

节水灌溉项目环境影响评价

针对节水灌溉项目的复杂性及带来的负面环境影响，在广泛调研与咨询的基础上，结合节水灌溉技术的发展动态，论述了节水灌溉项目环境影响评价的内容，提出了节水灌溉项目环境影响因子识别及预测评价方法，建立了定量评价指标体系和模型，对节水灌溉工程设计施工有一定指导意义。     

北京市密云区农业信息化建设现状及发展建议

农业信息化是通过网络计算机对农业生产和管理进行赋能,提高生产效率,降低成本,便于决策,也是农业现代化发展的必然趋势。本文通过对密云区农业信息化现状进行阐述,对存在的问题进行分析,提出了密云区农业信息化发展建议,并对发展前景进行了预测和探讨,对密云农业信息化的发展具有重要的指导意义。     

CPSP模型在华北井灌区农业水管理中的应用

为研究不同农业水管理措施对区域水平衡的影响,选择北京市大兴区为华北井灌区代表性研究区,以CPsP模型为技术支持,研究了提高灌溉水利用率、采用亏缺灌溉、改善农业种植结构及利用区外水源等不同水管理措施影响下区域水平衡、区域耗水、区域取水及用水指标的变化规律.结果表明,在资源型缺水区域,提高灌溉水利用率、采用非充分灌溉及改善农业种植结构在一定程度上能缓解区域水资源紧缺的压力,特别是采用非充分灌溉及改善作物种植结构能显著减少区域取水及耗水总量,并能减少地表水及地下水的补给量中回归水所占比例,在缓解区域水资源紧缺压力的同时也降低了区域水质遭受回归水污染风险.另外,在未来情景中,因经济快速发展及人口持续增长,工业及居民生活用水量增加,区域水资源供需矛盾将会加剧,为确保区域水资源良性循环,势必采取积极有效的水资源管理模式.     

发展山园瓯柑节水喷灌机械配套节本增效技术

随着我国综合国力的稳步发展,城乡人民的生活水平也不断提高,发展瓯柑种植面积和提高产量,改善瓯柑品质,是人们物质生活的需要,也是我国新形势下农业产业结构调整的发展趋势,并带动山区农民共同致富,利国又利民。本文就温州地区发展山园瓯柑节水喷灌机械配套节本增效技术进行叙述,对于推广应用具有重要的现实意义。     

大型灌区节水改造综合效益评价方法研究

灌区节水改造对节约水资源,提高粮食产量,保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。通过对其科学评价,可以弄清楚改造效果及相关制约因素,为决策部门完善改造措施提供决策依据。根据可变模糊集理论,建立了基于对立统一定理和质量互变定理的灌区节水改造综合效益评价新方法。该方法能将研究问题的对立统一与辩证认识有机结合起来,满足唯物辩证法的对立统一规律和质量互变定理,理论严谨,概念清晰,计算简便。实例研究结果表明,该方法不但能准确给出灌区节水改造综合效益的等级趋向,而且能清楚表明与节水改造效益的最高水平相对差异程度,是一种有效和可靠的灌区节水改造综合效益评价新方法。     

Integrated effect of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation on yield, water saving and water productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Indian Punjab: Field and simulation study

Individual effect of different field scale management interventions for water saving in rice viz. changing date of transplanting, cultivar and irrigation schedule on yield, water saving and water productivity is well documented in the literature. However, little is known about their integrated effect. To study that, field experimentation and modeling approach was used. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2006 and 2007) at Punjab Agricultural University Farm, Ludhiana on a deep alluvial loamy sand Typic Ustipsamment soils developed under hyper-thermic regime. Treatments included three dates of transplanting (25 May, 10 June and 25 June), two cultivars (PR 118 inbred and RH 257 hybrid) and two irrigation schedules (2-days drainage period and at soil water suction of 16 kPa). The model used was CropSyst, which has already been calibrated for growth (periodic biomass and LAI) of rice and soil water content in two independent experiments. The main findings of the field and simulation studies conducted are compared to any individual, integrated management of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation, sustained yield (6.3-7.5 t ha⁻¹) and saved substantial amount of water in rice. For example, with two management interventions, i.e. shifting of transplanting date to lower evaporative demand (from 5 May to 25 June) concomitant with growing of short duration hybrid variety (90 days from transplanting to harvest), the total real water saving (wet saving) through reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) was 140 mm, which was almost double than managing the single, i.e. 66 mm by shifting transplanting or 71 mm by growing short duration hybrid variety. Shifting the transplanting date saved water through reduction in soil water evaporation component while growing of short duration variety through reduction in both evaporation and transpiration components of water balance. Managing irrigation water schedule based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, compared to 2-day drainage, did not save water in real (wet saving), however, it resulted into apparent water saving (dry saving). The real crop water productivity (marketable yield/ET) was more by 17% in 25th June transplanted rice than 25th May, 23% in short duration variety than long and 2% in irrigation treatment of 16 kPa soil water suction than 2-days drainage. The corresponding values for the apparent crop water productivity (marketable yield/irrigation water applied) were 16, 20 and 50%, respectively. Pooled experimental data of 2 years showed that with managing irrigation scheduling based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, though 700 mm irrigation water was saved but the associated yield was reduced by 277 kg ha⁻¹.     

Deficit irrigation in maize for reducing agricultural water use in a Mediterranean environment

Research on crop response to deficit irrigation is important to reduce agricultural water use in areas where water is a limited resource. Two field experiments were conducted on a loam soil in northeast Spain to characterize the response of maize (Zea mays L.) to deficit irrigation under surface irrigation. The growing season was divided into three phases: vegetative, flowering and grain filling. The irrigation treatments consisted of all possible combinations of full irrigation or limited irrigation in the three phases. Limited irrigation was applied by increasing the interval between irrigations. Soil water status, crop growth, above-ground biomass, yield and its components were measured. Results showed that flowering was the most sensitive stage to water deficit, with reductions in biomass, yield and harvest index. Average grain yield of treatments with deficit irrigation around flowering (691 g m⁻²) was significantly lower than that of the well-irrigated treatments (1069 g m⁽²). Yield reduction was mainly due to a lower number of grains per square metre. Deficit irrigation or higher interval between irrigations during the grain filling phase did not significantly affect crop growth and yield. It was possible to maintain relatively high yields in maize if small water deficits caused by increasing the interval between irrigations were limited to periods other than the flowering stage. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was higher in treatments fully irrigated around flowering.