余甘子育苗技术

培育壮苗是余甘子栽培速生丰产的基础。余甘子育苗分为选种、制种、播种和幼苗托管等几个步骤，现依次介绍如下。１　选种选择树形好、无病虫害、果实大、连续２～３年开花结果的优良单株为亲本母树。余甘子一般在１０～１２月成熟，种子饱满。选择果皮透明、椭圆形、纵横径约２～３ｃｍ、单果重８～１０ｇ、有６条腹缝线、易离核、口感好的果实作种。２　制种将作种的果实在水中浸泡或堆积腐烂，除去果肉，取出果核洗净，自然晾干贮存备用。果核不能曝晒，以免影响种子出苗率。３　播种余甘子一般于１２月底制种，翌年２月底至３月初播种。…     

四川桤木根瘤主要氮素同化酶活力及其超微结构研究

四川桤木（ＡｌｎｕｓｃｒｅｍａｓｔｏｇｙｎｅＢｕｒｋｉｌｌ）当年幼苗的根瘤平均氮活力和硝酸还原酶（ＮＲ）活力５月底出现高峰，分别达１１．０３μｍｏｌＧ２Ｈ４／（ｇＦｗ．ｈ）和０．８９μｍｏｌＮＯ２／ｇＦｗ．ｈ）。当６月份根瘤开始衰败时，则迅速下降，而根瘤平均谷酰胺合成酶（ＧＳ）活力有所上升。２年生幼苗成年瘤和才瘤超过单株瘤重的７０％。成年瘤占总瘤重的百分比５月底达最大值，为５１．４％。而才老瘤在６     

野生余甘子的初步研究

野生余甘子的初步研究方嘉兴（中国林科院亚热带林业研究所，富阳，３１１４００）余甘子（ＰｈｙｌｌａｎｔｈｕｓｅｍｂｌｉｃａＬ．）为大朝科叶下珠属的落叶灌木或小乔木，我国主要分布南亚热带地区的福建、台湾、广东、广西、贵州、云南等省区以及浙江、江西、四川部...     

霜冻前后野生余甘子果实功能成分的变化

【目的】探明余甘子果实经过霜冻后风味更佳的原因。【方法】以永仁县野生余甘子林同一居群7株代表性植株为研究对象,在霜冻前后,采用随机抽样的方法,测定余甘子果实形态和功能成分指标,分析各指标的相关性,并比较了霜冻前后各指标的变化。【结果】同一居群不同余甘子样株果实的蛋白质含量、氨基酸含量、总酸含量、总糖含量、SOD活性、维生素C含量、总酚含量、硒含量均有差异,其中霜冻前变异系数最大为硒含量(31.65),其次为氨基酸含量(27.52)。果实蛋白质含量与维生素C含量呈极显著负相关,与总糖含量、总酚含量呈极显著相关;果实维生素C含量与总酚含量呈极显著负相关。霜冻后,余甘子果实形态差异显著,营养物质蛋白质、氨基酸、总糖、总酚含量均增加。其中,氨基酸含量极显著增加,由26.82μmol/g增大到36.97μmol/g,总糖含量显著增加,由47.82 mg/g增加到52.97 mg/g,蛋白质含量增大,总酚含量均值变化最小,但蛋白质含量和总酚含量差异均未达显著水平,果实SOD活性、总酸含量、硒含量极显著降低,维生素C含量显著降低。【结论】霜冻有改变余甘子果实营养物质形成和积累的作用。生产中,霜冻前有利于采集维生素C、硒含量较高的余甘子果实;霜冻后余甘子果实蛋白质、氨基酸、总糖含量较高,有利于采集到的营养价值高且口感较好的果实。     

两种酸枣制品的加工研制

两种酸枣制品的加工研制野生于山坡丘陵、林间隙地的酸枣资源，其果实营养丰富。据分析，干酸枣中含糖量达４７％（其中还原糖占４２％），有机酸和果胶的含量分别达４．９％和６．７％，而Ｖｃ和Ｖｐ的含量各为８３０～１１７０ｍｇ／１００ｇ和２２００～３０００ｍｇ／...     

防止余甘果Vc损失的几点建议

<正> 余甘子Phyllanthus emblica.L系大戟科叶下珠属落叶乔木或灌木果树、药用植物。广泛分布于福建、台湾、广东、广西、贵州、云南、四川等地,其中,云南、福建两省产量最为丰富。由于余甘果实所含维生素C是苹果的160倍,大部分矿物质和氨基酸也比苹果高得多,是已知水果中Vc含量最高的。近年来,通过大量的实验研究,发现它具有防癌抗衰老作用,因此它的医用、食用价值越来越引起人们的重视。以它为原料开发的系列产品,如饮料、罐头、果脯、粉剂等相继问世,为人们提供了又一种天然,保健营养食品。余甘果成份分析见表1。(与苹果比较)。     

浅谈云南余甘子的良种化

浅谈云南余甘子的良种化汪云余甘子（ｐｈｙｌｌａｎｔｈｕｓｅｍｂｉｃａＬｉｎｎ）又名油甘、滇橄榄、喉甘子等，是大截科落叶灌木或小乔木，高２～３米，是一种粗生易管、早结丰产的多年生果树。它原产亚洲热带和亚热带地区，我国广东、广西、海南、福建、台湾及云南和...     

海南岛余甘子野生资源分布调查及现状分析

余甘子为大戟科叶下珠属植物,分布范围较广,具有较好食用和药用价值.对比福建、广东等地区大力开发余甘子资源,海南地方品种利用率低且正在消失.为了发现和保护地方品种,针对海南岛野生余甘子资源进行了调查,结果显示仅在海口市、临高县和万宁市3个地区暂未找到野生资源,其他市县均有分布;野生余甘子资源分布范围虽广但资源很少,且多为...     

余甘子SOD的提取

余甘子,也称油柑子、橄榄等。其根、叶、果、树皮均可入药。主要分布广东、广西、云南、贵州、四川、台湾等地。余甘子味酸涩、生津止渴、清热解毒,有抗癌、抗衰、美容等作用。其果实鲜食、加工、药用均可,用途广泛、经济价值高。据测定,每克鲜果含有活力的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)482.14国际单位,每克干粉含有SOD5891.0国际单位,每毫升原汁含964.28国际单位。余甘子果实含量为370mg/100g～1416mg/100g,每克干粉含Vc相当于市售Vc1片。余甘子干粉含     

有开发前景的好树种——余甘子

余甘子俗称余甘、油甘、牛甘果。属大戟科叶下珠属的落叶小乔木,原产马来西亚、印度等地。我国台湾、福建、广东、云南、广西、四川等省、区均有分布。我区百色地区野生面积很大,种类较多。余甘是一种生态效益好、经济价值高的多用途树种。根系十分发达,在荒芜山丘,沟边溪旁以及砂土碎石地带均能生长,萌蘖能力强、蓄水固土作用大,是荒山、四旁绿化和保持水土的优     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.