野生滇刺枣的改造利用

野生滇刺枣的改造利用李金元，胡学明关键词滇刺枣，萌生枝，紫胶虫滇刺枣（ＺｉｚｉｐｈｕｓｍａｕｒｉｔｉａｎａＬａｍ．）不仅具有较高的经济价值［１］，而且还是优良紫胶虫─—信德紫胶虫（Ｋｅｒｒｉａｓｉｎｄｉｃａ（Ｍａｈｄ．）］和四号紫胶虫［Ｋ．ｌａｃｃａ...     

滇刺枣地理种源试验初探

滇刺枣地理种源试验初探汪云关键词滇刺枣，地理种源，发芽试验滇刺枣（ＺｉｚｙｐｈｕｓｍａｕｒｉｔｉａｎａＬａｍ．）系鼠李科落叶乔木，是目前我国从国外引进的优良紫胶虫种之一——信德胶虫（ＫｅｒｒｉａｓｉｎｄｉｃａＭａｈｄ．）的主要寄主。随着信德胶虫在我国...     

信德紫胶虫的引进放养研究

为解决我省所放养的紫胶虫(Kerrialacca)生产的紫胶质量常达不到标准,国内外市场售价比印度产品低的问题,我省于1982年6月从云南省元江县引进了孟加拉国信德紫胶虫(K.sindica),于广州的省林科所及高州县林科所、深镇、根子等地,后又扩大到丰顺、紫金、惠州、梅县等市(县)进行放养试验,现把几年来的试验结果介绍如下。一、寄主植物信德紫胶虫原产地的寄主植物以滇刺枣为主,其次是阿拉伯金合欢、大叶合欢、聚果榕、宝树、久树和雨树。引入我省后,在10余种寄主上放养。信德紫胶虫在聚果榕、滇刺枣、木豆和大叶千斤拔上生长发育良好,可作为生产用树;在南岭黄檀、黄檀、     

滇刺枣五个地理种源的同工酶分析

滇刺枣五个地理种源的同工酶分析＊汪云马显达关键词滇刺枣地理种源同工酶滇刺枣（ＺｉｚｉｐｈｕｓｍａｕｒｉｔｉａｎａＬａｍｋ．）是鼠李科（Ｒｈａｍｎａｃｅａｅ）枣属（Ｚｉｚｉｐｈｕｓ）落叶乔木，为一种新兴的多用途经济树木。在长期的天然杂交和地域隔绝下，形...     

食用、养虫俱佳的滇刺枣

滇刺枣是印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉、缅甸等国的紫胶虫主要寄主植物。滇刺枣适应性强、耐干旱,我省南部和西部河谷地区有较丰富的野生资源,可充分利用和扩大繁殖。滇刺枣果实含丰富的维生素 C 及糖类,每百克果肉含维生素 C 高达七十六毫克,可     

滇刺枣的引种栽培及其利用

滇刺枣(Zizyphus mauritiana)是印度、孟加拉国、巴基斯坦、泰国、缅甸等国家紫胶虫(Kerria lacca)的优良寄主植物,又是一种经济价值较高的野生植物资源,果实含有丰富的维生素C及糖类。滇刺枣在云南南部和西南部河谷地区有自然分布,具有适应性强、耐干旱等特性,在红壤、砖红壤和中度盐渍化土壤上均能生长。 1980年以来,在云南景东对从泰国引进的滇刺枣进行栽培和放养紫胶虫试验,现将鉴定结果报道如下。     

三种紫胶虫胶质比较研究*

三种紫胶虫胶质比较研究李金元，赵玉兰，李义龙，黄维垣关键词紫胶虫，紫胶树脂，原胶质量我国生产上主要放养三个紫胶虫种［１］：紫胶虫〔Ｋｅｒｒｉａｌａｃｃａ（Ｋｅｒｒ）〕、信德紫胶虫〔ｋｅｒｒｉａｓｉｎｄｉｃａ（Ｍａｈｄ．）〕和中国紫胶虫〔Ｋｅｒｒｉａｃ...     

滇刺枣——害虫的防治

滇刺枣属鼠李科枣属,约15个种,是一种野生枣,俗名有毛叶枣、酸枣、麻柯、西西果等。具有扎根、分蘖强和耐瘠耐旱等特性。据报道,滇刺枣有药用、饲料等价值。自我省引进孟加拉国紫胶虫后,滇刺枣成了紫胶虫优良寄主。但由于虫害的大量发生,使1—5年生的树得不到正常生长,往往重者干枯死亡,轻者光秃。目前调查、对云南元江、元谋等地的滇刺枣危害大的害虫是枣粘虫、绿鳞象(虫甲)、尺蠖等。现将对三种害虫的防治经验介绍     

白斑弄蝶莫氏亚种生物学特性及防治

白斑弄蝶莫氏亚种生物学特性及防治周宗瑞，黄晏明，周旗关键词白斑弄蝶莫氏亚种，生物学，防治盾叶薯蓣（ＤｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｚｉｎｇｉｂｅｒｅｎｓｉｓＣ．Ｈ．Ｗｒｉｇｈｔ）又名黄姜，生于海拔１０００ｍ以下的山坡和石灰岩干热河谷地区的稀疏灌丛或竹林中，提取的皂...     

滇刺枣不同种源试放4号紫胶虫研究

对在滇刺枣７个不同种源树上试放４号紫胶虫研究发现,４号紫胶虫在滇树刺枣树上亦能正常完成其生活史,大部分种源能获得丰厚的虫胶。其中,元谋和双柏两个种源,放收比在１：５以上;胶被厚在０．５ｃｍ以上;怀卵量在２５０－３１１之间。试验为扩大４号紫胶虫的优良寄主种类提供了科学依据。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.