基于不同平茬次数的沙柳生物量及其与生长因子的关系研究

沙柳(Salix psammophila)是内蒙古西部荒漠化地区的主要造林树种之一。文章对15 a林龄沙柳经过1次、2次、3次平茬和未平茬人工沙柳生物量进行研究的基础上,分析了沙柳生物量与丛高、冠幅、基径、枝条基部粗度、基部分枝数、单枝最大分枝数、单枝最大芽眼数的关系。研究结果如下:(1)随着平茬次数的增加,沙柳生物量也在增加,丘间低地沙埋区的沙柳生物量高于丘间低地未沙埋和迎风坡风蚀区的生物量。(2)从各生长因子与生物量的相关系数来看,基部分枝数枝条基部粗度基径冠幅单枝最大芽眼数丛高单枝最大分枝数。沙埋能够明显增加15 a林龄沙柳的冠幅、基径、基部分枝数。(3)随着沙柳基部分枝数增加,沙柳生物量明显增加,沙柳生物量与基部分枝数的关系方程为y=0.020 4x1.052 8(R2=0.669 8)。通过本研究,可以为我国西部地区开展人工沙柳林产量和生产力估算以及碳汇能力的计量打下良好的基础。     

沙柳与鄂尔多斯沙区经济发展的关系

沙柳是鄂尔多斯地区的主要乡土树种之一,也是鄂尔多斯地区防风固沙、防止水土流失、改善生态环境的优良树种之一,在本地区生态环境建设中具有不可替代的主导作用.现在鄂尔多斯市沙柳林保存面积达47万多hm^2,仅伊金霍洛旗现有沙柳林地10万hm^2.自从以沙柳为原料制造人造板获得成功后,使防风固沙的沙柳平茬枝条找到了工业化开发利用的途径沙柳已成为该地区的支柱产业之一。总结这几年的情况．该地区的沙柳产业对地方经济有很大的促进作用.     

云南杨梅灌丛生物量的分配特征

分析云南省主要分布区云南杨梅生物量分配特征及计算模型,不仅对保存该物种多样性有重要意义,还对正确评价中国陆地生态系统的碳储量和碳交换具有重要价值。为了探明云南杨梅灌丛的生物量,采用标准样地调查法和样方收获法,对云南省23个样地的云南矮杨梅灌丛生物量进行了调查。结果表明:调查样地每个5 m×5 m样方的云南杨梅生物量为(13.95±12.99)kg;云南杨梅各器官生物量的分配大小依次为根>茎>叶;云南杨梅的盖度与其根、茎、叶生物量及总生物量之间有着密切的正相关关系(p<0.001),均以多项式模型预测的结果为最佳,以盖度预测云南杨梅总生物量的计算公式为:y=1.015x2-55.127x+1846.3(R2=0.3872,p<0.001);土壤含水量和云南杨梅生物量之间有显著的负相关关系(p<0.05),说明其更适合在较干旱土壤中生长。     

基于CASA模型的人工植被生物量的估算及特征分析

利用改进的CASA模型,结合Landsat TM遥感影像及气象数据,估算榆林飞播林2010年7月的植被净初级生产力。通过实测植被生物量,验证CASA模型在研究区的估算结果。结果表明:CASA模型适用于榆林飞播林植被净初级生产力估算;CASA模型估算的不同地区NPP区别明显,榆林市横山县与榆阳区交界处的植被NPP值最高,其值介233.21～414.15gC/m2之间;榆林飞播林生态系统属于较低生产力的生态系统;沙柳的NPP水平最高,以柠条+沙柳+沙蒿为播种模式的人工林地生物量最高;除沙柳、花棒和沙蒿外,其他飞播植物生物量与含水量无明显的相关性;不同飞播年代的同种植被生物量与含水量、土壤养分以及气候等因素之间具有密切的相关性。     

毛乌素沙地沙柳生长研究

在毛乌素沙地对沙柳天然林分的资源现状、生长情况、分布特点、林分结构、年龄结构;人工林的生长情况,植株的含水率和生物量及其在各构件中的分配;沙柳的萌生能力和抗沙压能力;沙柳人工林内、外土壤含水率和养分的差别及防风固沙能力等进行了研究。     

沙柳生物学特性与造林技术研究

沙柳是内蒙古西部地区常见树种,不仅具有良好的防风固沙效益,而且具有多种用途,一直是沙区农牧民喜爱的乡土树种。为了提高沙柳造林的成活率和保存率,促进沙柳的正常生长和发育,对沙柳造林技术进行了多年试验和测定。试验结果表明:在造林前对沙柳苗条进行浸水处理,有利于沙柳苗木的成活率和保存率,并且可以提高苗木的生物量。沙柳造林前进行浸水处理是行之有效的造林方法。     

平茬处理对沙柳碳汇能力的影响

文章通过对达拉特旗境内白土梁林场人工沙柳林典型样地进行试验设计,采用4种平茬高度于2013—2015年秋季进行了平茬处理,次年秋季沙柳停止生长后调查其生物量及固碳量生长指标,利用统计软件进行对比分析研究,得出平茬高度和平茬年限对沙柳碳汇能力的影响分析结果。     

乌拉特多种优势灌木(半灌木)生物量研究

对乌拉特灌木优势种进行了统计分析,以为该地区的生态保护后期工作提供数据支持。通过样方调查法对该地区种优势灌木进行了研究,结果表明:乌拉特地区共有野生灌木植物群落50种,隶属于11科,29属;其中优势灌木为20种,对20种优势灌木群落的盖度、高度、数量生物量、干鲜比进行了统计分析,从中选取6种典型灌木,得出了灌木地上生物量与土壤含水量、孔隙度有显著性的关系,而与土壤容重之间没有显著性关系。     

灵空山辽东栎萌芽更新的灰色关联分析

利用灰色关联分析方法,对灵空山辽东栎萌芽更新与海拔、坡向、坡度、坡位、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度以及枯落物层厚度等七项立地因子之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明,坡向、坡度、坡位为影响辽东栎萌芽更新的主要立地因子;辽东栎萌芽最适宜生长的立地条件为海拔1 850 m、阳坡、坡度35°、下坡。     

黑河中游荒漠区植被与土壤对降水的响应

黑河流域中游荒漠区生态地域复杂,具有平原荒漠植被的特征,在植被地理规律和地理时空分布上分异明显,有古老和现代特征。通过定位监测资料分析,黑河流域中游荒漠区植被的生物量在雨季(5-9月)随降雨量的增大,植被生物量与降水量之间具有显著的相关关系,相关系数为0.867;月降水量的大小对植被盖度的影响较大,5-9月降水量与植被盖度之间有显著的相关性,相关系数达0.938,9月以后植被盖度随气温下降而降低。土壤平均含水量的与降水量有着密切的关系,相关系数达0.839 8。不同深度层土壤的含水量以0~20cm的受降水影响最大,20~40cm受降水的影响次之,40~60cm受降水的影响较小,60cm以下土壤含水量受降水的影响不大。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.