实葶葱与小飞蓬秸秆混合腐解对两种伴生植物生长的协同与拮抗作用

以生长于新疆北部的实葶葱和入侵实葶葱种植地的小飞蓬作为供体植物,伴生植物菥蓂和马齿苋为受体材料,采用盆栽试验法研究不同分蘖株数实葶葱秸秆单一腐解以及不同分蘖株数实葶葱和小飞蓬秸秆室内混合腐解180 d后伴生植物的生长、生理变化及其对年生长结束后基质化学性质的影响。结果表明,单一腐解处理对菥蓂和马齿苋的根长、根体积和生物量积累分别表现出“低促高抑”和持续增强的抑制效果。混合腐解后,与单一腐解处理相比,同一低浓度下混合腐解处理对菥蓂的根长、根体积的促进作用分别消减了93%和61%,对地上部鲜、干质量的促进作用分别消减了30%、38%,对地下部鲜、干质量的促进作用分别消减了65%和90%,对马齿苋的根长和地下部鲜、干质量的抑制作用分别消减了60%、75%和49%,对根体积和地上部鲜、干质量则由抑制转变为促进作用。同一高浓度下混合腐解处理对菥蓂根体积的促进作用消减了77%,对地上部鲜、干质量和地下部鲜质量的抑制作用分别消减了37%、55%和31%,对马齿苋的根长、根体积、地上部干质量和地下部鲜质量的抑制作用分别消减了了21%、51%、14%和33%。实葶葱与小飞蓬混合腐解后产生的复合他感作用总体表现为拮抗效应。相关性分析显示复合腐解基质的化学性质比实葶葱单一腐解基质更利于伴生植物的生长。研究结果显示实葶葱腐解产生的他感作用能够抑制伴生植物的生长和生理活动,而小飞蓬的入侵可以缓解伴生植物受到的这种抑制作用,并影响改变实葶葱种植地的EC值和pH值,进一步影响入侵地的物种多样性和生态稳定性。     

Plant growth substances and flower development

The development of flowers in some varieties of french beans and barley is controlled by daylength and the effects of photoperiod appear to be mediated through changes in the levels of plant growth substances in the leaves and buds. In oil seed rape hormonal and assimilatory factors interact to control flower development.     

苹果化学疏花疏果研究进展

为探究适合不同品种苹果的化学疏果体系,以萘乙酸 (NAA)、6-苄氨基嘌呤 (6-BA)为疏果剂,多库酯钠 (AOT)及多库酯钠 + 油酸甲酯 (AOT + MO) 作为桶混助剂,在“岳冠”、“龙丰”两个苹果品种上测定了不同助剂体系的理化性质,观测其在苹果皮表面的冲击、铺展及渗透行为;将不同助剂体系与有效成分不同的疏果剂组合,在幼果期进行喷施,统计不同处理的花序坐果率、花朵坐果率和单双果率,并对处理后的果品品质进行测定。结果表明：在纯水中分别添加质量分数为0.1%的AOT或0.3%的 (AOT + MO),能显著降低水的动态表面张力及其在靶标界面的接触角,减少或抑制液滴在果皮上的飞溅弹跳,促进液滴的沉积、铺展及渗透。在两种疏果剂的油悬浮剂中分别添加0.1%的AOT和0.3%的(AOT + MO),能显著提高其对两种苹果的疏除效果。其中对于“龙丰”苹果, 40 mg/L NAA水剂 + 0.1% AOT处理结果与人工疏除无差异,果品品质显著提高,优于人工疏果;对于“岳冠”苹果, 150 mg/L 6-BA + 12.5 mg/L NAA可分散油悬浮剂 + 0.3% (AOT + MO) 处理与人工疏除无差异,果品品质显著提高,优于人工疏果。     

α-三连噻吩光活化抑制植物生长活性及作用靶标

采用小杯法测定了α-三连噻吩（α-T）对几种植物的光活化生长抑制作用.经用近紫外光（320～400nm）照射后,α-T能有效地抑制稗草、油菜和含羞草根、茎的生长,特别对稗草的生长抑制作用最为明显.当α-T处理浓度为10mg/L时,光照对稗草根、茎长的抑制率分别达到87.89%和95.29%,而非光照处理则为13.79%和-5.86%.处理浓度为100 mg/L时,光照对根、茎长抑制率均为100%,而非光照处理分别为16.20%和16.74%.检测不同光照时间和不同浓度处理对生长抑制作用的影响发现,随着光照时间从0.5 h延长到3 h,处理浓度从0.1、1至10 mg/L时,测得对稗草根长和茎长的抑制率呈明显的正相关,只有当光照时间达到一定强度时,才能显现出光活化的效应.电镜观察表明,经α-T处理的稗草愈伤组织,浓度为10mg/L,光照3 h时,可造成细胞生物膜结构的破坏,而非光照处理细胞则无明显损伤.     

Pyrethroid action on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor/channel

The interactions of natural pyrethrins and nine pyrethroids with the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor/channel complex of Torpedo electric organ membranes were studied. None caused significant reduction in [³H]ACh binding to the receptor sites, but all inhibited [³H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin ([³H]H₁₂-HTX) binding to the channel sites in presence of carbamylcholine. Allethrin inhibited [³H]H₁₂-HTX binding noncompetitively, but [³H]imipramine binding competitively, suggesting that allethrin binds to the receptor's channel sites that bind imipramine. The pyrethroids were divided into two types according to their actions: type I, which included pyrethrins, allethrin, bioallethrin, resmethrin, and tetramethrin, was more potent in inhibiting [³H]H₁₂-HTX binding and acted more rapidly (i.e., in <30 sec). Type II, which included permethrin, fluvalinate, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, was less potent and their potency increased slowly with time. Also, inhibition of the initial rate of [³H]H₁₂-HTX binding by type I compounds increased greatly by the presence of the agonist carbamylcholine, but this was not so with type II compounds. The receptor-regulated ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ flux into Torpedo microsacs was inhibited by pyrethrins and pyrethroids, suggesting that their action on this receptor function is inhibitory. There was very poor correlation between the potencies of pyrethrins and pyrethroids in inhibiting [³H]H₁₂-HTX binding and their toxicities to house flies, mosquitoes, and the American cockroach. However, the high affinities that several pyrethroids have for this nicotinic ACh receptor suggest that pyrethroids may have a synaptic site of action in addition to their well known effects on the axonal channels.     

Plant cell membrane as a marker for light-dependent and light-independent herbicide mechanisms of action

Plant cells possess a number of membrane bound organelles that play important roles in compartmentalizing a large number of biochemical pathways and physiological functions that have potentially harmful intermediates or by-products. The plasma membrane is particularly important as it holds the entire cellular structure whole and is at the interface between the cell and its environment. Consequently, breaches in the integrity of the lipid bilayer, often via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced stress membrane peroxidation, result in uncontrolled electrolyte leakage and in cell death. A simple 3-step bioassay was developed to identify compounds that cause electrolyte leakage and to differentiate light-dependent mechanisms of action from those that work in darkness. Herbicides representative of all known modes of action (as well as several natural phytotoxins) were selected to survey their effects on membrane integrity of cucumber cotyledon discs. The most active compounds were those that are known to generate ROS such as the electron diverters and uncouplers (paraquat and dinoterb) and those that either were photodynamic (cercosporin) or caused the accumulation of photodynamic products (acifluorfen-methyl and sulfentrazone). Other active compounds targeted lipids (diclofop-methyl, triclosan and pelargonic acid) or formed pores in the plasma membrane (syringomycin). Herbicides that inhibit amino acid, protein, nucleotide, cell wall or microtubule synthesis did not have any effect. Therefore, it was concluded that the plant plasma membrane is a good biomarker to help identify certain herbicide modes of action and their dependence on light for bioactivity.     

Plant growth inhibitors in turmeric (Curcuma longa) and their effects on Bidens pilosa

Turmeric (Curcuma spp.) has numerous biological activities, including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal properties. Here, we evaluated the plant growth‐inhibitory activities of two cultivars of Curcuma longa (C. longa ; Ryudai gold and Okinawa ukon) against radish, cress, lettuce and Bidens pilosa (B. pilosa ). The methanol extracts of both turmeric varieties inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of all the tested plants. Ryudai gold had a significantly higher inhibitory effect on the seed germination and root and shoot growth of the plants than Okinawa ukon. Therefore, Ryudai gold was chosen for the isolation of plant growth‐inhibitory compounds using a silica gel column and high‐performance liquid chromatography. The structural identification of the compounds was carried out using ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The growth inhibitors were identified as four curcuminoids; dihydrobisdemethoxycurcumin ( 1 ), bisdemethoxycurcumin ( 2 ), demethoxycurcumin ( 3 ) and curcumin ( 4 ). The IC₅₀ of the curcuminoids against the root and shoot growth of B. pilosa ranged from 8.7 ± 1.7 to 12.9 ± 1.8 and from 15.5 ± 1.8 to 38.9 ± 2.8 μmol L^?1, respectively. Compound 1 showed the lowest IC₅₀ against the root and shoot growth of B. pilosa . These results suggested that Ryudai gold has a potential growth‐inhibitory effect against B. pilosa .     

Plant growth regulating activity of aromatic aminophosphonates and their short peptides

Phosphonic acid analogues of phenylalanine, tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine exhibited interesting plant growth regulatory properties when tested on Cucumis sativus L. Depending on the chemical structure, they slightly inhibited or strongly promoted the growth of C. sativus roots, while their influence on hypocotyls was negligible. Phosphono peptides based on these acids showed less significant plant growth regulating activity.     

Plant growth regulators induced changes in antioxidant potential and andrographolide content in Andrographis paniculata Wall.ex Nees

In this study, 5 μM ABA and GA₃ concentration were used to study the effect of these growth regulators on the andrographolide content and antioxidant potentials of Andrographis paniculata. The growth regulators were applied by means of foliar spray during morning hours. A significant enhancement in non-enzymatic antioxidant contents was observed in all sampling days in A.paniculata plants under ABA and GA₃ treatments. Ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol content was increased significantly under the growth regulator treatments in leaves, stem and roots of A. paniculata. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased by ABA and GA₃ treatments in the leaves, stem and roots of A. paniculata plants. The HPLC analysis was used to quantify the andrographolide content in control and growth regulator treated plants. The growth regulators ABA and GA₃ treated plants showed increased contents of andrographolide when compared to control.     

Plant growth regulators and the physiological limitations to yield in sugar beet

Improvements in seed germination, the early establishment of leaf cover, storage root development and the control of bolting would all increase the yield of sugar beet in the UK. Plant growth at these stages of development is controlled by genotype and by climatic factors acting through endogenous growth substances and is potentially capable of modification by applied growth regulators. For example, sugar beet responds to changes in daylength and spectral quality of light at the end of the day by increasing lamina and petiole growth, light interception and plant growth rate. Changes in endogenous gibberellins in young leaves of plants growing in different photoperiods and the responses of these leaves to applied gibberellic acid are presented as evidence for the involvement of gibberellins in leaf expansion in sugar beet.     

The ovicidal action of insecticides and insect growth regulator/insecticide mixtures on the eggs of various ages of susceptible and diflubenzuron-resistant strains of Spodoptera littoralis boisd

The ovicidal action of four insecticides and three insect growth regulators, on eggs of various ages of the susceptible (S) strain of Spodoptera littoralis, was investigated. The results revealed that diflubenzuron was the most toxic compound tested on 0-1-day-old eggs, followed by triprene and then methoprene; chlorpyrifos came next in its toxicity, followed by cypermethrin then fenvalerate; methomyl was the least effective. With the progress of embryonic development, 1-2-day-old eggs showed slight tolerance to the action of the pesticides and juvenoids, but apparently resisted the action of diflubenzuron. Eggs 2-3 days old showed increased tolerance to the insecticides and diflubenzuron and, to a lesser extent, to the action of the two juvenoids. A total of 21 insecticide or insect growth regulator-insecticide mixtures, based on their toxicity equivalents (LD₂₅ + LD₂₅), were applied jointly on 0-1-day-old eggs of the S strain. The mixtures which produced high synergism on this stage could be arranged, according to their decreasing order of potentiation, as follows: fenvalerate/diflubenzuron, cypermethrin/triprene, methomyl/methoprene, cypermethrin/methoprene, fenvalerate/ methoprene, cypermethrin/methomyl, cypermethrin/diflubenzuron, fenvalerate/triprene, diflubenzuron/methoprene and methomyl/triprene. The mixtures that produced synergistic effects on 0-1-day-old eggs were also tested against the 1-2 and 2-3-day-oldeggs of the S strain. Theresults indicated that themixtures fenvalerate/diflubenzuron, and cypermethrin with either triprene or diflubenzuron, when tested on 1-2-day-old eggs, produced levels of synergism nearly similar to those achieved on newly deposited eggs. On the other hand, the mixtures cypermethrin/methomyl, and fenvalerate with methoprene or triprene, showed comparatively lower levels of synergism. However, the synergistic action of the mixture cypermethrin/methoprene, previously detected on newly deposited eggs, became an additive effect on 1-2-day-old eggs. Only the mixtures fenvalerate/diflubenzuron, cypermethrin/triprene and fenvalerate/methoprene showed synergism on 2-3-day-old eggs. The mixtures which showed synergistic effects on 0-1-day-old eggs of the S strain were further tested on eggs of various ages of the diflubenzuron-resistant (R_d) strain. As regards 0-1-day-old eggs, only the combinations cypermethrin/triprene, methomyl/methoprene and fenvalerate/methoprene produced additive effects. The mixture cypermethrin/diflubenzuron was still synergistic against newly deposited eggs of the R_d strain, in a manner similar to that indicated with the S strain. Apparent levels of antagonism were shown to the other insecticide-juvenoid mixtures as well as to the diflubenzuron/methoprene combination. The combinations cypermethrin/methomyl and fenvalerate/diflubenzuron had some effect on the freshly deposited eggs of the R_d strain but produced lower levels of potentiation. With the increase in age of the eggs, the mixture cypermethrin/diflubenzuron showed a lower level of synergism on the 1-2 day-old eggs than was observed in younger eggs. The additive effects, previously detected with some of the mixtures on newly deposited eggs became an antagonistic effect for the 1-2-day-old eggs. The eggs at this stage were more able to resist thejoint action of the other mixtures tested. Moreover, with further increase in the age of the eggs, the combination cypermethrin/diflubenzuron produced a lower level of potentiation on 2-3 day-old eggs, followed by fenvalerate/diflubenzuron at an even lower level, while the other mixtures showed various levels of antagonism.     

特基拉芽孢杆菌JN-369的分离鉴定及其抑菌物质分析

为筛选可用于防治由稻瘟病菌所致水稻稻瘟病的生防菌株资源,采用稀释涂布平板法,从感病水稻品种湘早籼24号的健康植株茎叶中分离获得了1株拮抗细菌JN-369,结合形态学观察、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析对其菌种进行了鉴定,采用平板对峙法研究了JN-369菌株的抑菌谱,并初步测定了JN-369中挥发性有机物 (VOCs)、蛋白类粗提物及脂肽类粗提物对稻瘟病菌的抑制作用。结果表明:JN-369菌株为特基拉芽孢杆菌Bacillus tequilensis,其对稻瘟病菌具有显著抑制作用,对菌丝生长的抑制率达80.46% ± 0.83%;同时该菌株对供试的辣椒胶孢炭疽菌、烟草赤星病菌及黄瓜疫病菌等植物病原真菌和卵菌均有抑制作用;但对供试病原细菌则均无抑制作用;1 × 108 cfu/mL 的 JN-369菌悬液产生的挥发性有机物对稻瘟病菌的抑制效果最强,抑制率达72.92% ± 3.01%,1.454 mg/mL的蛋白类提取物和1.026 mg/mL 的脂肽类提取物对稻瘟病菌的抑制率分别为24.68% ± 0.80%和14.34% ± 1.08%。研究表明,菌株JN-369具有一定的开发应用潜力。     

Plant growth regulating properties of 1-amino-1-methylethylphosphonic acid and its derivatives

Seventeen derivatives of 1-amino-1-methylethylphosphonic acid were synthesised and evaluated for plant-growth-regulating activity using Cucumis sativus and Triticum aestivum. The tested compounds exerted either moderate herbicidal action or stimulated plant growth. The structure-activity relationships were similar to those observed earlier for the derivatives of 9-aminofluoren-9-ylphosphonic acids (phosphonic analogues of morphactins).     

Comparative antifungal effect and mode of action of tetraconazole on Ustilago maydis

Tetraconazole, a new, recently introduced antifungal triazole, has been assayed in parallel with a number of standard analogues on various sensitive strains of Ustilago maydis. The values of EC₅₀ and EC₉₀ tetraconazole concentrations, determined on strain ATCC 14826 in agar, were 0.5 × 10⁻⁶ and 3.5 × 10⁻⁵ , respectively, in reasonable agreement with those needed to inhibit by 50% and 90%, respectively, the ergosterol biosynthesis in broth cultures. Squalene and 12 sterols have been extracted from the latter, characterized and quantified. Accumulation of 14α-methylsterols and reduction of ergosterol and other late precursors are consistent with the inhibition of 14α-demethylase caused by the title compound.     

Cost Effectiveness of Plant Protection on a National Basis1

The costs of plant protection on a national basis were calculated using the Netherlands, 1978, as an example. A combination of public statistics and enquiry data yielded a value of total costs due to pests and diseases of over one billion (10⁹) guilders, of which 10 % for public expenses, 58 % for private expenses, and 32 % for residual damage. Very preliminary estimates of cost effectiveness in terms of marginal benefit/cost ratios were 16 for « inspection and control >> 90 for « research >> 10 for « teaching >> and about 4 for « private expenses >> and for « overall cost effectiveness >>. Such data have limited meaning when the delay times for various types of crop protection activities are disregarded.     

Mode of action of the plant-derived silphinenes on insect and mammalian GABAA receptor/chloride channel complex

The silphinenes are tricyclic sesquiterpenes that have antifeedant and toxic effects in insects and structural similarity to the known GABA antagonist, picrotoxinin. In murine synaptoneurosomes, silphinenes block GABA-stimulated influx of ³⁶Cl⁻ with EC₅₀s in the range of 10-30 μM. In insects, silphinenes were tested in neurophysiological recordings of central neurons from third instar Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Silphinenes reversed the blockage of neuronal firing induced by GABA, but had little effect below 100 μM. The structure-activity profile observed in the murine chloride flux assay was also observed in the larval neurophysiological assay, indicating little selectivity for the silphinenes. A reference silphinene was equally active on nerve preparations from the rdl strain of D. melanogaster, which is resistant to channel-blocking antagonists via an altered GABA receptor. This latter finding suggests that silphinenes interact with the insect GABA receptor in a manner somewhat different from PTX, and that rdl resistance in the field may have little effect on silphinene efficacy.     

非洲山毛豆对菜粉蝶幼虫的生长发育抑制作用

通过非洲山毛豆丙酮抽提物对菜粉蝶的生长发育抑制作用测定 ,结果表明 :用非洲山毛豆叶丙酮抽提物每头点滴100μg干植物材料 ,对5龄菜粉蝶幼虫的校正畸死率为100%;每头点滴50、20μg干植物材料时 ,对 3、4龄菜粉蝶幼虫的校正畸死率分别为86.7%和72.21%;处理菜粉蝶蛹时 ,发现预蛹期比蛹期敏感。试验还表明其对斜纹夜蛾和粘虫的生长发育没有明显抑制作用     

上海地产葡萄和草莓中植物生长调节剂残留及膳食摄入风险评估

为进一步提高上海市地产葡萄和草莓的安全生产水平,降低消费者的膳食摄入风险,对2018–2019年间上海当地所产152份葡萄和91份草莓样品中的20种植物生长调节剂(PGRs)残留进行了实地调研及检测分析,并就其对不同人群的长期和短期膳食摄入风险进行了初步评估.调研发现:上海市地产葡萄普遍在开花前后使用赤霉酸和氯吡脲,而...     

Biochemical aspects of the fungitoxic and growth regulatory action of fenarimol and other pyrimidin-5-ylmethanols

The C-14 demethylation of the sterols, dependent on cytochrome P-450, and the C-22(23) desaturation of sterols are reactions in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway that are regarded as primary target sites in the toxicity of fungicides of the pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol type. Currently, there is no evidence for target sites in other pathways of comparable sensitivity, although the failure of added ergosterol to reverse the fungitoxicity suggests the existence of such sites. The mitochondrial respiratory systems in Ustilago maydis and Aspergillus nidulans are insensitive to this type of fungicide and are not regarded as primary targets of fungitoxicity in these organisms. Appreciable evidence indicates that the primary targets in higher plant growth regulation are reactions, dependent on cytochrome P-450, that assist in the conversion of kaurene to kaurenoic acid in the gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis pathway. Growth retardation by high concentrations of pyrimidin-5-ylmethanols, which is not reversable by GA, apparently involves action at sites outside the GA biosynthesis pathway. The data derived from various studies of the mechanisms of fungitoxicity and growth regulation suggest that any undetected primary targets of the pyrimidin-5-ylmethanols are likely to be haem enzymes, similar to the cytochrome P-450 involved in sterol C-14 demethylation.