干旱胁迫对山杏光合特性的影响

为筛选干旱地区生态建设的优良品种,以盆栽山杏为试材,控水模拟不同土壤水分状况,探讨了不同程度干旱胁迫对山杏叶片光合特性的影响.结果表明,山杏叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度随着干旱胁迫程度的加强而降低.随着温度的升高,叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率降低、蒸腾速率升高,加重了干旱对其光合作用的影响.对照、轻度和中度干旱胁迫下的净光合速率、气孔导度及水分利用效率日变化曲线呈双峰型,重度胁迫下净光合速率和气孔导度日变化为单峰型.说明在一定的干旱条件下,山杏光合作用对干旱胁迫具有一定的适应能力.     

干旱胁迫对柚树光合特性的影响

采用人工控制降雨量进行长期干旱胁迫的方法,研究了不同的年降雨量干旱胁迫下柚树的光合特征及其水分利用效率。结果表明,随着年降雨量的减少和干旱胁迫程度的加重,柚树的光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用率均显著降低;柚树的生理抗旱力弱,其抗旱机制不属于生理抗旱型。在年降雨量1200mm和1000mm条件下,柚树的光合速率、蒸腾速率日变化呈"双峰型"曲线,在年降雨量800mm和600mm的干旱胁迫下,柚树的光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均呈"单峰型"曲线,无论年降雨量多少,柚树的水分利用率日变化均呈"单峰型"曲线。长期干旱胁迫导致柚树光合速率下降的生理机制属于非气孔因素。我国南方喀斯特干旱地区柚树能够良好的生长发育,与柚树特有的抗旱根系构型有关。     

贵州辣椒光合生理特性对干旱胁迫的响应

辣椒是贵州省特色经济作物之一,是农业产业结构调整的主导和优势产业,但贵州省大部分地区属喀斯特地貌,土壤保水性差,极易发生干旱,探明辣椒在干旱胁迫处理后的调节机制和变化规律,对实现贵州地区辣椒优质高产有重要的理论价值和实际生产意义。选取贵州省辣椒主栽品种辣丰三号,研究以土壤田间持水量80%为对照组（CK）,在轻度（土壤田间持水量为70%,LD）、中度（60%,MD）、重度（40%,SD）和特重（20%,TD）胁迫下,辣椒的产量、生长量、光合特性和果实生理特性的调节机制和变化规律。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,辣椒的果长、果粗、茎粗、株高、单果重以及干物质含量显著下降,且下降趋势随着干旱胁迫程度的增加越加明显。同一处理辣椒的净光合速率（P_n）表现出先上升后逐渐平稳的趋势,随着干旱程度的增加而逐渐降低,最大净光合速率（A_max）、表观量子效率（Q）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）和蒸腾速率（T_r）都显著下降,水分利用效率明显上升。干旱胁迫抑制了辣椒植株的生长,辣椒的粗脂肪和粗纤维含量较CK处理显著下降,LD处理二氢辣椒素含量显著低于CK处理,但是随着干旱程度的增加,辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量逐渐增大（除LD和TD处理外）。综上可知,在贵州喀斯特干旱地区,轻度至中度干旱胁迫（田间持水量60%~     

干旱胁迫下氮素营养对烤烟光合特性的影响

研究了干旱胁迫下不同氮素营养水平对烤烟叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,烤烟叶片的相对含水量(RWC)降低,叶绿素(Chl)含量减少,净光合速率(Pn)减弱,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性下降,干物质积累减少,但施氮处理的上述各指标明显高于不施氮处理,表明氮素营养的施用在干旱胁迫下对烤烟的光合作用有促进作用。     

干旱胁迫对不同品系紫甘薯光合特性及干物质积累的影响

为了筛选抗旱品系,以14个紫甘薯品种(系)为材料(徐薯28为对照),采用盆栽模拟干旱胁迫的方法,分析评价干旱胁迫对紫甘薯光合特性及干物质积累的影响。干旱胁迫20 d时对其叶片光合特性及干旱胁迫70 d时对其产量进行测定分析。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,参试紫甘薯品种(系)的叶绿素含量指数(CCI)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、单株薯块鲜质量和干质量表现出不同程度的降低;CCI和Pn值较高的品种为宁紫薯1号和徐紫薯6号;烟薯0747和泰中11号受干旱胁迫影响较大;14个紫甘薯品种(系)中,徐紫薯6号、徐紫薯1号、徐薯33、徐102903、漯紫薯1号、商077-1、宁紫薯1号、徐薯28属气孔限制因素导致的光合速率降低类型,其余品种(系)属于非气孔限制因素导致的光合速率降低类型;研究结果表明:宁紫薯1号、徐紫薯6号抗旱性较强,烟薯0747、泰中11号抗旱性较弱。     

土壤干旱条件下外源锌、锰对夏玉米光合特性的影响

干旱条件下光合性能的降低是限制植株生长的主要生理因素之一.邵嘉鸣等[1]的研究表明,随供水量的减少,玉米生长、蒸腾速率、光合速率均降低.微量元素锌和锰在作物的生长发育,特别是光合作用过程中起着重要作用[2～6].植物对锌、锰的吸收以及土壤对植物锌、锰的供应,在很大程度上取决于土壤环境,特别是土壤水分状况.在不同的水分状况下,土壤中锌、锰的存在状态受到很大的影响,其生物有效性也随之发生改变.高柳青等[7]研究发现,对于高pH,固锌、固锰能力较强,释放养分能力较弱的土壤,适当施用锌、锰肥(2～8 mg ZnSO4/kg土,5～30 mg MnSO4/kg土)可显著提高作物根系活力,促进了养分吸收,增强根系对养分的活化作用.     

紫斑牡丹(Paeonia rockii)的光合特性及对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

为研究持续干旱处理对紫斑牡丹(Paeonia rockii)光合生理特性的影响,本研究。以实生苗为材料进行盆栽控水试验,设置对照(compared,CK)、轻度胁迫(light stress,LD)、中度胁迫(moderate stress,MD)、重度胁迫(Severe stress,SD)4个水分处理,研究随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶片水分生理以及光合生理参数的变化。结果表明:在CK、LD、MD水分梯度下,紫斑牡丹生长正常,但在SD胁迫下受影响明显,植株叶片变黄且萎蔫;各胁迫阶段叶厚、叶水势下降明显,相对含水量(relative water content,RWC)降低幅度小,差异不明显,饱和水分亏(water saturation deficit,WSD)有在MD胁迫下有所升高;干旱胁迫抑制了光合色素合成,叶绿素a(Chlorophyll a,Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlorophyll b,Chlb)、叶绿素总含量(total chlorophyll content,Chla+b)、类胡萝卜素(Carotenoids,Car)显著依次下降,叶绿素比值(Chlorophyll ratio,Chla/b)则相反;干旱胁迫导致叶片净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate,Pn)、气孔导度(Stomatal conductance,Gs)以及蒸腾速率(transpiration rate,Tr)呈现下降趋势,但胞间二氧化碳浓度(intercellular carbon dioxide concentration,Ci)则表现为上升后下降,其中水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)在逐渐上升。在轻度和中度干旱的紫斑牡丹表现出一定的适应性和耐旱能力,而长期重度干旱则对紫斑牡丹影响较为严重,在重度干旱地区栽植需考虑水分供给。本研究为干旱地区和城市的园林绿化植物的选择提供理论支持。     

干旱胁迫下烤烟光合特性和氮代谢研究

以烤烟品种ＮＣ８９为材料，在盆栽条件下研究了干旱胁迫对烤烟光合特性和氮素代谢的影响。结果表明，在干旱胁迫下烤烟叶片叶绿素含量减少，叶绿体希尔反应活力下降，净光合强度减弱，硝酸还原酶活性降低，脯氨酸含量升高，而呼吸速率则先上升后下降。上述指标均随土壤水分状况的变化而变化，表现它们对干旱胁迫的反应都很敏感。     

干旱胁迫对红叶石楠叶片光合生理特性的影响

对不同程度干旱胁迫下红叶石楠的叶片膜伤害和光合生理特性进行了研究。结果表明,随着干旱程度的增加,叶片含水量、光合色素含量以及净光合速率等生理指标都有不同程度的下降,而花青素含量、丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性大幅增加。在轻度干旱下,净光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度同步下降,光合受抑的主要限制因子为气孔因素;中度、重度干旱胁迫下,净光合速率、气孔导度下降的同时,胞间CO2浓度上升,此时光合受抑的主要限制因子为非气孔因素     

Diploid, tetraploid, and octoploid plants from anther culture of tetraploid orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata L.

This report describes a study of androgenesis in Dactylis glomerata, where the main aim was to find anther culture-responsive clones. Two types of media and two sugars were compared for their effectiveness in anther culture induction and subsequent plantlet production. Embryo formation from the cultured anthers was obtained from 28 of the 108 cloned genotypes using two different substrates, R₂M and FW. Both induction media supported the formation of embryos from the cultured anthers, but around 4.5 times more embryos (0.81 embryos per 100 anthers) were obtained with R₂M compared with FW, and R₂M also gave 5.5 times more green plants (0.054 green plants per 100 anthers) than the FW substrate. In the investigation of a carbohydrate source, responsive clones from the genotype study were tested using maltose as a substitute for sucrose in R₂M. Using maltose instead of sucrose increased embryo formation so that 133 embryos per 100 anthers were obtained compared with 7.1 embryos per 100 anthers obtained with sucrose. The total number of green plants obtained was also improved with maltose compared with sucrose, resulting in 66.3 and 1.9 green plants per 100 cultured anthers, respectively.     

Genetic variability of forage grass cultivars: A comparison of Festuca pratensis Huds., Lolium perenne L., and Dactylis glomerata L.

Three widely used cultivars of each of the species Festuca pratensis Huds., Lolium perenne L., and Dactylis glomerata L. were investigated by means of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and vegetative growth traits in order to investigate genetic variability within each cultivar and to compare the level of diversity among cultivars and species. RAPD markers allowed a clear separation of the three species. Genetic variability based on RAPD markers was considerably lower for F. pratensis cultivars than for L. perenne and D. glomerata cultivars which showed similar levels of variability. The proportion of variability due to variation within cultivars, determined by an analysis of molecular variance, was lower in F. pratensis (64.6%) than in L. perenne (82.4%) and D. glomerata (85.1%). A comparison of F. pratensis and L. perenne, based on vegetative growth traits, confirmed the differences in genetic variability within cultivars. F. pratensis showed lower coefficients of genetic variation for eight of ten traits when compared to L. perenne. This study demonstrates considerable differences in genetic variability which may have consequences for the adaptability and persistency of individual cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

干旱胁迫对玉米品种苗期叶片光合特性的影响

维持较高的光合作用对于作物适应干旱逆境意义重大,光合电子传递和气孔行为是作物光合机构的重要组成部分,而玉米上有关它们之间的组合响应干旱胁迫研究报道较少。本文将2个主推玉米品种陕单609和郑单958生长在自然光和4个干旱胁迫下的干旱棚内,对其叶片的光系统II(PSII)的电子传递功能和气孔导度进行了研究。结果显示,中度和重度干旱胁迫下2个品种叶片净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)显著下降,而伴随着胞间CO2浓度(Ci)上升,显示光合速率下降是非气孔因素所致。JIP-test分析发现干旱胁迫下2个品种叶绿素荧光诱导动力曲线(OJIP)中出现了K-band,说明光系统II(PSII)放氧复合体(OEC)受到抑制和PSII供体侧与受体侧电子传递不平衡;同时干旱胁迫下反映从PSII供体侧到PSI末端受体电子流的荧光参数显著改变,损伤了光系统II和I之间光合电子传递链,限制CO2同化。品种间光合特性对干旱胁迫的响应存在差异,重度干旱对郑单958叶片光合机构的影响比对品种陕单609大。以上结果表明,中度和重度干旱下玉米品种叶片Pn下降归属于光化学活性的衰退;陕单609光合机构的耐旱性强于郑单958。     

花后干旱和渍水对冬小麦光合特性和物质运转的影响

在温室盆栽条件下，以黑小麦76、皖麦38、扬麦10号、扬麦9号4个蛋白质含量不同的冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.) 基因型为材料，研究了花后土壤干旱（Soil relative water content, SRWC=45%～50%）、渍水和适宜水分条件（SRWC=75%～80%）下，小麦旗叶净光合速率和叶绿素含量的动态变化，营养器官花前贮藏同化物再运转，花后同     

Effects of Inbreeding and Genetic Variation on Forage Quality Traits and Dry Matter Yield in Dactylis glomerata L. Subspecies

Cultivated 4× clones, 2× germplasm and their respective S; progeny were utilized in this study. Dry matter yield and forage quality data (in vitro dry matter disappearance, cell wall constituents, total nitrogen) were obtained on composited vegetative plant material harvested during four successive 4-week growth periods in the greenhouse. There was no detectable average inbreeding effect for any of the traits. The group mean of the diploids was significantly lower for in vitro dry matter disappearance than the tetraploid group mean. However, two out of six diploid 51 families exceeded the highest tetraploid family for this trait. The diploids had significantly higher cell wall constituents than tetraploids except for acid detergent lignin. There was more variation for any trait at the diploid level than at the tetraploid level among S₁ families as well as within families. Dry matter yield and total nitrogen were significantly correlated in diploids and in tetraploids. However, little variation was detected lot total nitrogen at either ploidy level. The results suggest that selection for improved quality in progeny from interploidy crosses may be more efficient by first selecting at the diploid level followed by scaling to the tetraploid level, rather than selection at the tetraploid level after hybridization.     

鸭茅SSR-PCR反应体系优化及引物筛选

应用L16(44)正交设计对影响鸭茅SSR-PCR的主要参数进行优化,建立适于鸭茅的SSR反应体系和扩增程序.在15μL体系中各反应的最适合含量为:50ng模板DNA,240μmol/L dNTP,0.4μmol/L SSR引物,1.0 U Taq DNA聚合酶,1.5μL 10×PCR Buffer,2.5mmol/L MgC12.PCR适宜扩增程序为:94℃预变性4min,94℃变性30 s,52℃复性30 s,72℃延伸1 min,共35个循环,72℃延伸10 min,4℃保存.并对引物最适合退火温度进行优化,最终确定引物退火温度为48～52℃.同时选用100对鸭茅引物对4份材料进行扩增,筛选出条带清晰,多态性好的引物30对.用于鸭茅SSR标记的进一步研究.