黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒基因组全序列分析及病害的田间调查

为明确近年来在浙江省葫芦科作物上发生的黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)基因组特征及其发生分布情况,从浙江省及上海地区的甜瓜、西瓜和瓠瓜上采集疑似样品进行RT-PCR鉴定,通过分段扩增测序的方法拼接获得基因组全序列并进行系统进化分析,利用特异性引物扩增获得CGMMV外壳蛋白(coat protein,CP)基因序列,制备CGMMV CP抗血清进行Western-blot和Dot-ELISA检测。结果显示,来自甜瓜、西瓜和瓠瓜的3个CGMMV分离物基因组全序列均具有烟草花叶病毒属典型基因组结构特征,全部由6 423 nt构成;3个全序列间的核苷酸同源性高达99.11%~99.67%,编码的CP氨基酸同源性为100%。系统进化分析发现,CGMMV不同分离物形成2个进化相关群体,3个浙江的CGMMV分离物均位于第I组内,与已报道的中国CGMMV分离物和韩国CGMMV分离物亲缘性较高。Western-blot检测表明CGMMV CP抗血清可以与感病植株中的病毒发生特异性反应,可用于CGMMV鉴定;Dot-ELISA检测发现CGMMV在浙江省和上海市的葫芦科作物上普遍存在。     

逆转录环介导等温扩增技术检测南芥菜花叶病毒

根据南芥菜花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因序列设计并合成了2组RT-LAMP引物,通过筛选试验,最终确定Ar4组引物为最佳引物,建立了南芥菜花叶病毒的RT-LAMP检测方法.同时,通过实时浊度仪和钙黄绿素分别对检测结果进行了判断.特异性和灵敏度试验结果显示,RT-LAMP方法快速、特异且灵敏,其灵敏度与普通RT-PCR法一致.     

环介导等温扩增技术检测小苍兰花叶病毒

小苍兰花叶病毒Freesia mosaic virus(FreMV)是侵染兰花的主要病毒,严重影响其观赏价值。本研究根据FreMV的外壳蛋白基因序列设计了一组特异性引物,经过一系列条件优化,建立了该病毒的RT-LAMP检测方法。结果显示设计引物能特异扩增FreMV,与其他4种病毒(菜豆黄花叶病毒Bean yellow mosaic virus、黄瓜花叶病毒Cucumber mosaic virus、建兰花叶病毒Cymbidium mosaic virus和齿兰环斑病毒Odontoglossum ringspot virus)不发生反应;该方法灵敏度为RT-PCR的10倍。田间检测20份样品中,RT-LAMP和RT-PCR检测结果一致,检出率为60%。在产物中加入荧光染料SYBR GreenⅠ直接用肉眼观察就可判断样品是否感染FreMV,可省去电泳分析的时间。该方法具有特异性强、灵敏度高、操作简单、快速等特点。     

逆转录环介导等温扩增技术检测南方菜豆花叶病毒

 根据南方菜豆花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因序列设计并合成了4组RT-LAMP引物,通过引物筛选试验,确定SB1组引物为最佳引物,并进行了引物特异性与灵敏度检测试验,最终建立了南方菜豆花叶病毒的RT-LAMP检测方法。灵敏度检测试验显示,RT-LAMP方法比普通RT-PCR法灵敏度高10倍,而检测时间明显缩短,整个反应过程只需40 min。此外,体系中加入钙黄绿素,反应结束后,可裸眼观察颜色变化来判定结果。本研究所建立的SBMV RT-LAMP方法具有快速、稳定、灵敏、特异、操作简单的特点,适合于SBMV的现场快速检测。     

可视化核酸试纸条法快速检测松材线虫

建立了快速、可视化检测松材线虫的方法,分别设计一对特异性引物和一条竞争引物,其中上、下游引物的5'端分别修饰有生物素(biotin)和荧光素(FITC);通过试验筛选并确定了竞争引物的最适比例从而避免核酸试纸条检测扩增产物的假阳性结果,实现了松材线虫的可视化检测.该技术具有操作便利、特异性强、灵敏度高,结果直观、稳定、可靠等优点,在口岸检验检疫实验室快速鉴定松材线虫方面具有良好的应用前景.     

沙地葡萄茎痘相关病毒的RT-LAMP检测方法

 本研究建立了一种用于沙地葡萄茎痘相关病毒（Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus, GRSPaV）的RT-LAMP检测方法。以GRSPaV的RdRp基因序列（GenBank登录号：GQ478314）为靶序列,设计3组RT-LAMP引物,从中筛选出1组有效引物,并确定了适宜的反应温度和反应时间。对RT-LAMP产物进行Hha Ⅰ酶切,酶切片段与理论片段大小一致,证明了RT-LAMP产物的特异性。RT-LAMP方法能够检测出GRSPaV的RNA最大稀释倍数为10^-4,与RT-PCR方法相比更为灵敏。田间葡萄样品RT-LAMP检测结果与已知样品带毒情况相同,表明RT-LAMP检测GRSPaV具有较好的可靠性。在RT-LAMP反应产物中加入染料SYBR Green Ⅰ （×1000）可直接观察反应结果。建立的GRSPaV RT-LAMP检测方法具有简便、快速、灵敏、可视化等特点,尤其适合基层使用,具有良好的应用前景。     

RT-LAMP技术检测菜豆荚斑驳病毒的研究

菜豆荚斑驳病毒(Bean pod mottle virus,BPMV)是我国对外公布的检疫性有害生物,本研究采用环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP),建立了一种快速、灵敏和特异的BPMV检测方法。根据BPMV外壳蛋白编码基因上的8个位点,共设计了6条引物,通过RT-LAMP扩增得到特征性的瀑布状条带。特异性试验表明,引物对BPMV的检测具有良好的特异性;灵敏度试验显示RT-LAMP比RT-PCR灵敏度高1 000倍。该方法无需特殊的试剂和设备,只需在水浴锅中60℃等温扩增,整个检测周期约2~2.5 h,适合BPMV的快速、准确检测。     

逆转录环介导等温扩增技术检测烟草环斑病毒的研究

 本研究采用环介导等温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP),建立了一种快速、简便的烟草环斑病毒检测方法。根据TRSV外壳蛋白编码基因上的8个位点,共设计了6条引物,通过RT-LAMP扩增得到特征性的梯度条带。特异性试验表明,引物对TRSV的检测具有良好的特异性;灵敏度试验显示RT-LAMP比普通RT-PCR高10倍。通过反应温度和时间的优化,该方法只需在水浴锅中60℃等温扩增60 min,整个检测周期约1.5 h,结果采用SYBR green I染色显示,易于观察和判定。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.