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认识放牧对草地植物群落结构和家畜生产性能的影响是修复放牧退化草地和制定可持续放牧体系的理论基础。本研究在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原开展了基于草地放牧留茬高度的适应性放牧实验,连续4年监测了无牧(NG)、轻牧(LG)、中牧(MG)和重牧(HG)条件下草地植物群落的变化和家畜生产性能,分析其对放牧强度的响应。结果表明:与NG相比,HG显著降低了优势种的相对生物量,提高了伴生种的相对生物量(P<0.05);LG和MG处理下主要提高了优势种的生产力,而在HG处理主要提高了伴生种的生产力;在所研究的典型草原采用适应性放牧方式下,中度放牧可获得最佳的草地植物生产和家畜生产性能。研究为制定合理的草原放牧制度、促进草地群落结构优化和草畜平衡发展提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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选取内蒙古克什克腾旗典型草原区封育后轻度利用的天然草地,采用双因素试验设计,设定4种放牧方式(连续放牧、四区轮牧、五区轮牧和六区轮牧)及2种放牧强度(1.0SU/hm2、0.7SU/hm2,以下简称GI 1.0、GI 0.7),以不放牧为对照区,探究暖季放牧对植被地上生物量、草群养分供给量、绵羊增重及瘤胃发酵的影响。结果表明:(1)8~9月,未放牧处理地上生物量显著高于放牧处理,各放牧处理间未见明显差异。10月,地上生物量受到放牧强度的显著影响,同时表现出受放牧方式影响的趋势,但未见明显的二因素交互效应。具体表现为放牧强度GI 0.7组平均生物量显著高于GI 1.0组,放牧方式中划区轮牧平均生物量有高于连续放牧的趋势。GI 0.7时连续放牧的生物量明显下降,轮牧与未放牧处理差异不显著,可维持较高的生物量;GI 1.0时轮牧与连续放牧的生物量均显著下降,五区轮牧明显优于连续放牧。(2)草群养分供给量(FNY)的粗蛋白供给量(CPY)、中性洗涤纤维供给量(NDFY)和高消化性养分供给量(HDNY)指标对放牧强度和放牧方式的响应,与地上生物量的响应... 相似文献
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放牧对典型草原群落特征及土壤物理性状的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《中国草地学报》2020,(4)
在内蒙古典型草原建立不同放牧强度试验区,研究围栏禁牧(CK)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)、重度放牧(HG)和极重度放牧(EHG)对植被特征(物种组成、群落数量特征、生物量及多样性)和土壤孔隙度、含水量、容重的影响,以期确定合理放牧强度,为典型草原的可持续利用提供科学依据。研究表明:随放牧强度增大,植被的优势种由羊草、大针茅等多年生禾草演替为画眉草、尖头叶藜等一、二年生植物。放牧显著降低植被盖度、高度和生物量(P0.05)。中度放牧条件下,植被丰富度(1.46)和均匀度指数(0.83)最高,群落结构较稳定;土壤孔隙度和含水量均有增加,容重显著降低(P0.05),土壤物理状况良好。因此在内蒙古典型草原区中度放牧[340SSU·d/(hm~2·y)]是适宜的放牧强度。 相似文献
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为科学评价不同利用方式对典型草原健康的影响,本研究以西乌珠穆沁旗典型草原为研究区,通过群落调查结合Condition-Vigor-Organization-Resilience (CVOR)草地健康评价模型,综合评价放牧刈割草地(MG)、夏季放牧草地(SG)、冬季放牧草地(WG)、禁牧刈割草地(MP) 4种不同利用方式对草地健康的影响。研究发现:1)冬季放牧草地群落平均高度显著低于其他利用方式(P <0.05),夏季放牧草地平均盖度、密度显著低于其他利用方式(P <0.05),放牧是影响群落形态特征的主要因素之一,夏季放牧草地Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数显著低于其他利用方式(P <0.05)。放牧刈割提高了群落的的丰富度和均匀度。2)冬季放牧草地群落生物量和凋落物量显著低于其他利用方式。3)基于CVOR指数评价综合草地健康等级:MG> MP> WG> SG,放牧刈割草地综合草地健康指数最高(HCVOR=0.84),其余3种利用方式处于“不健康”状态。应适当加强对放牧刈割草地的利用,对其他3种利用方式进行因地制宜的草地管理措施,... 相似文献
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放牧是草地的主要利用方式之一,适度放牧可维持草地的生产和生态功能。为探究不同放牧强度如何影响北方农牧交错带草地生物量,本研究依托2016年在山西典型农牧交错带建立的草地放牧试验平台,采用收获法监测了不同放牧强度干扰下植物群落优势种赖草生物量(Leymus secalinus Tzvel. biomass,L.s.B)、地上生物量(Aboveground biomass, AGB)和地下生物量(Belowground biomass, BGB)指标。结果表明:放牧降低了该地区群落地上现存生物量和地下生物量(P<0.01),提高了群落的根冠比(P<0.05);放牧影响优势种赖草生物量在群落地上生物量中的占比,与不放牧相比,轻度放牧和重度放牧对赖草生物量的影响大,而中度放牧的影响小。因此,放牧降低了群落的地上、地下生物量,但中度放牧对优势种赖草生物量的影响小,符合中度干扰假说,为农牧交错带草地科学管理和可持续利用提供理论依据。 相似文献
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以青藏高原玛曲地区高寒草甸为研究对象,通过对暖季牧场与冷季牧场不同放牧强度的比较分析,探讨了可萌发土壤种子库的密度、垂直分布规律及其与地上植被的关系。结果表明,1)暖季牧场土壤种子库中,轻度放牧有12种,种子密度为2 307.66粒·m~(-2),重度放牧有6种,种子密度为1 065.08粒·m~(-2),禁牧有5种,种子密度为828.38粒·m~(-2),轻度放牧的物种丰富度及密度都显著大于重度放牧草地(P0.05);冷季牧场轻度放牧有12种,种子密度为3 786.88粒·m~(-2),重度有8种,种子密度为5 621.15粒·m~(-2),禁牧有5种,种子密度为532.53粒·m~(-2),轻度放牧种子密度小于重度放牧。2)无论是暖季牧场还是冷季牧场轻度放牧土壤种子库的多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数和丰富度指数均大于重度放牧,土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性在不同的放牧强度下都小于0.3,其中不放牧时的相似性最小,轻度放牧时的相似性最高。而暖季牧场和冷季牧场的轻度放牧和重度放牧两种放牧强度之间的相似性系数都最大,分别为0.63和0.67。3)土壤种子库在不同处理间随着土层的加深数量都呈现迅速减少的趋势,大部分集中在0-5cm。 相似文献
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设轻度(0.87头牛/hm2)、中度(1.42头牛/hm2)和重度(1.94头牛/hm2)三种放牧强度,以不放牧作为对照,采用样方法对三江平原小叶章草甸群落特征及物种多样性进行研究。结果表明:放牧1年,三种放牧强度均能增加群落的物种数,增加的物种多为禾本科、菊科、蔷薇科和蓼科植物。其中,在中度放牧强度下群落物种多样性和稳定性最优。放牧降低了多年生植物的重要值,一年生植物的重要值有小幅增加。放牧对草地主要植物种群密度的影响存在差异,三种放牧强度下小叶章、苣荬菜种群的密度降低,蒲公英种群的密度升高。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献