木基地板静音性能的测试方法研究

针对目前国内木基静音地板尚无相关测试标准的问题,本试验利用钢球自由下落撞击法,对地板的静音性能进行了测量和评价。试验证明:钢球自由下落撞击法对不同静音性能的地板可以给出精确的定量评价。为今后木基静音地板测试方法标准的起草和制定,提供了新的思路。     

软木厚度对软木/纤维板复合地板静音性能的影响

在纤维板上表面贴覆不同厚度的软木,制备软木/纤维板复合静音地板,并研究软木厚度对复合静音地板性能的影响。结果表明:软木/纤维板复合静音地板冲击声声压级最好为74.1d B,静音效果显著。根据多重比较分析结果,综合考虑软木复合地板的性能和成本,选择贴覆2.4 mm厚软木,制备的复合地板的静音性能良好,密度和含水率等指标满足LY/T 1657—2015《软木类地板》的要求,静曲强度达到GB/T 18102—2007《浸渍纸层压木质地板》的要求。     

我国木基静音地板发展现状分析

针对目前国内木基静音地板品种少、对天然优质软木依赖度大;基础理论研究少、无相应性能测试及质量评价标准的现状,提出从原料入手,加强木基地板静音机理的研究,开发新型的静音地板,制定相关的行业乃至国家标准等解决方案,同时,展望了木基静音地板的发展前景和趋势。     

绿色地板新时尚 软木静音地板

下班以后，可以甩掉鞋子，尽情放松劳累一天的双脚；或者在曼妙的音乐中，赤足滑出一段优雅的华尔兹，感受脚板与地板的全接触，享受赤足的返璞归真，体味从足底传来的温暖、舒适、质感，这种惬意当然来自脚感舒适的地板了，“实木脚感型”软木静音地板就是可以给人这样一种舒适感受的地板，它不仅在技术上、工艺上、设计上满足功能及使用方面的要求，     

基于太阳能利用的储能缓释地板模块的研制

为实现对能源的高效利用,研制了一种具有储热与热缓释的功能地板模块,对该地板模块的结构进行了设计,检测分析了5种隔热保温材料的导热系数,并对地板模块的热学特性进行了计算分析。结果表明,用挤塑板做隔热底板的保温材料热损失最少,而热源温度在60～70℃时,地板模块的吸热量最大,因此选择挤塑板做隔热底板的保温材料,地板模块的热源温度为60～70℃。     

基于生态足迹的中国地板产业可持续发展研究

生态足迹是可持续发展能力的重要评价指标,中国作为地板生产与出口大国,探讨地板产业可持续发展具有重要意义。笔者在分析中国地板产业发展概况的基础上,用生态足迹理论,对中国2006—2015年的地板产业生态足迹的变化进行了分析。结果表明,中国地板产业生态足迹逐年上升,环境影响程度逐年加强,地板产业可持续发展程度下降。为确保中国地板产业可持续发展,笔者从森林培育、技术创新和地板消费三个方面提出建议。     

看不同类型的女人选地板

无论是哪种类型的女人，选择地板都有一个共同的标准，那就是要求地板要环保、稳固和静音。环保是消费者使用地板最基本的要求之一。环保对消费者健康有着重要影响。抛开个性、收入、学历等客观因素．女人选购家居用品——地板．大概可以分为“潮女型”、“品质型”和“简约型”3种。     

价值工程在空调设计方案选择中的应用

价值工程用于多方案选择时,能全面、客观地分析产品的功能与成本的关系,分析结果直接、可靠,具有较强的说服力。空调系统不同的方案,都有其各自的特点。本文提出运用价值工程的方法对4种空调冷热源组合方案进行技术经济的全面比较,以确定最满意方案。价值工程在工程应用过程中,运用功能评价系数来描述,因此产品的功能定义应力求准确,成本分析应着眼于产品的全寿命周期成本。     

生态系统服务功能经济评价的主要技术方法评析

在大量阅读文献的基础上,对生态系统服务功能经济评价的主要技术方法进行了总结和评析。本文对生产函数分析(PF)、替代/修复成本(RC)、旅行价值法(TCM)、内涵价格(HP)、随机评价(CV)、基于辩论的评价(DBV)等方法的操作步骤进行了简要介绍,并就各种方法使用中应该注意的事项及其适用的范围等进行了分析。     

木质林产品国际竞争力综合评价方法比较分析

在简要介绍指标评价法的基础上,通过构建木质林产品国际竞争力综合评价指标体系,选取世界主要木质林产品生产和贸易国家,通过实证方法简要说明基于统计赋权、主成分分析、熵权法和灰色关联度分析的综合评价方法的实现过程,并运用兼容度和差异度来比较不同评价方法的评价效果,在此基础上利用协调系数检验优选评价方法的一致性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.