玉米自交系抗倒伏比较研究

对5个玉米自交系材料的抗倒伏性进行了研究,结果表明:玉米茎秆倒伏主要受茎秆性状—株高、穗位高、茎粗、根数、鲜重和茎秆最大侧拉力的影响;玉米抗倒伏性可用茎秆侧拉力进行量化评定;筛选到抗倒伏的自交系2个,为进一步进行抗倒伏性状的遗传研究及抗倒伏玉米育种奠定基础.     

不同水稻品种抗倒伏性状的形态构成

为探讨水稻形态特征与抗倒伏能力的关系,为超高产水稻品种的选育提供理论依据,以不同年代育成的103个水稻品种为材料,以茎秆倒伏指数和田间茎秆强度为抗倒伏性的基本指标.用相关分析方法从形态构成方面研究了水稻茎秆性状与抗倒伏能力的关系.结果表明:株高、基部茎秆截面积与上1、上5伸长节是影响水稻抗倒伏能力的主要因子;上1、上4、上5节长度占株高比例与茎秆倒伏指数及田间茎秆强度呈极显著相关.进一步研究发现,在株高相同的条件下,上1伸长节节间长度短且占株高比例小,基部茎秆截面面积大,基部两节间的长度略短但占株高比例偏大,是抗倒伏性较强的水稻品种的形态构成特点.     

玉米倒伏的原因及防止措施

一、玉米倒伏的种类玉米倒伏是指玉米茎秆节间折断或倾斜.玉米倒伏的方式有三种：茎倒、根倒及茎折.茎倒是茎秆长得细长,植株过高,基部机械组织强度差,遇暴风雨造成茎秆倾斜.根倒是根系发育不良,灌水及雨水过多,遇风引起倾斜度较大的倒伏.     

水稻抗倒伏研究进展

水稻倒伏是严重影响水稻产量与品质的一个重要因素.影响水稻倒伏的因素主要有品种差异、栽培条件及水稻植株高度等,而秆壁厚度和茎粗与抗倒伏性密切相关,茎秆中贮藏物质含量的多少及组成成分决定其抗倒性能,此外,钾、硅等元素与水稻茎秆的抗倒伏性也密切相关.文章在阐述水稻倒伏的遗传学研究的同时提出了在育种上应选择倒伏指数低的品种(系)作为亲本,尤其应采用以亲本倒伏指数低×低的组配育种方式,并指出应从改善水稻栽培条件和加强抗倒伏品种培育等方面来增强水稻的抗倒伏性.     

玉米倒伏的原因及预防措施

<正>一、玉米倒伏的主要原因1.多雨、大风天气。每年的7～9月份,高温、多雨天气使玉米茎秆的生长速度加快,寡照容易使玉米的茎秆发育不良,大风则为玉米倒伏直接提供诱因。2.品种差异。不同的玉米品种在株高、穗位高、根系发达程度、茎秆强度和韧度等方面存在一定的差     

玉米倒伏的原因及预防措施

玉米倒伏是指玉米茎秆节间折断或倾斜,玉米倒伏的方式有茎倒、根倒和茎折3种。茎倒是茎秆长得细长,植株过高,基部机械组织强度差,遇暴风雨造成茎秆倾斜;根倒是根系发育不良,灌水及雨水过多,遇风引起倾斜度较大的倒伏;茎折主要是由于抽雄前生长较快,茎秆组织嫩弱及病虫危害,遇风引起的茎秆折断。其中,对产量影响最大的是茎折,其次是根倒,茎倒对     

青稞抗倒伏性状的基因型差异

【目的】 倒伏是影响青稞生产和产量的主要原因之一。筛选与青稞抗倒伏性密切相关的性状并构建抗倒伏评价体系,是开展青稞抗倒伏品种选育的重要理论依据。【方法】 通过对35份青稞种质资源根系、茎秆和穗部23个农艺性状进行方差分析,明确不同基因型间各性状的差异性。采用相关分析筛选出与青稞抗倒伏性密切相关的指标,并通过主成分分析和线性回归分析构建完成青稞抗倒伏评价体系。【结果】 不同基因型青稞材料在同一性状间表现出较大差异,且农艺性状在基因型间的差异均极显著,农艺性状中倒伏率的遗传变异最丰富;同一参试材料的农艺性状在两个生态区间差异较大,海北高寒生态区试点各基因型的遗传变异较丰富;各性状的基因型与环境因素间存在显著互作效应（P<0.05）。相关分析结果表明茎秆强度同青稞抗倒伏性关系最为密切,并通过抗倒伏指标构建青稞抗倒伏评价体系。青稞分蘖数过多、第三和第四茎节过长易引起植株倒伏。根干重大、茎秆重、茎秆壁厚、茎秆强度大是植株固持能力强、抗倒伏伏性优异的原因。【结论】 分蘖数、穗重、茎长、茎重、茎秆强度适合作为青稞抗倒伏性评价指标,验证结果表明抗倒伏评价体系较可靠,可用于青稞种质的抗倒伏性评价。     

玉米倒伏原因与防控措施

玉米倒伏是指玉米茎秆间折断或倾斜。玉米倒伏的方式有茎倒、根倒和茎折。茎倒是茎秆长的细,植株过高,基部机械强度差,遭遇暴风雨造成倾斜;根倒是根系发育不良,灌水和雨水较多,引起倾斜度较大的倒伏;茎折是抽雄前生长期的地块,玉米茎秆组织嫩弱及病虫害危害,遇风引起茎秆折断。茎折对产量影响最大。⒈玉米倒伏的原因①玉米生长期间突遇高温、多雨、多风、寡照的天气,易引起玉米大面积倒伏。②栽培技术不合理,玉米种     

玉米倒伏原因及防止措施

玉米倒伏是指玉米茎秆节折断或倾斜。玉米倒伏的方式有3种:茎倒、根倒及茎折。茎倒是茎秆长得细长、植株过高,基部机械组织强度差,遇暴风雨造成茎秆倾斜;根倒是根系发育不良,灌水及雨水过多,遇风引起倾斜度较大的倒伏;茎折主要是抽雄前生长较快,茎秆组织嫩弱及病虫危害,遇风引起的茎秆折断。其中,对产量影响最大的是茎折,其次是根倒,     

水稻抗倒伏研究进展

水稻倒伏是严重影响水稻产量与品质的一个重要因素。影响水稻倒伏的因素主要有品种差异、栽培条件及水稻植株高度等,而秆壁厚度和茎粗与抗倒伏性密切相关,茎秆中贮藏物质含量的多少及组成成分决定其抗倒性能,此外,钾、硅等元素与水稻茎秆的抗倒伏性也密切相关。文章在阐述水稻倒伏的遗传学研究的同时提出了在育种上应选择倒伏指数低的品种（系）作为亲本,尤其应采用以亲本倒伏指数低×低的组配育种方式,并指出应从改善水稻栽培条件和加强抗倒伏品种培育等方面来增强水稻的抗倒伏性。     

QTL analysis of the developmental changes in cell wall components and forage digestibility in maize (Zea mays L.)

Cell wall architecture plays a key role in stalk strength and forage digestibility.Lignin,cellulose,and hemicellulose are the three main components of plant cell walls,and they can impact stalk quality by affecting the structure and strength of the cell wall.To explore cell wall development during secondary cell wall ligni?cation in maize stalks,conventional and conditional genetic mapping were used to identify the dynamic quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of the cell wall components and digestibil...     

玉米茎皮抗穿刺强度与形态性状和化学成分含量间的相关分析

为探讨影响玉米茎秆强度高低的重要因素,选用3个不同抗倒伏类型玉米品种对茎秆地上部第三节抗穿刺强度与茎秆形态性状、化学成分含量的相关关系进行研究。结果表明:3个品种的穗位高和节间短轴直径比其它形态性状有更大差异,抗倒性强的德美亚1号的抗穿刺强度最高,抗倒性弱的垦玉6号地上部第三节茎皮的酸性木质素、酸性洗涤纤维及中性洗涤纤维含量均最低。说明茎皮抗穿刺强度与穗位高呈极显著的负相关,与酸性洗涤木质素和酸性洗涤纤维含量呈显著正相关。因此,在选育玉米抗倒伏品种时,应对这3个主要特征加以重视。     

QTL Mapping for Stalk Related Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.) Under Different Densities

Stalk related traits, comprising plant height (PH), ear height (EH), internode number (IN), average internode length (AIL), stalk diameter (SD), and ear height coefficient (EHC), are significantly correlated with yield, density tolerance, and lodging resistance in maize. To investigate the genetic basis for stalk related traits, a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between NX531 and NX110 were evauluated under two densities over 2 yr. The additive quantitative trait loci (QTLs), epistatic QTLs were detected using inclusive composite interval mapping and QTL-by-environment interaction were detected using mixed linear model. Differences between the two densities were significant for the six traits in the DH population. A linkage map that covered 1 721.19 cM with an average interval of 10.50 cM was constructed with 164 simple sequence repeat (SSR). Two, two, seven, six, two, and eight additive QTLs for PH, IN, AIL, EH, SD, and EHC, respectively. The extend of their contribution to penotypic variation ranged from 10.10 to 31.93%. Seven QTLs were indentified simultaneously under both densities. One pair, two pairs and one pair of epistatic effects were detected for AIL, SD and EHC, respectively. No epistatic effects were detected for PH, EH, and IN. Nineteen QTLs with environment interactions were detected and their contribution to phenotypic variation ranged from 0.43 to 1.89%. Some QTLs were stably detected under different environments or genetic backgrounds comparing with previous studies. These QTLs could be useful for genetic improvement of stalk related traits in maize breeding.     

玉米生长后期倒伏研究进展

倒伏是玉米生产中普遍存在的问题。传统生产中玉米一般在生理成熟期收获,前人关于倒伏研究也多集中在生育前期茎秆发育过程或者是生理成熟前的某一阶段,而对生理成熟后倒伏研究较少。玉米机械粒收一般在生理成熟后2—4周进行,倒伏将会增加机械粒收过程中的产量损失,降低籽粒品质,使收获难度加大,收获效率以及玉米种植效益明显降低,成为制约玉米种植密度进一步提高和机械粒收技术发展的重要因素。对此,本文从玉米生育后期植株的衰老生理及其影响因素角度进行综述,提出增强玉米后期抗倒伏能力的措施与建议。分析表明,玉米生育后期植株自然衰老将导致叶片、茎秆和根系活力下降,使茎秆含水量、可溶性糖、半纤维素及总结构性碳水化合物含量均降低,细胞壁变薄、细胞间缝隙变大;同时,茎秆和根系PAL、POD和PPO酶活性下降,抗病能力减弱;茎腐病病原菌产生的细胞壁降解酶分解细胞壁中的纤维素,降解寄主细胞,孢子迅速萌发形成菌丝并进入表皮细胞、皮层和维管束组织,加速茎秆组织失水干缩过程,植株空心变软甚至腐烂,茎秆质量下降。而基于密植高产机械粒收技术需求的增密种植、田间站秆籽粒脱水会加速并延长玉米衰老进程,使茎秆质量和抗病能力进一步下降,导致生理成熟后的倒伏风险加大。为有效控制倒伏、加速我国玉米密植高产机械粒收技术的推广,建议:(1)增强玉米生育后期茎秆衰老和倒伏的理论研究;(2)加强玉米抗倒种质创制,选育早熟、耐密植、籽粒脱水快、抗逆性强、适宜机械粒收的品种;(3)通过构建优质土壤耕层,集成宜机收品种、合理密植、肥水科学运筹、化学调控和病虫害综合防控等关键技术,创制高质量健康群体,提高生育后期茎秆的抗倒伏能力;(4)根据各地气候、生态条件,因地制宜制定降低玉米生育后期倒伏风险的应对措施。     

玉米主要病害抗性遗传研究进展

玉米病原微生物来源广泛,包括真菌、细菌、病毒和卵菌纲等,常在叶片、雌雄穗和根茎等部位引起病症, 对玉米生产造成严重影响。玉米属异花授粉作物,地域分布广泛,遗传资源丰富,基因组多样性明显,蕴含着 大量质量和数量性状抗病位点。近年来,针对玉米主要病害开展了大量的抗病基因定位和发掘工作。到目 前为止,至少克隆了4个主效抗病基因,定位了大量的抗病基因/QTL位点,获得了一批抗病获选基因。在理论 研究的基础上,积极开展分子标记辅助的抗病基因/QTL的回交导入和聚合工作,取得了明显的改良效果。从 玉米真菌病害、病毒病、卵菌纲和细菌病害等方面,总结了近年来玉米抗病遗传研究的进展。     

Comparative QTL Mapping of Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot in Maize Based on Bioinformatics

The integration QTL map for gray leaf spot resistance in maize was constructed by compiling a total of 57 QTLs available with genetic map IBM2 2005 neighbors as reference. Twenty-six “real QTLs” and seven consensus QTLs were identified by refining these 57 QTLs using overview and meta-analysis approaches. Seven consensus QTLs were found on chromosomes 1.06, 2.06, 3.04, 4.06, 4.08, 5.03, and 8.06, and the map coordinates were 552.53, 425.72, 279.20, 368.97, 583.21, 308.68 and 446.14 cM, respectively. Using a synteny conservation approach based on comparative mapping between the maize genetic map and rice physical map, a total of 69 rice and maize resistance genes collected from websites Gramene and MaizeGDB were projected onto the maize genetic map IBM2 2005 neighbors, and 2 (Rgene32, ht1), 4 (Rgene5, rp3, scmv2, wsm2), and 4 (ht2, Rgene6, Rgene8 and Rgene7) positional candidate genes were found in three consensus QTLs on chromosomes 2.06, 3.04, and 8.06, respectively. The results suggested that the combination of meta-analysis of gray leaf spot in maize and sequence homologous comparison between maize and rice could be an efficient strategy for identifying major QTLs and corresponding candidate genes for the gray leaf spot.     

四川丘陵区玉米机械化生产新技术

目的探究种植密度对春玉米茎秆性状及力学特征的影响,以期为川中丘陵春玉米密植抗倒机制解析提供理论依据。方法以2个玉米品种[耐密品种郑单958 (ZD958)和当地主栽耐密品种仲玉3号(ZY3)]为材料,设置4.50、6.00、7.50和9.00万株/hm² 4个密度处理,研究不同种植密度下玉米倒伏与茎秆性状及力学特性的变化。结果随群体密度增加,玉米株高、穗位高、穗位高系数、第3节间长和倒伏率都显著增大(P＜0.05),节间粗、单位茎长干物质质量及茎秆压碎强度、抗折力、外皮穿刺强度都显著降低(P＜0.05)。密度每增加0.75万株/hm²,基部第3节间的茎秆压碎强度、抗折力和外皮穿刺强度ZD958分别降低5.48%、8.54%和4.74%,ZY3分别降低5.70%、6.55%和3.09%。品种间表现为ZY3的株高、穗位高、茎节粗长比、单位茎长干物质质量、茎秆力学特征和根倒率均显著高于ZD958 (P＜0.05),ZY3的穗位高系数和茎折率显著低于ZD958 (P＜0.05)。相关分析表明：倒伏率与茎秆压碎强度、外皮穿刺强度、抗折力呈显著负相关;逐步回归分析表明：玉米茎秆力学特性受单位茎长干物质质量的影响最大,茎折率受穗位高系数的影响最大,而根倒率受株高影响最大。结论种种植密度显著影响玉米的茎秆性状、力学特性和抗倒性能,相比而言,ZY3的抗倒性能比ZD958更优,更适合在川中丘陵区种植,密度以6.00万株/hm²为宜。     

Key indicators affecting maize stalk lodging resistance of different growth periods under different sowing dates

The accurate evaluation of maize stalk lodging resistance in different growth periods enables timely management of lodging risks and ensures stable and high maize yields. Here, we established five different sowing dates to create different conditions for maize growth. We evaluated the effects of the different growth conditions on lodging resistance by determining stalk morphology, moisture content, mechanical strength and dry matter, and the relationship between stalk breaking force and these indicators during the silking stage(R1), milk stage(R3), physiological maturity stage(R6), and 20 days after R6. Plant height at R1 positively affected stalk breaking force. At R3, the coefficient of ear height and the dry weight per unit length of basal internodes were key indicators of stalk lodging resistance. At R6, the key indicators were the coefficient of the center of gravity height and plant fresh weight. After R6, the key indicator was the coefficient of the center of gravity height. The crushing strength of the fourth internode correlated significantly and positively with the stalk breaking force from R1 to R6, which indicates that crushing strength is a reliable indicator of stalk mechanical strength. These results suggest that high stalk strength and low ear height benefit lodging resistance prior to R6. During and after R6, the coefficient of the center of gravity height and the mechanical strength of basal internodes can be used to evaluate plant lodging resistance and the appropriate time for harvesting in fields with a high lodging risk.     

调控玉米株高和穗位高候选基因Zmdle1的定位

【目的】株高是玉米株型育种的重要目标性状之一,不仅与玉米籽粒的机械化收获及抗倒伏相关,也与玉米产量密切相关。因此,挖掘玉米株高 QTL/基因并解析其功能具有重要的理论和育种价值,定位一个新的玉米矮秆基因 ZmDLE1,阐明其生物学功能,为加速改良玉米的株型提供重要的理论依据和基因资源。【方法】利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变甘肃省农业科学院作物研究所自育玉米骨干自交系 LY8405,M₂后代分离获得一个单基因调控隐性遗传的玉米矮秆低穗位突变体,M₃、M₄后代能稳定遗传,命名为 dwarf and low ear mutant1(Zmdle1),通过与 Mo17 杂交构建 F₂分离群体,借助极端性状混池测序分析法(BSA-seq)及目标区段重组交换鉴定的方法,基于 Mo17 参考基因组对目标区段内的基因进行挖掘和功能注释,定位候选基因。【结果】开展了 Zmdle1 表型鉴定,突变体 Zmdle1 苗期表型与对照 LY8405 无显著性差异,成熟期植株株高和穗位高较 LY8405 分别降低 87...