角规点抽样在林分蓄积量调查中的应用

目前在林分蓄积量调查中，一般采用常规的标准地调查的方法，但这种方法与角规点抽样的调查方法相比，外业检尺数量较多，工作量较大，因此，对于小面积森林资源的调查，角规点抽样确是一种简便易行的调查方法。     

固定角规点上估测林分生长的期初特征值法

复测固定角规点时，令保留木和进界木的期初断面积分别为ｇ１和ｇ０，它们的期末断面积为ｇ２，若把断面积比（ｇ１／ｇ２）和（ｇ０／ｇ２）分别称为保留木和进界木期初断面积特征值δ１和δ０，而它们的期末特征值仍为δ＝１，则林分每公顷断面积生长量△Ｇ＝Ｆ（∑Ｚ２ｉ＝１δｉ－∑Ｚ１ｊ＝１δ１ｊ－∑Ｚ２－Ｚ１ｋ＝１δｏｋ）。当保留木和进界木的期初形高分别为ｈｆ１和ｈｆ０，它们的期末形高为ｈｆ２时，则林分每公顷的蓄积生长量△Ｍ＝Ｆ（∑Ｚ２ｉ＝１ｈｆ２ｉ－∑Ｚ１ｊ＝１（δ１ｈｆ１）ｊ－∑Ｚ２－Ｚ１ｋ＝１（δ０ｈｆ０）ｋ。期初特征值法的特点是，既能保持直接法的优点———与林分蓄积现状具有一致性，便于连续清查，又能避免其缺点———抽样效率低。能真实地反映林分生长的连续性、渐进性。模拟实验证明，期初特征值法的抽样精度为９５％左右，平均系统误差为±５％左右。抽样效率是直接法的１０—３０倍。     

浅谈角规测定林分蓄积量

在林业调查工作中,角规已被广泛用于测树,不仅可测林分断面积,而且发展为可测林分平均高、立木株数和林分蓄积量。关于用角规测蓄积量,国内外已做过许多研究和介绍。考虑到我省有些林业局森调队还未采用角规,有些青年同志也很需要掌握这一技术,因此,     

浅谈角规测定林分蓄积量

在林业调查工作中,角规已被广泛用于测树,不仅可测林分断面积,而且发展为可测林分平均高、立木株数和林分蓄积量。关于用角规测蓄积量,国内外已做过许多研究和介绍。考虑到我省有些林业局森调队还未采用角规,有些青年同志也很需要掌握这一技术,因此,我们参照有关资料并根据多年实践,把角规测蓄积再做一简明浅显的介绍,供大家试用参考。     

森林资源二类调查系统抽样2种样地调查方法的比较与分析

以贵州省锦屏县第四次森林资源二类调查系统抽样为例,对角规点抽样的标准表法和圆形样地每木检尺的二元立木材积表法进行了比较和分析。结果表明:角规样地与圆形样地对总体蓄积抽样精度分别为90.28%,90.38%,均达到规定的精度要求(≥90%),总体蓄积估计值仅相差1.63%;角规样地检尺样木株数较少,外业工作量相当于圆形样地的40%左右,抽样效率较高;角规样地对大部分林分公顷株数、公顷断面积、公顷蓄积的抽样估计偏低。小班蓄积采用角规辅助调查的标准表法,总体蓄积采用圆形样地每木检尺的二元立木材积表法进行抽样控制的方法是可行的。     

角规测树在材积生长动态监测中应用理论与方法的研究

本文系统研究了水平角规在固定样点监测材积生长动态中的理论与方法；导出了采用保留木生长量计算林分断面积、蓄积生长量的新的计算公式，提出了以该方法为基础的角规测树的动态监测方法体系。结果表明，本文提出的理论方法不仅完善了传统方法而且克服了传统方法测定林分断面积、蓄积量零增长及跳跃现象。理论推导同时表明，采用变角规断面积系数方法与采用角规样点保留木生长量测算林分生长量的机理在理论上是一致的     

几种栽植点单元抽样调查方法初探

平原地区造林,特别是速生用材林,株行距非常规整。以圆形样地为单元,抽样调查林分蓄积量,常因立木实际占地面积与在圆形样地中占地面积差异较大而使估计值出现不易克服的偏差。为模索适于株行距规整的林分,特别是速生用材林小班蓄积量调查的抽样方法,笔者进行了初步研究,设计了几种栽植点单元抽样调查方法(简称栽植点抽样,下同),并进行了实地检验。现将结果初报于下。     

角规调查森林生长量方法的探索

<正> 应用角规的点抽样估计森林蓄积量的技术,在当前已被普遍承认是一种先进的测树方法。因此我们设想,如果能使它与森林生长量结合起来,那么它将更进一步在森林调查中发挥它的威力。为此初拟了角规测定林分材积净生长量的两种方法,以供探讨,并请指正。     

广西森林资源连续清查角规样地体系评价

广西森林资源连续清查(以下简称"广西连清)"角规样地体系,是我国唯一的以点抽样理论为基础,以固定角规样地为监测载体的省(区)级森林资源连续清查体系。广西连清第7次复查,除了增设的方形样地调查以外,还对原有的角规样地进行了复查,因此本文得以用同时进行调查的方形样地调查结果作为参照对象,对角规样地体系的优点和存在的问题进行定性和定量相结合的综合分析评价。分析评价结果表明,与方形样地比较,角规样地除了具有显著的隐蔽性外,外业工作量只相当于方形样地的53%,两套体系的活立木蓄积量差异仅为3.16%,角规样地和方形样地体系总蓄积量抽样精度分别为94.47%与94.57%,均达到国家森林资源连续清查技术规定要求(≥90%)。角规样地复位率大于规定的98%,样木复位率远大于规定的95%,达97%以上,能满足林木蓄积生长量和消耗量监测的要求。角规样地体系的不足主要是由于漏测木和进测木的存在,导致森林资源的现状估计值偏低,且动态估计精度明显低于方形样地体系。     

应用数学模型计算角规测树蓄积量的探讨

根据林分蓄积量公式M=GHF1．3和二元立木材积公式V=αD^bH^c推导出角规测树蓄积量公式。结果表明,选取角规绕测点林分平均胸径D、平均树高H及角规断面积G代入上式,即可利用含幂(γ^x)键的电子计算器,便捷、迅速、准确地计算出林分蓄积量。     

Estimating the volume of forest growing stock using auxiliary information derived from relascope or ocular assessments

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the potential of integrating probabilistic sampling and estimation with the conventional technique referred to as forest inventory by compartments. The objective of this paper is to propose two strategies for the assessment of growing stock volume using two-phase sampling, namely: (i) relascope basal area estimation performed on first-phase sampling points followed by volume estimation performed on a sub-sample of points selected in the second phase; (ii) ocular evaluation of growing stock volume performed on first-phase sampling plots of fixed size followed by volume estimation performed on a sub-sample of plots selected in the second phase. The effectiveness of using the auxiliary information gathered in the first phase is assessed by comparing the double-expansion estimator of total volume which depends solely on the second-phase sample with the two-phase ratio estimator which instead calibrates the double-expansion estimator on the basis of first-phase information. Conservative estimators of sampling variances and confidence intervals are derived for both the estimators. As is usual in forest inventories, first-phase sampling is assumed to be performed on a systematic random grid while three different schemes are considered for drawing the second-phase sample: simple random sampling without replacement, stratified sampling and 3-P sampling. The performance of double-expansion and ratio estimators under the three schemes adopted in the second phase is empirically checked by means of a simulation study performed on a real compartment in a beech forest of Central Italy. Simulation results show that the use of auxiliary information generated in the first phase constitutes a very effective way of increasing the accuracy of volume estimation at the compartment level, with a moderate increase of fieldwork.     

基于点云数据的测树因子提取与分析研究

利用三维激光扫描仪对树木进行扫描获取树点云数据,经过格式转换、分离、提取后,对树木各测量因子包括胸径、树高、树冠、材积量进行测定,并对测量方法进行分析与讨论。结果表明:树冠测定因子可以由于测量技术的提高,测定树冠的叶面积指数更能反映树冠的生理学意义;通过不规整三角网构建的多面体的计算的树干体积较平均断面积、中央断面积求树干材积更准确与便捷。     

基于混合效应的湖南马尾松次生林单木生长模型

[目的]建立湖南省马尾松次生林单木断面积与材积生长模型,为林木的生长预估提供理论依据.[方法]以湖南省2014年一类清查样地中的20块马尾松次生林为研究对象,选取5个具有生物学意义的生长方程,建立马尾松断面积和材积随年龄变化的基础模型,在此基础上,加入以样地为随机效应的随机参数,构建基于混合效应的湖南马尾松次生林单木断...     

Efficiency of alternative forest inventory methods in partially harvested stands

Forest inventory is vital to all aspects of forest management and inventory methods can vary greatly in their accuracy, precision, efficiency and cost. In Maine, much of the forestland base has been managed using partial harvesting methods over the past two decades. These partial harvesting methods generally produce highly heterogeneous stand structures and composition. Consequently, it is currently unclear which inventory methods are best given the distinct spatial and structural heterogeneity that is created. We compared efficiency and stand-level inventory estimates using horizontal point, fixed area and horizontal line sampling measurement methods in 16 partially harvested stands across northern and central Maine. Some stand-level variables were sensitive to measurement method (e.g., volume, quadratic mean diameter and small stem density and basal area), while others were less sensitive (e.g., overall basal area and stem density). Efficiency, defined as a combination of precision of volume estimates and measurement time, varied among measurement methods at lower stand basal area values but was similar at higher basal area, with the exception of the fixed area method. Overall, horizontal line sampling proved to be a viable method in post-partial harvest stand conditions. Our results illustrate the trade-offs between precision and time costs involved in several measurement methods under a range of heterogeneous stand conditions.     

抚育间伐对人工落叶松断面积和蓄积生长的影响

以汪清林业局的20块人工落叶松为例,对间伐林分的断面积和蓄积进行生长趋势分析,用普雷斯勒公式计算林分的平均生长率,分析不同间伐强度对林分断面积和蓄积的影响,结果表明:间伐林分在间伐初期的断面积和蓄积小于未间伐林分,但随着林龄的增大,间伐林分断面积和蓄积向未间伐林分渐近;间伐强度越大,年平均生长率越大;方差分析表明,不同的间伐强度对林分断面积和蓄积生长的影响差异显著。     

Response of Three Young Douglas-Fir Plantations to Forest Fertilization with Low Rates of Municipal Biosolids

Abstract

The growth of three young (5-6 years since planting) Douglas-fir plantations fertilized with a single low-rate application of municipal biosolids, ranging from 17-19 dry Mg ha^-1, was studied. Stand measurements showed increases in DBH, height, average and total basal area, average and total volume and average and total dry-weight differences in the biosolids-fertilized vs. control. For instance, average per tree DBH was 14.7% greater than the controls, height by 2.7%, per stem basal area by 27%, per stem average volume by 33%, per stem average dry weight by 38%, basal area per hectare by 28%, volume per hectare by 32% and dry weight per hectare by 36% compared to untreated controls. Comparing differences in volume increases from initial growth periods with the latest growth period indicates that volume increases due to the biosolids treatment are continuing and apparently increasing over time. However, none of these observed differences were statistically significant (0.05 level) due to high variation within and between stands.     

A growth model for Pinus radiata D. Don stands in north-western Spain

A dynamic whole-stand growth model for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) stands in north-western Spain is presented. In this model, the initial stand conditions at any point in time are defined by three state variables (number of trees per hectare, stand basal area and dominant height), and are used to estimate total or merchantable stand volume for a given projection age. The model uses three transition functions derived with the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) to project the corresponding stand state variables at any particular time. These equations were fitted using the base-age-invariant dummy variables method. In addition, the model incorporates a function for predicting initial stand basal area, which can be used to establish the starting point for the simulation. Once the state variables are known for a specific moment, a distribution function is used to estimate the number of trees in each diameter class by recovering the parameters of the Weibull function, using the moments of first and second order of the distribution. By using a generalized height-diameter function to estimate the height of the average tree in each diameter class, combined with a taper function that uses the above predicted diameter and height, it is then possible to estimate total or merchantable stand volume.     

Combining ALS and NFI training data for forest management planning: a case study in Kuortane,Western Finland

Forest inventories based on airborne laser scanning (ALS) have already become common practice in the Nordic countries. One possibility for improving their cost effectiveness is to use existing field data sets as training data. One alternative in Finland would be the use of National Forest Inventory (NFI) sample plots, which are truncated angle count (relascope) plots. This possibility is tested here by using a training data set based on measurements similar to the Finnish NFI. Tree species-specific stand attributes were predicted by the non-parametric k most similar neighbour (k-MSN) approach, utilising both ALS and aerial photograph data. The stand attributes considered were volume, basal area, stem number, mean age of the tree stock, diameter and height of the basal area median tree, determined separately for Scots pine, Norway spruce and deciduous trees. The results obtained were compared with those obtained when using training data based on observations from fixed area plots with the same centre point location as the NFI plots. The results indicated that the accuracy of the estimates of stand attributes derived by using NFI training data was close to that of the fixed area plot training data but that the NFI sampling scheme and the georeferencing of the plots can cause problems in practical applications.     

The inventory of the carbon stocks in sub tropical forests of Pakistan for reporting under Kyoto Protocol

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) requires reporting net carbon stock changes and anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, including those related to forests. This paper describes the status of carbon stocks in sub tropical forests of Pakistan. There are two major sub types in subtropical forests of Pakistan viz a viz Subtropical Chir Pine and Subtropical broad leaved forests. A network of sample plots was laid out in four selected site. Two sites were selected from sub tropical Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) forests and two from Subtropical broadleaved forests. Measurement and data acquisition protocols were developed specifically for the inventory carried out from 2005 to 2010. In total 261 plots (each of 1ha.) were established. Estimation of diameter, basal area, height, volume and biomass was carried out to estimate carbon stocks in each of the four carbon pools of above-and below-ground live biomass. Soil carbon stocks were also determined by doing soil sampling. In mature (~100 years old) pine forest stand at Ghoragali and Lehterar sites, a mean basal area of 30.38 and 26.11 m2·ha-1 represented mean volume of 243 and 197 m3·ha-1,respectively. The average biomass (t·ha-1) was 237 in Ghoragali site and 186 t·ha-1 in Lehterar site, which is equal to 128 and 100 t C ha-1 including soil C. However, on average basis both the forests have 114.5± 2.26 t·ha-1 of carbon stock which comprises of 92% in tree biomass and only 8% inthe top soils. In mixed broadleaved evergreen forests a mean basal area(m2·ha-1) was 3.06 at Kherimurat with stem volume of 12.86 and 2.65 at Sohawa with stem volume of 11.40 m3·ha-1. The average upper and understorey biomass (t·ha-1) was 50.93 in Kherimurat site and 40.43 t·ha-1 in Sohawa site, which is equal to 31.18 and 24.36 t C ha-1 including soil Cstocks. This study provides a protocol and valuable baseline data for monitoring biomass and carbon stocks in Pakistan’s managed and unmanaged sub-tropical forests.