嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株对东亚飞蝗杀虫活性的研究

采用叶片浸渍法测定了嗜线虫致病杆菌(Xenorhabdus nematophila) HB310菌株对不同龄期东亚飞蝗蝗蝻(若虫)的口服胃毒活性。结果表明,菌液与细胞在相同浓度条件下对2龄和4龄蝗蝻杀虫活性无显著差异,但明显高于上清液活性(P0.05);在高浓度(2.24×106cfu/mL)条件下,菌液和细胞对东亚飞蝗成虫致病力无差异,但随着浓度降低,菌液的活性明显高于细胞和上清液,且东亚飞蝗龄期越小敏感性越强。该菌株不同分子量胞内蛋白粗提物对不同龄期东亚飞蝗蝗蝻均具有很好的胃毒活性。其中,30 kDa蛋白粗提物饲喂处理96 h后,不同龄期东亚飞蝗蝗蝻的死亡率均达到90%以上。     

抗虫绿豆对绿豆象生长发育及体内几种酶活性的影响

为明确抗虫绿豆对绿豆象Callosobruchus chinensis L.生长发育的抑制作用,采用室内人工接虫和生化测定的方法,研究了绿豆象幼虫取食抗虫绿豆后其体重、体内消化酶、保护酶和解毒酶活性及成虫羽化率和体重的变化。结果表明,取食抗虫绿豆的绿豆象幼虫体重、雌、雄成虫体重以及成虫羽化率分别是取食感虫绿豆的0.69、0.69、0.71及0.14倍;取食抗虫绿豆8~16 d的绿豆象幼虫中肠总蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性均显著低于对照;保护酶超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶与解毒酶羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽转移酶的活性在绿豆象幼虫取食8~12 d时均显著高于对照,但取食14~16 d时,2种解毒酶活性与对照差异不显著。表明抗虫绿豆可抑制绿豆象幼虫中肠消化酶活性,影响其体内保护酶和解毒酶活性,从而使绿豆象幼虫不能正常生长发育。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株对东亚飞蝗的生物活性

通过生物测定比较了9种昆虫病原线虫共生菌对东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis 4龄蝗蝻的杀虫活性,其中嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310菌株(以下简称Xn HB310)对4龄蝗蝻的活性最高;采用浸叶法进一步测定了Xn HB310菌液对不同虫态的东亚飞蝗的毒力。结果表明:在饲喂96 h 后,Xn HB310菌液对2龄蝗蝻、4龄蝗蝻和成虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为2.97×105、4.90×105和6.24×105 CFU/mL,致死中时间(LT50)分别为51.48、52.59和64.34 h。研究还发现该菌株对东亚飞蝗具有明显的拒食活性,处理48 h 后Xn HB310菌液对2龄蝗蝻、4龄蝗蝻和成虫的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为1.15×105、2.36×105和3.16×105 CFU/mL。通过点滴或剪除东亚飞蝗成虫感觉器官的方法,证实了Xn HB310菌液对东亚飞蝗产生拒食作用的器官是下颚须和下唇须,剪除下颚须和下唇须及两者均剪除的拒食率分别为37.36%、51.28%和100%。研究结果表明,嗜线虫致病杆菌Xn HB310菌液对东亚飞蝗的杀虫速度快且活性高,具有开发为防治东亚飞蝗杀虫剂的潜力。     

3种绿肥对黏虫营养生理的影响

为探索绿肥推广种植对黏虫暴发可能带来的风险, 本研究测定了黏虫对绿肥的营养利用情况及绿肥中营养物质和次生物质对黏虫取食量的影响?分别测定了黏虫对紫云英Astragalus sinicus L.?毛叶苕子Vicia villosa Roth?箭筈豌豆V. sativa L.等3种绿肥的营养利用情况, 并用玉米Zea mays L.作为对照, 对这4种植物的相关营养物质和次生物质含量进行了分析?研究结果表明:4种植物对黏虫幼虫的取食?食物利用?食物转化?消化以及幼虫的生长速度等有不同的影响?取食绿肥的5龄幼虫相对生长率?相对取食率?食物利用率和食物转化率明显低于取食玉米的试虫, 近似消化率则高于取食玉米的试虫?取食植物中总蛋白含量与幼虫相对取食量呈显著负相关(r=-0.988, P=0.012), 次生物质类黄酮?单宁?总皂苷?总酚含量与幼虫的取食量无相关性(P>0.05)?紫云英?毛叶苕子和箭筈豌豆对黏虫幼虫的营养效应存在显著差异, 但它们均不利于黏虫幼虫的生长发育, 其成为黏虫潜在寄主的可能性较低, 这些绿肥的推广种植应不会导致黏虫的暴发?     

不同寄主植物对草地螟的营养作用及消化酶的影响

植食性昆虫可以在取食后通过消化分解和吸收从食物中获得营养从而进行正常的生长发育。不同植物中营养物质成分在质和量上都有很大差别。本文通过用藜(灰菜)、大豆、向日葵、玉米和马铃薯叶片分别饲喂草地螟,发现取食不同寄主植物不仅显著影响草地螟幼虫的相对取食量、相对生长率和食物利用率(P0.05),而且中肠消化酶活性也不相同。幼虫取食最喜食的藜时,各项营养指标均显著高于其他处理的幼虫,其中肠消化酶活性也最高;而饲喂草地螟幼虫不喜食的马铃薯和玉米时,幼虫无论取食量、生长率还是食物利用率均显著低于其他处理组(P0.05),中肠消化酶活性较低,但是某些酶活性随取食时间的增加而升高,这可能是昆虫对不适寄主的一种适应。     

不连续气体交换循环呼吸模式下西藏飞蝗和东亚飞蝗的呼吸特征参数

为解析西藏飞蝗对青藏高原干燥低氧环境的呼吸适应机制,本研究比较不连续气体交换循环(discontinuous gas exchange,DGC)呼吸模式下西藏飞蝗Locusta migratoria tibetensis与东亚飞蝗L.m.manilensis的呼吸特征参数.结果 表明:西藏飞蝗和东亚飞蝗4、5龄蝗蝻及雄...     

食物氮含量对意大利蝗生长发育和卵巢面积的影响

为合理预测意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus的种群动态,分别用1%（对照）、4%和7%氮含量的食物饲喂意大利蝗5龄蝗蝻,测定不同氮含量食物处理后意大利蝗5龄蝗蝻的生长速率,羽化后7 d的体长、股节长、胫节长、翅长、翅宽、体重及羽化后1、7、13和19 d的卵巢面积。结果显示,4%氮含量食物处理试虫的生长速率最大,分别较1%和7%氮含量处理的增加了88.02%和109.33%;4%和7%氮含量食物处理后,意大利蝗成虫的后翅宽和体重均显著高于对照;羽化后7 d,不同氮含量食物处理的意大利蝗卵巢面积出现显著差异,羽化后19 d,4%氮含量食物处理的卵巢面积显著高于其他2个处理。表明中等氮含量（4%氮含量）适宜意大利蝗生长。     

牵牛子萃取物的杀虫活性研究

以小菜蛾为试虫,对牵牛子甲醇提取物的4种萃取物的杀虫活性进行了研究。结果表明,正丁醇萃取物的杀虫活性最为显著,对小菜蛾3龄幼虫有很强的拒食和触杀作用,48 h内试虫完全不取食新鲜带毒甘蓝叶片,测得拒食中浓度AFC50为1.747 3 g/L,触杀致死中量LD50为0.017 40 mg/头。试验表明,正丁醇萃取物还同时对小菜蛾3龄幼虫具有一定的生长发育抑制作用,1 d和2 d后的生长发育抑制率分别为39.51%和55.38%,化蛹率为14%,与对照均有显著差异;牵牛子其他萃取物也表现出一定的杀虫活性。     

不同蛋白酶抑制剂对绿僵菌侵染东亚飞蝗的影响

为了揭示不同蛋白酶抑制剂对绿僵菌致病力的影响,明确绿僵菌经消化道侵染东亚飞蝗的作用机制,采用分光光度法测定了经绿僵菌IPPM202及不同蛋白酶抑制剂处理后,不同时间东亚飞蝗中肠总蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、类胰凝乳蛋白酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GSTs）活力的动态变化。结果表明,绿僵菌IPPM202处理后10 d内,东亚飞蝗中肠总蛋白酶活性呈现先上升再下降再上升的趋势,类胰蛋白酶活性呈先上升再下降趋势,类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性逐渐上升;但两种解毒酶的变化均为先上升后下降。加入两种抑制剂后,总体上抑制了东亚飞蝗中肠总蛋白酶和两种解毒酶的活性,降低了菌株IPPM202的侵染力,其中,甲苯磺酰基-L-氨基联苯氯甲基酮（tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone,TPCK）作用较对脒苯基甲磺酰氯（4-amidino phenyl methane sulfonyl fluoride,APMSF）更加显著,使各种酶活力降低至与对照无差异水平。本研究对于揭示绿僵菌在中肠的致病机理及寄主对真菌侵染的免疫机制有一定的指导意义。     

丁烯氟虫腈与氟虫腈对东亚飞蝗若虫的室内毒力测定

采用夹毒叶片法比较丁烯氟虫腈与氟虫腈对东亚飞蝗蜕皮后2d的3龄若虫的毒力。结果表明,丁烯氟虫腈与氟虫腈对东亚飞蝗若虫的毒力相当。比较两者LD50、LD90,丁烯氟虫腈分别为52.76μg/g和548.03μg/g,而氟虫腈分别为38.51μg/g和216.70μg/g,亦可以看出氟虫腈对东亚飞蝗的活性要高于丁烯氟虫腈。     

Insecticidal activity of N,N-diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,n-di-isopropyl-, and n,n-di-isobutylalkanamides against mosquito larvae

N,N-Diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,N-di-isopropyl, and N,N-di-isobutylalkanamides in which the acyl moiety ranged from C₈ to C₂₁ were synthesised, and their larvicidal activity was determined against the first-instar larvae of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The four homologous series of amides generally showed an increase in their larvicidal activity as the carbon number in the acyl moiety of the amides increased, until the activity reached a maximum. Subsequently, an increment of carbon number resulted in declining activity in the higher homologues, until the activity disappeared. N,N-Diethyltetradecanamide, N,N-dipropylundecanamide, N,N-di-isopropylundecanamide, and N,N-di-isobutlynonanamide or -dodecanamide were the most active compounds in their respective homologous series of amides; however, they were less active than their analogous N,N-dimethylalkanamides previously studied.     

长武旱塬不同麦玉轮作系统产量效应模拟研究

利用EPIC模型对不同麦玉轮作系统进行模拟,通过对其输出结果的分析,综合考虑产量、经济效益、干旱胁迫和氮肥生产率等因素,对不同麦玉轮作系统进行综合评价,从而比较不同麦玉轮作系统的优劣。结果表明:(1)在模拟研究期间,8种麦玉轮作系统的产量均呈波动性下降趋势,其平均值分别为4.61、4.40、4.16、4.48、4.28、4.29、4.714、.55 t/hm2。所有的麦玉轮作系统中,麦玉轮作系统"春玉米→冬小麦"的经济效益最好。(2)在模拟研究期间,麦玉轮作系统"春玉米→冬小麦→冬小麦"的冬小麦和春玉米所遭受的年均干旱胁迫日数最少(29.51d)。在干旱年份麦玉轮作系统中的冬小麦较春玉米更容易遭受干旱威胁。综合产量、经济效益、作物所遭受的干旱胁迫天数和麦玉轮作系统的氮肥生产率等因素,在长武地区适宜采用的麦玉轮作系统为春玉米→冬小麦。     

东北日光温室葡萄园水热通量特征及其对气象因子的响应

运用温室葡萄水热平衡观测资料,分析了东北日光温室葡萄的能量平衡和能量分量日变化、生育期变化以及分配规律,同时也分析了潜热通量(λET)对环境因子的响应。结果表明:水热通量各分量在整个生育期日变化总体上呈现为单峰趋势,净辐射(R_n)的峰值最大为618.75 W·m^-2,λET峰值最大为242.73 W·m^-2,感热通量(H)峰值最大为327.93 W·m^-2;在新梢生长期,白天λET较小,为34.55 W·m^-2,随着生育期推进,λET逐渐增大,在果实着色成熟期达到最大值(78.49 W·m^-2)之后减小;H在各生育期能量中均占了绝大部分;白天潜热通量占净辐射的比例(λET/R_n)在新梢生长期最小,为25.28%,在果实着色成熟期最大,为44.17%;感热通量占净辐射比例(H/R_n)整个生育期几乎都达50%以上,土壤热通量占净辐射比例(G/R_n)相对较小,变化范围为4.46～12.32 W·m...     

施肥对小麦、玉米和大豆连作土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了明确长期施肥和不施肥条件下作物连作对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以典型黑土为研究对象,选取长期定位实验站长期施肥和不施肥条件下的小麦、玉米和大豆连作处理,通过稀释平板法和Biolog Eco微平板法,测定土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量、碳源代谢活性等指标,为建立合理的农田管理措施提供数据支撑和理论依据。结果表明:长期施肥条件下大豆、小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均高于不施肥处理,且均以大豆连作处理细菌和真菌数量最高。不施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数较大豆连作处理分别下降了24.8%和31.0%,真菌总数分别下降了64.0%和51.2%;施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数则较大豆连作处理分别下降了29.0%和45.5%,真菌总数分别下降了26.7%和31.5%。Biolog结果表明,不施肥条件下小麦连作处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)高于玉米和大豆连作处理,施肥条件下则是大豆连作处理的AWCD值高于小麦和玉米连作处理。不施肥条件下大豆、玉米和小麦连作处理利用最多的碳源是碳水化合物类,施肥后不同连作处理利用最多的是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。大豆和小麦连作不施肥条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是α-D-乳糖,施肥条件下利用率最高的碳源均是D,L-α-甘油,而不论施肥与否,玉米连作条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是D-半乳糖醛酸;葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和γ-羟基丁酸是农田黑土微生物群落特异利用的关键碳源。主成分分析得出,施肥对土壤微生物碳源代谢能力的影响大于作物的影响。     

Establishment of, and preliminary impact studies on, the rust, Maravalia cryptostegiae, of the invasive alien weed, Cryptostegia grandiflora in Queensland, Australia

The rust fungus Maravalia cryptostegiae , from south-west Madagascar, was introduced into Australia in 1995 as a classical biological control agent against the highly invasive rubber-vine weed Cryptostegia grandiflora , a woody climber endemic to Madagascar. The rust was released at 69 sites between 1995 and 1997 and is now established throughout the plant's exotic range in Queensland, estimated at over 40 000 km². Dispersal was low in the first 3–4 months but was virtually linear thereafter, and the rust spread over 100 km within the first year; after 3 years it was recorded 550 km away from the nearest release site. Spraying both dry and aqueous inoculum of uredinioid teliospores from the ground using mist-blowers, as well as from the air by atomizing spore suspensions, resulted in rust-induced defoliation, producing an overall reduction in fecundity and biomass of the weed. In sites with low water tables, weed growth decreased markedly, with a reduction in plant volume from 9 m⁻³ to 1 m⁻³ over a 4-year period. Both rust- and drought-induced stress combined to cause up to 75% plant mortality at some sites, and at all monitored sites, seedling recruitment was virtually nil. Improved growth of indigenous grasses amongst rubber-vine thickets has increased fuel loads and created opportunities to use fire as a component of an integrated approach to the management of this economically and ecologically damaging weed.     

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.     

Action of some herbicides on growth,respiration, plasmalemma integrity,and proton extrusion of Acer pseudoplatanus cells: II. Amides,diphenyl ethers,nitriles, phenols,triazines, and uracils

The activity of 15 herbicides from different families was assayed on nonphotosynthetic Acer pseudoplatanus cells, in batch suspension culture. They inhibited growth, stimulated the oxygen consumption by cells, and changed the pH evolution of the culture medium. Amides did not seem to disturb the membrane properties. Some diphenyl ethers and phenols directly modified the proton compartmentation of cells whereas some other diphenyl ethers, nitriles, triazines, and uracils altered permeabilities to potassium and leucine. Changes in membrane permeabilities to protons and medium constituents were discussed.     

Comparison of trifluralin,oryzalin, pronamide,propham, and colchicine treatments on microtubules

The mode of action of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N⁴,N⁴-dipropylsulfanilamide), pronamide(N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl) 3,5-dichlorobenzamide), and propham (isopropyl carbanilate) on purified microtubules from pig brains and on the ultrastructure of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. “Mediterranean,” C. I. 5303) and corn (Zea mays L. “yellow dent, U. S. 13”) roots was compared with that known for colchicine. Colchicine disrupts the in vivo cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. Like colchicine, the herbicides trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide caused the loss of both cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. The rate of microtubule disappearance depended on the type of herbicide and length of exposure of roots to the herbicide. Unlike colchicine, cortical microtubules were present in propham-treated roots but they were disoriented within the cell.In vitro polymerization studies with pig brain microtubules (Sus scrofa) showed that the herbicides failed to inhibit the assembly of purified microtubular protein into microtubules and that radioactively labeled herbicides did not bind to the microtubular protein. Colchicine inhibited the polymerization of microtubular protein and readily bound to the microtubular subunits. These results indicate that the mode of action of the herbicides is not similar to that of colchicine and that the loss of microtubules from root tip cells treated with trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide may be caused by these herbicides interfering with synthesis of microtubular protein or metabolism of endoplasmic reticulum membranes involved in microtubule assembly. The mode of action of propham appears to be on the microtubular organizing centers rather than on microtubules per se.     

Modeling the Risk of Entry, Establishment, Spread, Containment, and Economic Impact of Tilletia indica, the Cause of Karnal Bunt of Wheat, Using an Australian Context

ABSTRACT Modeling techniques were developed to quantify the probability of Tilletia indica entering and establishing in Western Australia (WA), and to simulate spread, containment, and the economic impact of the pathogen. Entry of T. indica is most likely to occur through imports of bulk grain or fertilizer (0.023 +/- 0.017 entries per year and approximately 0.009 +/- 0.009 establishments per year). Entry may also occur through straw goods, new or second-hand agricultural machinery, and on personal effects of travelers who have visited regions with infected plants. The combined probability of entry and establishment of T. indica, for all pathways of entry, is about one entry every 25 years and one establishment every 67 years. Alternatively, sensitivity analysis does show that increases in quarantine funding can reduce the probability of entry to about one entry every 50 years and less than one establishment every 100 years. T. indica is spread efficiently through contaminated farm machinery, seed and soil, rain, air currents, and animals. Depending on the rate of spread of the pathogen and the amount of resources allocated for detection, the time until first detection could range from 4 to 11 years and the economic impact could range from 8 to 24% of the total value of wheat production in WA.     

Pb、Cd胁迫对紫茎泽兰N、P、K吸收的影响

采用模拟Pb、Cd污染土壤培养法研究了紫茎泽兰在重金属Pb、Cd胁迫下植株不同部位对3种营养元素(N、P、K)吸收的影响。结果表明,紫茎泽兰各组织在Pb胁迫下对N、P的吸收总体上均保持一定的促进作用,对K则表现出一定的抑制效应;Cd胁迫下对N、P有良好的吸收,低浓度Cd促进K的吸收,高浓度则表现出抑制作用。Pb-Cd复合污染胁迫下根茎叶均对N的吸收有一定的促进作用,而对K的吸收有较强的抑制效应。这表明,紫茎泽兰在重金属Pb、Cd胁迫下可通过大量吸收N、P等元素来有效缓解重金属的毒害作用,这可能也是紫茎泽兰能适应高Pb、Cd胁迫的一种耐性机制。