大家畜口服土霉素中毒报告

1961年10月某公社联盟生产队,有一头牛拉稀,由附近门诊部的兽医师进行治疗。该门诊部有一批快要失效的土霉素,给拉稀的牛口服了这种土霉素,同时给健康的八头骡、九头牛和二头驴也同时口服了这种土霉素。土霉素为华北制药厂出品,黄色,结晶性粉末,沒有用法说明。兽医师给骡和牛的一次口服量为12克,驴为9克,约加150毫升的常水灌服。用药后发生了中毒与死亡,现将中毒     

应用0.05％新洁尔灭溶液和鱼石脂软膏治疗兔粘液性肠炎

兔粘液性肠炎死亡率很高,一年四季各种年龄和性别的兔都能引起发病,尤其1～3月龄的西德纯种毛兔更为多见。笔者曾对9头病兔用不同药物进行试验性治疗。其中5头病兔应用黄连素、痢特灵、链霉素、青霉素、四环素、土霉素、风油精、烧洒、大蒜汁、补液等药物治疗均未见效而死亡。对另4头病兔试用0.05％新洁尔灭水溶浓和鱼石脂软膏同时服     

疑似牛病毒性腹泻—粘膜病的防治

1990年5月,棋盘农场的85头奶牛突然发生以腹泻为主症的疾病,同时有口、鼻及消化道粘膜发炎、糜烂或溃疡等病变,其发病率为137头存栏牛的62.1%。该场饲养的115只绵羊由于常与牛群接触,有43只亦感染而发病。经3～4天,死亡1头奶牛和5只绵羊。同期,郭仁进等3个养牛专业户的11头奶牛也发生同样疾病。12头妊娠奶牛中2头发生流产,经布病血清学检查,呈阴性反应。病初,用抗生素与磺胺类药物治疗无效,后经会诊,根据临床症状、剖检变化等综合分析,疑为牛病毒性腹泻-粘膜病,遂     

内外兼治鸽脱肛小经验

肉鸽由于肠炎而引起拉稀后,有时会有少数鸽发生直肠脱出。如不及时治疗,被其他鸽啄肛,出血严重而死亡,但只要内外兼治,本病尚可治疗痊愈,其治疗方法是: 1.内服 给消化道消炎药,如土霉素、氯霉素,每次半片,每日2次。或“禽保安”1粒,连服2～3天。     

磺胺类药物的临床应用及使用心得

磺胺类药物抗菌谱广,性质稳定,便于长期保存,使用较方便,价格便宜,对控制感染性疫病有很好的作用,特别是增效剂的开发利用,对动物疫病的控制起到了很大作用。磺胺类药物一般无杀菌作用,但它可干扰细菌叶酸的合成而阻止其生长繁殖,能抑制大多数革兰氏阳性菌和部分阴性菌。1临床应用主要用于病原微生物引起的全身感染、胃肠道感染、局部感染的治疗。⑴马:腺疫、鼻疽、肺炎、坏死杆菌病、巴氏杆菌病、子宫炎、胃肠炎。⑵牛、羊:乳腺炎、子宫炎、肺炎、泌尿道感染、腹膜炎、腐蹄病、白痢、败血症、肠炎下痢及球虫病等。⑶猪:肠炎下痢、肺炎、子…     

治疗鱼类肠炎病要慎选药物

正鱼类肠炎病是导致水产养殖经济损失的主要疾病之一。在鱼药市场上,用于防治肠炎病的药物种类很多,在禁止使用呋喃类、磺胺类中某些药物之后,许多厂家转向生产一些以磺胺类、喹诺酮类、土霉素类等抗生素为原料的药物,大量、长期地使用这些药物,极容易产生耐药菌株,导致局部地区鱼类肠炎病频频暴发,出现用药量加大和久治不愈等现象。药量加大及药残也造成水产动物潜在性地危害人体健康。因     

奶牛球虫病的治疗

某牛场有成牛母牛 20头,年龄在 2.5～ 4岁之间,还有犊牛 4头。 3～ 4月中旬,陆续有 5头奶牛出现带血丝稀粪,有的甚至排泄带鲜血块稀便或黑色粪便。农业部动检所寄生虫室诊断为奶牛球虫病。经过近 1个月的治疗,除 1头死亡外,其余 4头均治愈。此次该病发病率 20.8％,死亡率 20％。 1发病情况 1.1发病年龄：发病均为头胎奶牛, 2.5岁左右。 1.2发病经过： 3月上旬, 1头 2.5岁的头胎奶牛 (刚分娩 15天 )突然拉稀,粪中带血,按急性肠炎治疗,拉稀越来越严重,直至排泄黑色粘稠粪便,同时该牛出现严重贫血、脱水症状。经过大量输液、止血…     

奶牛黏液膜性肠炎与中药疗法

奶牛黏液膜性肠炎属奶牛腹泻症之一，早期不易确诊。随着奶牛业的快速发展，各类疾病相继增多，加之兽医在临床中对奶牛黏液膜肠炎认识不足，往往以常规的胃肠炎治疗，大量中西药物的应用，耗资很大，却收不到理想的效果，有的造成死亡、淘汰。给奶牛业造成很大的经济损失。     

"血红Ⅰ、Ⅱ号"和"贝尼尔"治疗奶牛附红细胞体病的疗效对比

治疗奶牛附红细胞体病，目前临床上采取以应用“贝尼尔”（三氮脒）长效土霉素、长效磺胺等药物为主，其各疗效不一。2003～2005年，我们分别应用“贝尼尔”和自制的“血红Ⅰ号”、“血红Ⅱ号”治疗接诊的附红细胞体病患牛60例，现将诊治情况及疗效报告如下。     

奶牛黏液膜性肠炎与中药疗法

奶牛黏液膜性肠炎属奶牛腹泻症之一,早期不易确诊。随着奶牛业的快速发展,各类疾病相继增多,加之兽医在临床中对奶牛黏液膜肠炎认识不足,往往以常规的胃肠炎治疗,大量中西药物的应用,耗资很大,却收不到理想的效果,有的造成死亡、淘汰。给奶牛业造成很大的经济损失。笔者从$%%%年以来,&年间在本县%个乡、镇临床中先后发现#!头不同年龄的奶牛患黏液膜性肠炎,采取了自拟中药散剂治疗此病,除两头因腹泻已久,身体严重瘦弱,后畜主不再坚持治疗而淘汰外,其余#"头均治愈。治愈率%&'。据有关资料阐述,黏液膜性肠炎是肠黏膜发生!"#病例#!"$年$$月$%日…     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil

Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food.