不同种源厚朴酚类牲含量变异与遗传的初步研究

采集厚朴５年生种源试验林共１３个种源３９个树皮样品,用高效液相色谱分析法（ＨＰＬＣ）测定厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的含量。结果表明：厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、厚朴酚类总量、厚朴酚／和厚朴酚比例等品质性状在种源间均有显著或极显著的差异。叶先端小凸尖型的鄂西原酚类含量最高,凹叶型的庐山种源最低,总含量前者是后者的１０．３４倍。以上４个厚朴品质性状均受较强的遗传控制,其种源遗传力为０．７５８５～０．９４６５,且呈经向为主     

不同种源厚朴酚类物质含量变异与遗传的初步研究

采集厚朴 5年生种源试验林共 13个种源 39个树皮样品 ,用高效液相色谱分析法 (HPL C)测定厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的含量。结果表明 :厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、厚朴酚类总量、厚朴酚 /和厚朴酚比例等品质性状在种源间均有显著或极显著的差异。叶先端小凸尖型的鄂西种源酚类含量最高 ,凹叶型的庐山种源最低 ,总含量前者是后者的 10 .34倍。以上 4个厚朴品质性状均受较强的遗传控制 ,其种源遗传力为 0 .7585～ 0 .94 6 5,且呈经向为主 ,经、纬双向地理变异     

杉木主要经济性状多层次的遗传变异

借助于１０年生的杉木种子－家系两水平试验林,研究了杉木主要经济性状在多层次上的遗传变异规律,其主要结果如下;（１０在相同的研究性状上,通常家系内个体间的变异量〉种源间变异量〉种源内家系间的变异量;性状的遗传个体〉种源内家系〉家系内个体;不同变异层次的遗传改良潜力是不同的;通常种源－家系内个体－种源内家系;多层次联合选择获得最大析选择进展。（２）在相同的变异次上,杉木各研究性状具有各自不同的遗传改奶     

秃杉种源苗期变异与选择的研究

秃杉种源苗期试验研究表明，云南、贵州、湖北等８～１２个秃杉种源，７０个单株子代，种源群体间性状存在明显的遗传差异。性状变异与产地经向相关强於纬向相关的趋势。地理变异倾向於不连续遗传变异类型，以经向为主的渐变。经度偏东的贵州种源种子千粒重是湖北种源的１．６２倍，种源苗木生长快，生物量高，冠幅宽而长，根系发达。据对秃杉不同种源苗期生长发育，生物量测定１０个表型性状进行聚类分析，参照分布区生态特点，将秃杉分布区种源划分为３个种源区，２个亚区。变异、区划与选择为秃杉遗传改良提供了依据     

不同种源8年生厚朴林分的生长变异及综合评价

厚朴为我国传统木本药材,用药面广、药材需求量大,人工林培育获得了广泛重视,但其药材质量优劣不等,优质资源筛选工作势在必行。厚朴生长性状及遗传力优劣决定药材产量及遗传稳定性高低。对20个厚朴种源8年生林分生长性状分析及遗传参数估算,结果表明树高、胸径、树皮厚度均值为6.34 m、6.9 cm、1.97 mm,树高、胸径和树皮厚度方差均达极显著差异;树高、胸径和树皮厚度的遗传力分别为0.813 0、0.811 4和0.890 1。经综合评价,筛选出4号、12号、11号和17号等4个最优种源,4个入选优良种源树高、胸径和树皮厚度比群体分别提升16.32%、15.87%和10.78%,树高、胸径和树皮厚度的遗传增益比群体依次提升13.27%、12.88%和9.60%,胸径、树高和树皮厚度的遗传进度比群体则提升16.47%、12.81%和8.91%,胸径和树高为早期选择可靠的生长性状指标。建议厚朴育种先从地理种源筛选着手,结合对种源内的单株筛选,可望获得优良的无性系,为厚朴产业发展奠定物质基础。     

2年生乐昌含笑种源生长研究

来自4个省（区）的14个乐昌含笑种源在广东开展了多点种源试验,1-2年生测定结果表明：树高、地径在不同种源和不同地点间生长差异均达到显著水平,而种源与地点交互作用不显著,两个性状的遗传力均在0.7以上;各调查性状间的遗传相关性非常密切,多数性状间的表型相关性达到极显著或显著水平;树高、地径生长均表现良好的种源为4和13号,速生稳定性最好的种源为13号;选择13号种源（即仁化长江种源）,可以得到3.97%的树高增益和8.81%的地径增益,早期遗传改良效果较明显。     

水曲柳优良种源选择及造林技术

揭示了水曲柳地理变异规律为生长性状变异呈经、纬向渐变为主。采用选择指数法 ,确定可在吉林省中东部生态区推广的全适性优良种源为辉南种源、大海林种源。采用环境指数法进行种源稳定性评价 ,确定出辉南、大海林种源为高产型种源。选择优良种源造林 ,树高可获得 1 8 0 0 %～ 35 .0 7%的遗传增益 ,胸径可获得 1 6 .4 6 %～4 6 .6 2 %的遗传增益 ;采用主成分分析方法 ,综合水曲柳生长性状、形态特征 ,地理气候因子验证相结合的方法 ,将水曲柳划分成 3个种源区和 2个种源亚区。提供了优良种源造林技术     

广西马尾松遗传改良进程及未来发展方向

本文系统地阐述了广西马尾松在种源选择、种子园营建、子代测定、性状培育等方面遗传改良进程以及改良的效果和应用情况，指出了广西马尾松遗传改良过程中所存在的问题，提出了未来广西马尾松遗传改良的发展方向。     

大叶相思全分布区种源试验研究

大叶相思是我国华南地区与东南亚的重要荒山造林树种之一，全分布区种源在生长量与形质指标上存在极显著或显著差异，种源选择十分必要，同时选择优良环境对于生产力的提高也十分有效；种源的地理递变中，经度是主要影响因子，１４２°５６′Ｅ（即大分水岭）以西，随经度的增加群体的优良性连续递增，跨过此经度向东，群体优良性显著提高，纬度仅对干形、枝下高呈中度相关，海拔对各性状不相关；２５个天然种源按其优良性可划分为五大类群，昆士兰的东南沿海部为优良的种源区；考虑性状遗传力及其经济相对重要性的多性状指数选择，可以使遗传改良在多个性状上获得良好的期望遗传进展，以３０％入选率选出的８个优良种源在树高、胸径、材积上，遗传增益分别达１９．１％～２９．５％、１８．８％～２９．５％、８５．３％～１２５．０％，分枝指数与干形指数分别降低２２．１％～６３．１％、１０．８％～６１．３％。     

杉木地理种源长期选择效果研究

[目的]研究不同林龄的杉木地理种源生长状况的差异,筛选适宜于试验区发展的杉木优良种源,促进杉木种源水平的长期遗传改良。[方法]利用1981年营造的杉木种源试验林在5、10、31年生时的测定材料,分析不同种源主要生长性状在不同林龄的遗传参数变异规律,利用早晚相关和聚类分析对优良种源长期选择效果进行评价。[结果]不同林龄的杉木胸径、树高和单株材积在种源间均存在极显著的差异,31年生时最大种源的各性状值较最小种源的各性状分别高75.86%,48.55%,263.76%;杉木在种源间的变异存在明显的地理变异模式,以纬向变异为主,由南向北,杉木的生长量先增大后减小,即我国西南和东南部种源生长较好。参试杉木种源不同林龄时各性状的遗传力为0.750～0.875,说明各性状受较高水平的遗传控制;胸径、树高和单株材积在不同林龄间表型相关和秩相关均呈极显著的正相关,认为杉木早期选择宜在10年生左右;从169个参试种源中筛选出29个生长较快速的种源,大部分种源来自福建省,还包含贵州、广西和湖南等地的种源,其中,生长最好的是福建崇安、顺昌、尤溪等福建北部种源,其胸径、树高和单株材积的遗传增益分别达到23.21%～31.45%、15.60%～20.19%、59.94%～89.97%。[结论]早期选择的年龄对缩短杉木育种周期影响明显,在10年生选择更有利于提高杉木遗传改良的效率,从31年生杉木成熟林中选择出的29个优良种源较当地种源有较大增幅,适宜在江西省及周边地区推广。     

Differentiation of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. and P. pallida (H. & B. ex. Willd.) H.B.K. using foliar characters and ploidy

Two species of Prosopis, Prosopis juliflora and Prosopis pallida, native to Central America and northern South America, have been widely introduced and are now found throughout the world’s hot arid and semi-arid zones. However, these species are frequently misidentified, especially where introduced, hampering genetic improvement and effective management. Samples from trees previously identified as either P. juliflora or P. pallida were divided into two groups by multivariate analysis using selected foliar characters. One group contained known tetraploids and the other contained known diploids. It was concluded that the tetraploid and diploid groups correspond to P. juliflora and P. pallida, respectively. Triploid individuals were also identified, the first report of these in the genus Prosopis. A dichotomous key was developed to differentiate the species, using number of interfoliar glands per rachis, number of leaflet pairs per pinna and leaflet length. P. juliflora and P. pallida grown from seed collected within their respective native ranges were correctly identified using the key. Where introduced, samples from Burkina Faso, Jordan and India were confirmed as P. juliflora, but those from Brazil, Cape Verde and Senegal were identified as P. pallida, rather than P. juliflora, the species assumed to be naturalized in these countries. The correct identification of these two species will facilitate the genetic improvement and management of P. juliflora and P. pallida. There is a strong case for basing future selection and genetic improvement programs on P. pallida rather than P. juliflora. Further collection and evaluation of P. pallida is therefore required, together with conservation programs in the native range.     

Variation in cone and seed characters in clonal seed orchards of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis>

Cone and seed characters were observed on top, middle and bottom portions of tree crown in 3 ramets/clone in three Turkish Pinus sylvestris seed orchards. Broad sense heritability (clonal repeatability), and correlations among characters were estimated. Around one quarter of the seed production occurred in the top portion, half in the middle and one quarter in the bottom portion of the crown for all orchards. The percentage of filled seeds varied little with the crown position, indicating more or less similar levels of selfing in the bottom of the crown as in the top. The seed weight was typically 11 mg. Differences were found for studied cone and seed characters among orchards and crown positions. Variation among grafts within clone was higher than among clones for most characters. The heritability was on average below 0.5 (e.g., cone diameter, number of filled seed per cone) and rarely rose above that (e.g., cone form, length/diameter; percentage of filled seed) for any individual characters. The coefficient of variation within clones was often higher than among clones. Thus, non-genetic factors seem often more important for the variation in performance of grafts than their genetic constitution. Cone form (length/diameter) was the character where the clone influence was the strongest. Cone number and cone dry weight showed significant correlations with seed characters (numbers of total and filled seed, percentage and weight of filled seeds). Significant correlation was found between seed characters.     

厚朴林分结构与产量关系的研究

通过对影响厚朴树皮产量的因子分析，提出了对单株厚朴树皮产量有直接贡献的因子是密度、树高、胸径和树干干重。在厚朴林分形成过程中，密度是影响林分厚朴树皮产量的主导因子；及时地进行合理间伐，改善林木生长环境，是提高单位面积树皮产量和整个林分质量的重要措施。     

Gene dispersion within a population of Pinus sylvestris

Gene dispersion within a population was studied in a 2‐hectare stand of 74 seed trees and 1100 seedlings. Isozyme markers were used to determine the genetic relationships among parental trees, embryos and seedling progenies. Paternity exclusion analyses were used to study multilocus progeny genotypes from certain parents. Results demonstrate large variation between trees in their capacity to contribute their genes through natural regeneration. The proportion of all genes dispersed into a specific distance interval from the source was estimated. The estimation procedure took into account the background of seedlings where parenthood was not excluded, but where the seedlings turned out to be unrelated. We found little evidence for clusters of progeny seedlings surrounding their parental tree. Within 15 m from a tree, approximately 5 % of the genes originated from that tree and 95 % originated from other trees. We found no evidence for an increase in levels of inbreeding, or genetic substructuring in the seedling progeny stand relative to the parental seed trees. A mathematical model for pollen distribution was developed. According to this model, 90% of pollen was distributed more than 15 m from the source. It is concluded that the marker seed trees had a surprisingly low detectable genetic contribution to the regeneration. It seems likely that a considerable part of the new seedlings have parents among felled trees or from surrounding stands.     

黄皮树种源苗木性状遗传参数及其相关选择效率研究

对湖南省黄皮树１１个种源１年生苗木４个性状组２０个性状的遗传参数及其相关选择效率作了测定和分析。其结果表明：（１）４个性状组中，１７个性状在种源间存在显著差异，其中，生产力性状组的性状表型及遗传变异系数较大，而幼苗、复叶和地上生长性状组的表型及遗传变异较小；（２）地上生长性状间、生产力性状间及其相互间具有显著的表型相关和遗传相关，这为黄皮树地上与地下、生长与生产力性状间的相关选择提供了理论依据；（３）幼苗、生长及复叶性状组的性状遗传力较高，多在０．５以上，而生产力性状的遗传力相对较低，一般在０．４以下；（４）用苗高、柄高及地径３个性状，对苗皮质量和根总质量的间接选择效率高于直接选择。其中，用苗高选择苗皮质量和根总质量的选择效率分别提高１６．１％和６２．９％；用地径选择苗皮质量和根总质量的选择效率则分别提高２４．５％和１０３．８％。苗高和地径可作为黄皮树生产力性状苗期选择的主要指标。     

黄皮树种源苗木性状遗传参数及其相关选择效率研究

对湖南省黄皮树１１个种源１年生苗木４个性状组２０个性状的遗传参数及其相关选择效率作了测定和分析。其结果表明：（１）４个性状组中,１７个性状在种源间存在显著差异,其中,生产力性状组的性状表型及遗传变异系数较大,而幼苗、复叶和地上生长性状组的表型及遗传变异较小;（２）地上生长性状间、生产力性状间及其相互间具有显著的表型相关和遗传相关,这为黄皮树地上与地下、生长与生产力性状间的相关选择提供了理论依据;（     

Assessing morphological and isozyme variation of jackfruit (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Artocarpus heterophyllus</Emphasis> Lam.) in Bangladesh

A farmers’ participatory survey was carried out in five different agroecosystems of Bangladesh to obtain information on the genetic diversity, consumers preferences for fruit quality and to assess the data to select potentially superior genotypes of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.). A wide variation in morpho-agronomic characters was identified from farmers’ information and also from laboratory analyses. Multivariate analysis of the data produced four discrete groups, represented by trees from different agroecological zones and soil types. Characteristics such as weight; length; diameter; girth of fruits; number of bulbs per fruit; percentage of pulp; percentage of rachis (core); and percentage of rind (peel) were found to be poorly correlated with environmental factors indicating that these characters may be genetically controlled. Other characters, such as seed weight, bulb weight, and brix (%) were found to be affected by environmental and genetic factors. Isozyme analysis of 50 accessions confirmed results obtained from field studies of morpho-agronomic characters. Ten potentially superior types were selected on the basis of yield, fruiting season, flesh colour, texture, sweetness, and farmers’ preference for recommendation to producers.     

Comparison of branch biomass relationships for North Carolina and Oklahoma/Arkansas loblolly pine seed sources growing in southeastern Oklahoma

Comparison of branch-level foliage and branch (wood+bark) biomass relationships for North Carolina Coastal (NCC) and Oklahoma/Arkansas (O/A) loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed sources provided an indication of biomass partitioning differences between these two seed sources. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the branch-level foliage and branch biomass of NCC and O/A provenances on an excessively drained site in southeastern Oklahoma to assess their branch-level biomass partitioning patterns; a modeling process was developed to accomplish this objective. It was found that seed source significantly influenced the amount of foliage per branch. If tree and branch dimensions were held constant, NCC branches would carry approximately 30% more foliage per branch than O/A branches. The relationship between tree and branch dimensions and branch production did not differ for the two seed sources. Vertical distributions of branch and foliage biomass were found to be similar for the two seed sources as well. Thus, on the droughty site observed in this study: (1) the NCC seed source tended to partition more biomass into the foliage component at the individual branch level than did the O/A seed source; (2) the two seed sources were similar in their propensity to partition biomass into the branch component at the branch level, and (3) the two seed sources were similar in the vertical distribution of branch and foliage biomass within the crown.     

Seed source variation for growth and stem form in the exotic species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Khaya senegalensis</Emphasis> in Sri Lanka

Khaya senegalensis is an increasingly important commercial plantation species in Australia, Sri Lanka and elsewhere. To address a problem of limited information on seed source variation from across its natural and planted range for key economic traits, two seed source trials were established in Sri Lanka in 2008. These included 3 Sri Lankan landrace and 21 natural stand sources from sub-Saharan Africa. Both trials were assessed for height and survival at age 2 years and then diameter at breast height, total height and stem form traits at age 6 years. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were found between seed sources for all traits at both sites. Significant differences were also found among seed sources in one trial for within seed source variability of tree volume and other traits, with two local Sri Lankan sources showing some of the highest variabilities. Whilst analyses of data pooled across the two sites revealed significant (P < 0.01) seed source by site interaction effects for most traits, such interactions will be of little practical significance for growth as correlations (r values) of seed source means across the two sites were moderate and positive, but for stem form traits correlations between the sites were low to very low and not significant. Options for future genetic improvement of the species in Sri Lanka are discussed.     

Genetic variability of the ‘bark canker resistance’ character in several natural provenances of Cupressus sempervirens

Several Aegean (Greece) and Anatolian (Turkey) cypress provenances were studied for resistance variability to bark canker, a disease caused by the fungal pathogen Seiridium cardinale. The investigation also examined whether the low disease rate within the natural area of cypress was due to genetic or geographic‐climatic reasons. Results demonstrated strong variability for the ‘bark canker resistance’ character, in particular for trees within families. As trees from the provenances studied were not found to have genetic superiority for bark canker resistance, the above‐mentioned low disease rate could be due to geographic‐climatic barriers that inhibit the development of the fungus or its ability to infect the host. Several half‐sib progenies exhibited high resistance, suggesting that this character is totally inherited through the maternal line. Should this finding be confirmed by further research, it would facilitate the task of genetic improvement for resistance, allowing progenies of resistant trees to be obtained.