Gentechnisch veränderte Bäume für eine nachhaltige,umweltverträgliche und ressourcenschonende Produktion von Holz für die Energiegewinnung

Genetically modified trees (GM trees) are long-living plants. In regard to their special ecological and economic importance deployment of genetically modified trees is controversial because of the possible risks they are involved.Commercial use of GM trees for example as a plantation culture is supported by proponents, if they were previously subjected to a comprehensive risk analysis and safety assessment. In contrast, many critics exclude a commercial use of GM trees completely. They demand to stop the research.In this paper, the possibilities of a sustainable, environmentally sound and resource-efficient use of GM trees are discussed. Arguments are given in favor of GM trees in respect to both, as a source of renewable raw material to cover an increasing demand for energy and chemical raw materials.Besides, arguments are given in favor of GM trees to mitigate effects of climate change in comparison to agronomical energy crops such as maize, sugar beet and cereals.Finally, an overview of an international project on risk assessment of GM trees (recently approved by the European Union) is given. The paper concludes with a presentation of requested and approved field trials of GM trees in the last five years in Europe.     

Entwicklung, Samenbildung und Biomasseproduktion ausgewählter Problemunkrautarten in Rapshalbzwerghybriden

Recently semi-dwarf oilseed rape varieties appeared in practical cropping. So far, only few studies about their properties in combination with weeds are available. Recently however an increasing number of weeds that are difficult to control are observed in oilseed rape. For the experiment Anchusa arvensis (L.) M.??Bieb., Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. and a mixture of three different Geranium species were selected to study their development, seed and biomass production. Consequences for cropping on semi-dwarf oilseed rape cultivars were derived from the results. Three rape cultivars different in plant height were chosen for the experiments: the normal growing variety “Viking”, the semi-dwarf variety “PR45D01” and a full dwarf rape biotype for breeding purposes. In contrast oilseed rape with normal height, infestation of light-indigently and high growing weeds is more probable in semi-dwarf oilseed rape varieties. These weeds show increased biomass production and higher seed production per plant.     

Möglichkeiten der gezielten Bekämpfung von Pyrethroid-resistenten Rapsglanzkäferpopulationen – Ergebnisse von Ringversuchen mehrerer Bundesländer

From 2006 to 2008, tests for regulating pyrethroid-resistant pollen beetle populations using new insecticidal agents were conducted in the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. Reason for this test series were high yield losses in winter rape in some states in 2006. These losses were the result of unilateral licensing procedures focussing on class??II pyrethroids. Organophosphates, like chlorpyrifos-ethyl and chlorpyrifos-methyl, as well as class??I pyrethroids like etofenprox and bifenthrin were examined during the tests concerning their efficiency towards Meligethes aeneus. As a comparative agent, neonicotinoid based on thiacloprid was used. Mixtures of class??II pyrethroids with piperonylbutoxid were not admitted by the producers in 2008 despite good insecticidal effects due to economic reasons. Therefore, in 2008, insecticides with different mode of action agents were tested for pollen beetle control. Investigations at five different locations showed that pymetrozin (Plenum 50 WG) and indoxacarb (STEWARD) were identical in their efficiency as thiacloprid (Biscaya) against pyrethroid-resistant pollen beetle. Metaflumizone (Alverde), a semicarbazone, is not eligible for controlling M.??aeneus populations in both investigated formulations. In order to avoid further selection of neonicotinoid-resistent pollen beetle populations, the admittance of other insecticidal agents in the coming years is necessary. For that purpose, organophosphates and insecticides based indoxacarb and pymetrozin would be good alternatives.     

Virusnachweis in Blattläusen

Potato virus Y (PVY) causes great economic losses in potato production world-wide. Concerning important it has replaced Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Virus is transmitted by different aphid species in a non-persistent manner. During last years the developing of new effective methods for PVY monitoring, forecasting and detection in aphids is of increasing interest. Sensitive, rapid detection of virus in its natural vectors is of a great need to investigate the relationship between aphid migration and the spread of PVY. Simple diagnostic protocol for the detection of non-persistent Plum pox virus and semipersistent Citrus tristeza virus in aphids, proposed by Olmos et al. (2005) was probed to validate and estimate the efficiency of its applying for the detection of PVY in different aphid species too.     

Beitrag zum Sortentyp und Merkmalskennung der Reifedynamik durch den phänologischen Indikator, dem Silomais-Reifeindex

Data from the Central German variety trials was evaluated, to with the Silage maize Ripeness-Index (SRI) the off-ripe-specific type in its significance and impact on selected parameters of the quality, the yield of silage and energy maize, as well as the appropriate feeding of ruminants with rations of higher maize proportions. The characterization of the ripe type on the basis of SRI is closely associated with statements to maize ripening, reproducibility of variety performance, site suitability and environmental conditions of production in the context of the Dynamic Ripening and Analysis system (DRA). The environmental stability of maize varieties characterizes the type of variety that exerts a dominant role over the ripeness level on the production of silage maize. The difference between type and productivity as well as feed value was demonstrated. For a location and physiological ruminant feeding of maize in relation to the type are been conclusions in the field of plant health, ground feeding uptake, structure impact and physiological grain hardness. As a result of this evaluation a comprehensive advantage of the environment stable variety type with slow ripening maize (residual) plant is to determine which cannot be evidenced and used with the present system of ripeness of use-specific classification.     

Maiszünslerbekämpfung – Bekämpfung und neue Entwicklungen beim Trichogramma brassicae-Einsatz

The European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Huebner) is a well-known and investigated pest of corn and sweet corn particularly in the southwest of Germany since a long time. Nevertheless the pest can still surprise scientists and farmers. The first occurrence of a bivoltine race of the European corn borer in South Badenia in the years 2006 and 2007 is remarkable. The European corn borer had to be controlled in the last year on an area of approx. 60.000 hectares in Germany. An important antagonist of this pest is the parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), which is already used for over 30 years on a continuously rising acreage for the control of Ostrinia nubilalis. The biology of the pest and its parasitoid are recapitulated particularly with regard to the biological control. The flight activities of the European corn borer are supervised with light traps in Southwest Germany. The data were inserted into a central data base at the LTZ Augustenberg, office Stuttgart (at first in 2007). The data can be used by advisors and farmers. They determinate the optimal time for the introduction of Trichogramma brassicae and optimize the application of insecticides. The annual randomized monitoring of the Trichogramma quantities and partially also qualities by the former state institute for plant protection and nowadays the LTZ Augustenberg helped to supply the farmers with good Trichogramma material. The efficiencies of the Trichogramma introduction reach up to over 70%. With the insecticide STEWARD (active ingredient Indoxacarb) similar and partly better efficiencies can be obtained. With the necessity of controlling Diabrotica virgifera virgifera with insecticides problems for the use of Trichogramma can arise – this will be discussed.     

Mykotoxinbildung während der Infektion der Weizenähre durch den pathogenen Pilz Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive pathogens of cereals and a threat to food and feed production worldwide. Infection especially of wheat leads to yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Deoxynivalenol is a hazardous mycotoxin inhibiting the biosynthesis of proteins. Its production by the fungus is a prerequisite for the colonization of the wheat spike. Combining molecular genetics with bioimaging techniques allows a fascinating insight into the pathobiology of this cereal pathogen.     

Einfluss der biologischen Bewirtschaftung auf die Phytodiversität in der Diasporenbank und oberirdischen Vegetation biologisch bewirtschafteter Ackerflächen

The project deals with the evaluation whether the conversion to organic farming leads to an increase of weed diversity. Additionally to the analysis of the above ground vegetation and the soil seedbank on the small permanent plots a mapping of the surrounding vegetation was conducted in 2012. The number of weed species varies highly over the years, but the inventory of species differs only slightly from the one found on the surrounding fields. The number of seeds per m² is highly correlated with the number of above ground weeds species. The crop has shown the highest influence on both.     

Untersuchungen zur Bekämpfung von Beifußblättriger Ambrosie (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) mit herbiziden Wirkstoffen

Measures for the control of A.??artemisiifolia have to be adjusted to allow for the plant density in the stands. In Brandenburg and Saxony numerous locations of A.??artemisiifolia with low density of the species have been reported. For those stands eradication arrangements are scheduled and also practicable. Furthermore there are, especially in Brandenburg, agricultural areas with a high density of A.??artemisiifolia. The goal in these locations is the control of further spread, combined with the reduction of allergean potential. Approaches to the control A.??artemisiifolia are demonstrated by testing of herbicides in different agricultural crops. High efficacy (up to 100%) was reached in maize using approved herbicides. The active substance imazamox showed the highest efficacy against A.??artemisiifolia in peas. Cultiviation of tribenuron-tolerant sunflower varieties and the use of tribenuron-methyl offers the opportunity to eliminate the competition of A.??artemisiifolia even in strongly infested areas. In grass land and public green space the active substance clopyralid controls A.??artemisiifolia well. Non-selective active substances like glyphosate and glufosinate are appropriate to control A.??artemisiifolia in non-crop areas. Organic farming shows a reduction of A.??artemisiifolia taking adequate agricultural measures. However further spread of A.??artemisiifolia cannot be prevented in organic farming.     

Sensorik für einen präzisierten Pflanzenschutz

Precision agriculture is a management concept depending on information technologies related to within-field variability. Site-specific plant production requires the use of technologies, such as global positioning systems, sensors, and information management tools to assess variations in soil, crop canopy and micro-climate. Crop protection is an important production factor, which at present is applied in high-input cropping systems homogeneously in the field despite of site-specific heterogeneity in the incidence and distribution of weeds, pests and pathogens. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of pests in the field is assessed using remote sensing techniques linked to global positioning systems. The generation and management of information on pest incidence with high spatial resolution and its conversion into precise control systems will enable a targeted and resource-preserving integrated pest management system under high productivity conditions, which is economically successful, environmentally sound and socially acceptable. The recording of disease-related weather data and the assessment of spatial heterogeneity of micro-climate in the field as well as the detection of disease specific symptoms with remote and near range sensors (multispectral and hyperspectral cameras, thermography, chlorophyll fluorescence etc.) have the potential to make crop protection more precise in space and time. Innovative approaches are discussed in detail.     

Pflanzenkrankheiten und Schädlinge im ökologischen Ackerbau

Zusammenfassung Auf der ökologisch bewirtschafteten Versuchsfläche des Versuchbetriebes Sickte der Biologischen Bundesanstalt wurden in der Vegetationsperiode 2002/2003 Feldversuche zur Untersuchung des Auftretens von Krankheiten und Schädlingen im ökologischen Ackerbau durchgeführt. Durch Auswertung der Ackerschlagkarteien der ökologisch bewirtschafteten Fläche und einer angrenzenden konventionell bewirtschafteten Fläche war ein ökonomischer Vergleich beider Anbausysteme unter gleichen Boden- und Klimabedingungen möglich.Insgesamt war auf Grund der trockenen Witterung das Krankheitsauftreten gering. Im Winterweizen war nach Vorfrucht Kleegras im Vergleich zur Vorfrucht Raps ein höherer Befall mit Mehltau (Erysiphe graminis) und in geringerem Umfang auch höherer Braunrostbefall (Puccinia recondita) festzustellen. Septoria-Blattdürre (Septoria tritici) wies von den genannten Krankheiten die höchste Befallshäufigkeit auf und zeigte keine Abhängigkeit von der Vorfrucht. Die Erträge variierten von 35,3 dt/ha (Sorte Bussard nach Raps) bis 70,1 dt/ha (Sorte Magnus nach Kleegras). Der Mischanbau von Weizensorten zeigte einen schwächeren Befall mit Braunrost (P. recondita), aber keinen geringeren Septoria-Befall als der Anbau der Einzelsorten.In der Sommergerste traten nur Netzflecken (Drechslera teres) mit Befallshäufigkeiten zwischen 25 und 100% in Abhängigkeit von der Sorte auf. Die Erhöhung der Aussaatstärke von 150 auf 500 Körner/m² führte zu einer leicht erhöhten Bestandsdichte und einer Ertragszunahme von 53,1 auf 68,9 dt/ha, nicht aber zu einem verstärkten Befall mit D. teres.An 5 verschiedenen Erbsensorten waren signifikante Unterschiede im Ertrag, in der Lagerneigung und hinsichtlich der Fraßschäden durch den Erbsenwickler (Cydia nigricana) feststellbar.Eine erste ökonomische Auswertung des ökologischen Ackerbaus im Vergleich zum konventionellen Anbau zeigte Vorteile für den ökologischen Anbau. Gründe hierfür sind der durch die Trockenheit hervorgerufene geringe Ertragsabstand zwischen beiden Systemen sowie die hohen Erlöse aus dem ökologischen Kartoffelanbau.     

Agromyza nigrociliata Hendel als Getreideschädling (Dipt.)

Ohne Zusammenfassungmit 3 Text-Abbildungen     

Prof. Dr. Ernst Brandenburg zum Gedächtnis

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Lignin als biologische Barriere gegen Schimmelpilze in Innenräumen

Many different fungi grow indoors as mold in the presence of moisture. Some of these fungi can cause allergic or toxic reactions, while a few may cause infections in susceptible individuals. A comprehensive treatment of this complex topic would take volumes. Therefore many groups search for alternative management strategies of these fungi. It has been tested if the growth of nine fungi (Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium culmorum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, Mucor sp., Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp.) which are common in interior buildings could be inhibited by mixing lignin into wall plaster. In maltextract agar lignin concentrations above 10 % inhibited mould growth except for Penicillium sp. However, none of the mould species showed and degradation of lignin. Further investigations on a lignin-plaster-agar, which contained only plaster as nutrient and had a high pH at 8, showed no inhibition on the tested fungi (Alternaria alternata, Fusarium verticillioides, Mucor sp., Trichoderma sp. and Penicillium sp.) at concentrations up to 5 %. Higher lignin concentrations lead to insufficient quality of building materials, e. g. cracking. Furthermore the color of the building materials turned from greyish-white in an exotherm reaction into brown, become not any more suitable for construction purposed.     

Bewertung der Pflanzenschutzintensität landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe im Rahmen des Umweltsicherungssystems Landwirtschaft

Zusammenfassung Der Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalten (VDLUFA) Bonn bietet unter der Bezeichnung USL bundesweit eine Umweltverträglichkeitsbewertung landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe an und vergibt das Zertifikat Betrieb der umweltverträglichen Landbewirtschaftung, sofern die dafür geltenden Bedingungen erfüllt sind. Zu den 17 Prüfkriterien gehört auch die Bewertung der betrieblichen Pflanzenschutzintensität. Diese wird seit ca. zwei Jahren über den so genannten Behandlungsindex ermittelt, der in den letzten Jahren auf die spezifischen Bedürfnisse von USL (belegbare Datenbasis zur Absicherung der Justiziabilität) zugeschnitten worden ist. Das Verfahren ist von 2001 bis 2003 in zahlreichen Landwirtschaftsbetrieben getestet worden, darunter auch im Umwelttestbetriebsnetz Thüringen (25 Betriebe, 31 Bewertungen). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit dieser Methode aussagefähige sowie reproduzierbare und justiziable Ergebnisse gewonnen werden können.