华北平原免耕冬小麦生长发育特征研究

2004—2006年在河北栾城中国科学院农业生态试验站开展了不同耕作方式下冬小麦生长发育特征及其影响因素的比较研究。冬小麦基本苗数和分蘖率在不同耕作方式间差异显著, 表现为免耕<旋耕<翻耕。免耕处理冬小麦分蘖成穗率高于翻耕和免耕处理, 但基本苗数低, 2004—2005生长季比翻耕和旋耕处理分别低28.9%和29.7%, 2005—2006生长季分别低11.7%和10.0%; 免耕处理冬小麦株高、叶面积指数、地上部干物质积累和产量均低于翻耕和旋耕处理, 其中叶面积指数在2004—2005和2005—2006生长季的最高值分别为2.9和6.0, 产量比翻耕降低30.1%和27.19%、比旋耕降低15.3%和25.20%。免耕可保持耕层较高的土壤水分含量, 总体上高于翻耕和旋耕处理; 免耕处理在冬小麦苗期和返青期表现出明显的“降温效应”, 耕层土壤日均温度低于翻耕和旋耕, 冬小麦出苗和返青较翻耕和旋耕分别晚1~3 d和4~5 d。     

半湿润区免耕覆盖对土壤水分、温度及作物产量的影响

以半湿润区冬小麦－夏玉米一年两熟种植制度为研究对象,设置传统耕作(T0)、免耕无秸秆覆盖(T1)和免耕秸秆覆盖(T2)3个处理,研究不同耕作和秸秆覆盖方式对土壤水分、土壤温度和作物生长的影响及其在不同作物季节的功能差异。结果表明冬小麦季免耕覆盖(T2)和不覆盖(T1)处理0-60 cm土壤含水量都高于传统耕作(T0)处理,但免耕处理T1和T2只在表层土壤含水量存在显著差异,说明秸秆覆盖对表层土壤保水效果明显。免耕覆盖降低了土壤表层温度(T2相似文献   

Performance and sensitivity of the DSSAT crop growth model in simulating maize yield under conservation agriculture

With the practice of conservation agriculture (CA) soil water and nutrient dynamics are modified by the presence of a mulch of crop residues and by reduced or no-tillage. These alterations may have impacts on crop yields. The crop growth model DSSAT (Decision Support Systems for Agrotechnology Transfer) has recently been modified and used to simulate these impacts on crop growth and yield. In this study, we applied DSSAT to a long-term experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) grown under contrasting tillage and residue management practices in Monze, Southern Province of Zambia. The aim was (1) to assess the capability of DSSAT in simulating crop responses to mulching and no-tillage, and (2) to understand the sensitivity of DSSAT model output to input parameters, with special attention to the determinants of the model response to the practice of CA. The model was first parameterized and calibrated for the tillage treatment (CP) of the experiment, and then run for the CA treatment by removing tillage and applying a mulch of crop residues in the model. In order to reproduce observed maize yields under the CP versus CA treatment, optimal root development in the model was restricted to the upper 22 cm soil layer in the CP treatment, while roots could optimally develop to 100 cm depth under CA. The normalized RMSE values between observed and simulated maize phenology and total above ground biomass and grain yield indicated that the CA treatment was equally well simulated as the CP treatment, for which the model was calibrated. A global sensitivity analysis using co-inertia analysis was performed to describe the DSSAT model response to 32 model input parameters and crop management factors. Phenological cultivar parameters were the most influential model parameters. This analysis also demonstrated that in DSSAT mulching primarily affects the surface soil organic carbon content and secondly the total soil moisture content, since it is negatively correlated with simulated soil water evaporation and run-off. The correlations between the input parameters or crop management factors and the output variables were stable over a wide range of seasonal rainfall conditions. A local sensitivity analysis of simulated maize yield to three key parameters for the simulation of the CA practice revealed that DSSAT responds to mulching particularly when rooting depth is restricted, i.e., when water is a critical limiting crop growth factor. The results of this study demonstrate that DSSAT can be used to simulate crop responses to CA, in particular through simulated mulching effects on the soil water balance, but other, often site-specific, factors that are not modeled by DSSAT, such as plough pan formation under CP or improved soil structure under CA, may need to be considered in the model parameterization to reproduce the observed crop yield effects of CA versus CP.     

Ridge-furrow mulching system in semiarid Kenya: A promising solution to improve soil water availability and maize productivity

In semiarid Kenya, field productivity of maize has been at a low integrity level due to insufficient use of rainwater use. From 2012 to 2013, an innovative ridge-furrow mulching system (RFMs) was tested using local maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid, KCB in KARI-Katumani Farm, Kenya in long and short rainy seasons. Field experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four treatments: 1) RFMs with transparent polyethylene film (RFT), 2) RFMs with black polyethylene film (RFB), 3) RFMs with grass straw mulching (RFS), and 4) RFMs without mulching (CK). Soil moisture & temperature, grain yield, water use and economic benefit were determined and analyzed. The results indicated that both RFT and RFB treatments significantly increased soil water storage amount in the depth of 0–60 cm. Grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in both treatments were increased by 66.5–349.9% and 72.9–382% respectively, compared with those of CK over two growing seasons. In addition, grain yield and WUE in RFS treatment were only increased by from 4.2–127.1% compared with those of CK. Particularly, two types of plastic films displayed different effects on modifying topsoil temperature. Transparent film mulching significantly increased topsoil temperature by 1.3 °C (p < 0.05) higher than CK, to facilitate growth and grain formation in long (but cool) growing season. In contrast, black film mulching lowered soil temperature by 0.3 °C lower than CK in short (but warm) growing season, which led to better soil thermal balance. Overall, RFMs with film mulching could serve as an effective solution to increase maize productivity, and hence a promising strategy to cope with food security under climate change in semiarid Kenya.     

长期间作及免耕对土壤物理性状及作物产量的影响

针对西北绿洲灌区长期传统覆膜耕作造成土壤结构的稳定性下降、地膜残留过多和土壤质量下降等问题,研究覆膜免耕与禾豆间作种植模式对土壤物理性质和作物产量的影响,以期为试区优化耕作方式和作物种植模式提供理论支撑。田间试验于2013—2020年在河西绿洲灌区进行,设置传统耕作覆膜(CT)、覆膜免耕(NT) 2种耕作措施;单作豌豆(P)、单作玉米(M)、玉米间作豌豆(M//P) 3种种植模式,2019年和2020年玉米收获后测定土壤物理性状和作物产量等相关指标。结果表明：（1）0～30 cm土层≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)、土壤容重和土壤总孔隙度在NT与CT处理间存显著差异,NT较CT≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量提高2.02%～7.76%、MWD提高19.4%～26.0%、土壤容重降低1.31%～1.57%、总孔隙度增加1.97%～2.28%;(2)NT处理下,不同种植模式间存在显著差异,M//P分别较P和M处理水稳性大团聚体含量增加12.60%～20.11%和7.05%～11.55%,MWD分别较P和M处理增加9.61%～12.44%和4.01%～8.01%,土壤...     

The Effect of Mulching,Tillage and Rotation on Yield in Non‐flooded Compared with Flooded Rice Production

Non‐flooded rice cultivation has been proven to be an effective measure to reduce water consumption in drought areas of Southeast China. However, rice cultivation under non‐flooded conditions leads to less stable productivity and lower grain yield. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare crop performance and yields among flooded and non‐flooded rice over several seasons, (2) to identify the yield performed in non‐flooded rice systems over seasons and whether the options which included no‐tillage, straw mulching and wet‐dry rotation system can narrow the grain yield gap between non‐flooded and traditional flooded condition. The results showed the difference between flooded rice (F) and non‐flooded rice (NF) with straw mulching was much lower than the difference between F and NF without straw mulching. Within late seasons, the difference of aboveground total biomass between non‐flooded rice without mulching and flooded rice gradually widened as the number of cropping seasons increased. Compared with the non‐flooded rice without mulching, straw mulching can reduce the decline of aboveground total biomass and grain yield. The yield difference between F and NF treatments became smaller in no‐tillage plots than complete tillage plots. It suggested that no‐tillage can keep the crop production more stable. In comparison with continuously non‐flooded cultivation, our study indicated that the wet‐dry rotation system can reduce the yield decline under non‐flooded condition.     

Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters

This paper determined the effects of mulching time for double furrows and ridges using plastic film on soil water status, grain yield of maize, soil quality, and economic benefits. The study was conducted in a typical semiarid area during two growing seasons of 2006–2007 with the following three treatments: (i) plastic film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (CK); (ii) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (T1); and (iii) mulching at sowing with no-tillage, and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season (T2). The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year (2007) improved soil water content (in the 0–60 cm layer) and temperature (10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons, the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0–80 cm soil layer in CK and T1, and in the 0–120 cm soil layer in T2; however, it decreased significantly in 140–200 cm soil layer in CK and T1, compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006, and there was no significant change in T2. The rainfall storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season (late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK, 34.0 mm in T1, and 59.7 mm in T2, and the rainfall storage in 100–200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1, respectively. In 2006, there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in all treatments. In 2007, the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2, but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0–20 cm) decreased in CK and T1, but increased (by 2.7%) in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006. The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK, 1.40:1 for T1, and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons. Therefore, T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage, producing greater economic benefit and maintaining SOC balance for maize production in semiarid area.     

不同油葵种植方式对银北灌区盐碱地土壤温度、含水率和电导率的影响

为了探究油葵不同种植方式对盐碱地土壤水、热、盐分布状况的影响,以平播（T1）为对照,开展了半膜平播（T2）、半膜平播+膜间覆秸秆（T3）、起垄沟播（T4）、起垄沟播+沟覆秸秆（T5）、垄膜沟播（T6）、垄膜沟播+沟覆秸秆（T7）等6种种植方式对油葵田土壤温度、水分和电导率的影响研究。结果表明：与对照相比,不同种植方式均提高了早上7:00时5cm深度的土温,但油葵花期土壤增温效果明显弱于苗期,垄膜沟播种植方式更有利于减缓地 表5cm深度土温的剧烈变化。与对照相比,在油葵苗期,T7和T6的0~20cm土层土壤含水率分别提高了6.30%和5.01%,20~40cm土层分别提高了6.00%和3.38%,在油葵开花期,土壤含水率较对照提高幅度有所降低。与播种前0~20cm土层土壤电导率相比,T6在苗期和开花期均有所下降,其中开花期下降了33.81%,T7在苗期略有增加,在开花期则略有下降,其他处理在苗期增加幅度较大。因此,在银北灌区油葵生产中,垄膜沟播是一种适宜的油葵种植方式。     

Yield decrease in sugar beet caused by reduced tillage and direct drilling

In a long-term series of on-farm tillage trials (10 loessial sites in southern and eastern Germany; annual mouldboard ploughing 0.25–0.3 m deep, mulching with a rigid-tine cultivator 0.1–0.15 m deep, direct drilling with no tillage except seedbed preparation for sugar beet solely) sugar beet yield was significantly decreased by direct drilling compared to ploughing. This study was conducted to (i) show that the lower plant density caused by mulching and direct drilling contributes to yield decrease but explains effects just partially, and (ii) determine the relation between soil structural properties and sugar beet yield. In 2003–2005 plant density experiments (53,000, 65,000 and 82,000 plants ha^?1) were introduced to tillage plots on five selected environments. Yield and soil structural properties of four layers representing 0–0.43 m soil depth were determined.White sugar yield (WSY) significantly declined with direct drilling compared to ploughing treatment, whereas mulching treatment diminished WSY less pronounced. Moreover, decreasing plant density significantly lowered WSY. No interactions between tillage and plant density occurred, revealing that both factors additively affected WSY.Decreasing tillage depth increased penetration resistance (PR) and dry bulk density (DBD), and diminished air filled pore volume (AFPV) in the topsoil down to 0.27 m depth. Several soil structural parameters were closely correlated with each other as well as WSY. Variation of single parameters explained up to 60% of WSY variance attributed to tillage. Combining DBD from 0.03 to 0.07 m depth, average PR from 0.03 to 0.27 m and AFPV from 0.03 to 0.18 m soil depth explained 77% of the tillage effect. Nevertheless, multi-collinearity of soil physical parameters allowed no clear conclusions on the cause-and-effect mechanisms.Conclusively, lowered plant density and soil structure degradation due to reduced tillage may independently decrease sugar beet yield. When grown on loessial soils this crop requires mechanical loosening down to 0.15–0.20 m depth to produce high yields.     

Effects of Reduced Tillage and Fertilization Practices on Soil Characteristics, Plant Water Status, Growth and Yield of Upland Cotton

Three different tillage practices, conventional (mouldboard ploughing at 22–25 cm plus one rotary hoeing at 5–6 cm, CT), minimum (one rotary hoeing at 12–15 cm, MT), and no‐tillage (direct drilling in soil covered by vetch residues, NT), combined with three fertilization treatments, inorganic (50 kg N ha^?1 as ammonium sulphate), cattle manuring (30 t ha^?1), and control (no‐fertilizer), were applied on a cotton crop (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Acala SJ‐2) grown on a clay loam soil in the field of the Agricultural University of Athens. Soil (gravimetric water content, bulk density, and penetration resistance in the top 40 cm) and plant parameters (root growth, leaf water potential, leaf area growth and seedcotton yield) were recorded throughout the cultivation period in all treatments. No‐tillage was associated with significantly higher values of soil water throughout the observation period caused by the vetch mulch. Bulk density and penetration resistance were initially higher in the no‐tilled plots, but they became significantly lower after 2–3 months from sowing. These beneficial effects on soil properties favoured root growth, expressed as root surface density, in the NT‐plots at the top soil layer. Similar, although less spectacular, effects were observed in the manured plots. Plant water status, expressed in terms of the water potential index, was significantly and consistently best in the NT‐ and worst in the CT‐plots throughout crop growth. In addition, NT favoured a better foliage growth and resulted in significantly higher yields than the other tillage practices. In general, NT, and in second instance, MT considerably improved plant water status, and hence foliage growth and yield in comparison with CT by maintaining higher levels of soil water and improving root growth. Manuring positively interacted with the reduced tillage practices for most soil and plant parameters.     

垄作沟覆地膜对旱地马铃薯光合特性及产量形成的影响

为探讨垄作沟覆不同地膜对旱地马铃薯光合特性及产量形成的影响,于2018—2019年在宁夏南部山区设置垄上覆盖普通塑料地膜,沟内分别覆盖普通塑料地膜(DD)、可降解渗水地膜(DS)和麻纤维地膜(DM),以沟不覆盖为对照(CK),研究其对作物关键生育时期(播后60～120 d)土壤水分、马铃薯功能叶光合特性及产量形成的影响。结果表明,现蕾期(播后60 d)不同覆盖处理可显著提高0～100 cm层土壤贮水量, 2018年以DD处理最高, 2019年以DM处理最高,分别较CK显著提高11.2%和21.6%。马铃薯关键生育时期,除2019年DS处理叶面积指数较CK显著提高外,其他处理间差异均不显著;不同覆盖处理可有效提高净光合速率和蒸腾速率,其中在块茎膨大期(播后120 d) DM处理分别较CK显著提高30.0%和23.2%。2年块茎膨大期DD、DM和DS处理块茎干物质累积量平均分别较CK显著提高54.9%、50.0%和22.6%,马铃薯产量平均分别较CK增产13.2%、14.1%和5.2%,平均净收入分别增收16.3%、14.6%和4.0%,而DS处理马铃薯产量和净收益与CK相比差异均不显著。...     

深翻耕作对连作滴灌棉田土壤含水率及含盐量影响的研究

探讨播前不同翻耕深度对连作滴灌棉田土壤容重、土壤含水率、土壤含盐量的影响。针对典型的连作滴灌棉田,于播前设置20、40和60 cm的3个不同深度翻耕处理,于生育期测定各处理不同土壤剖面的上述内容,研究其变化。（1）土壤容重随翻耕深度增加而下降,其中表层土壤容重降幅大于深层土壤容重;（2）3种深翻处理下土壤剖面含水率均为0~20 cm＞20~40 cm＞40~60 cm,随翻耕深度增加,0~20 cm土壤含水率呈上升趋势,20~40 cm土壤含水率变幅不大,40~60 cm土壤含水率则显著下降;（3）灌水后,深翻20 cm的土壤含盐量为0~20 cm＞20~40 cm＞40~60 cm,但随翻耕深度的增加,0~20 cm土壤含盐量呈下降趋势,20~40 m和40~60 cm的土壤含盐量迅速上升趋势,至深翻60 cm时,土壤含盐量则为40~60 cm＞20~40 cm＞0~20 cm。对连作滴灌棉田播前进行60 cm的超常深翻,可有效降低耕层土壤容重,提高0~20 cm表层土壤含水率,降低含盐量,从而利于作物生长。     

覆膜方式对土壤环境及玉米产量的影响

为了避免低温冷凉与干旱对冷凉区春玉米产量形成的影响, 探求适宜冷凉区春玉米种植的覆膜方式, 于2012—2013年研究了8种不同覆膜方式对春玉米苗期土壤水分、 土壤温度及产量的影响。结果表明： 玉米苗期, 起垄高度 5~10 cm、 外露 50~70 cm的覆膜方式能提高耕层土壤水分, 起到良好的保墒作用, 0~5 cm土壤日平均温度较不覆膜提高1.5~2.3℃, 玉米抽雄期提前6~7天; 起垄5~10 cm、 外露50~70 cm的覆膜方式玉米产量显著高于不覆膜处理, 与全膜双垄沟播、 膜上种植处理没有差异; 2012年, 起垄外露 70、 50 cm、 起垄高度 10 cm的玉米产量分别较不覆膜提高 17.9%、 17.1%、 15.6%; 2013年, 起垄外露 70、50 cm、 起垄高度 10 cm的玉米产量分别较不覆膜提高 15.5%、 6.4%、 18.2%。综合 2012、 2013年的水热条件、 玉米生长及产量情况, 起垄高度5~10 cm、 起垄外露50~70 cm为适宜该地区的覆膜方式。     

Responses of soil properties,root growth and crop yield to tillage and crop residue management in a wheat–maize cropping system on the North China Plain

Crop residue removal and subsoil compaction are limiting to yield improvement in the North China Plain (NCP). We conducted a field study composed of six consecutive crop growing seasons from 2010 to 2013 in Henan province, China, to determine responses of soil properties, crop root distribution and crop yield to tillage and residue management in a wheat–maize cropping system under irrigated conditions. Tillage practices comprised mouldboard ploughing (MP) to a depth of 15-cm, deep mouldboard ploughing (DMP) to a depth of 30-cm, and chisel ploughing (CP) to a depth of 30-cm. Crop residue management included crop residue retained (CRRet) and crop residue removed (CRRem). The results indicated that yields in DMP and CP increased by 6.0% and 7.3% for wheat and by 8.7% and 9.0% for maize, respectively, relative to MP. The CRRet treatment also increased wheat yield by 6.7% and maize yield by 5.0%. The yield increases under DMP and CP were related to reduced bulk density and soil penetration resistance, increased soil water content, improved total N distribution and improved root density (0–60-cm). Compared with MP, the root mass density under DMP and CP were increased by 43.4% and 42.0% for wheat and by 40.6% and 39.4% for maize, respectively. The yield increases under CRRet were also related to increased soil water content, reduced penetration resistance and increased N status (0–40-cm). Overall, for DMP + CRRet and CP + CRRet, a more favorable soil environment alongside greater root mass density and suitable spatial distribution resulted in higher grain yields of wheat and maize. Thus, compared with conventional shallow tillage practice, DMP or CP with residue application could improve soil quality and agricultural productivity under irrigated areas with loam soil in the NCP.     

免耕轮作对内蒙古地区农田贮水特性和作物产量的影响

2005—2011年,在内蒙古清水河县进行了免耕留高茬覆盖(NHS)、免耕留低茬覆盖(NLS)、免耕留高茬(NH)、免耕留低茬(NL)和常规耕作(T)5种耕作方式与3种轮作模式(燕麦-大豆-玉米、大豆-玉米-燕麦和玉米-燕麦-大豆)对土壤贮水特性和作物产量影响的研究。结果表明,不同免耕轮作处理中以免耕留茬覆盖结合燕麦-大豆-玉米轮作模式对土壤贮水量的提高程度最大,增幅为常规耕作的35.66%~41.63%。不同免耕轮作模式均能提高作物水分利用效率和作物产量,且作物产量高低与降雨量的变化趋势一致。第一个轮作周期后NHS、NLS、NH和NL分别较T作物水分利用效率增加43.77%、31.45%、26.74%和13.91%,作物产量增加29.68%、27.69%、18.05%和15.66%。第二个轮作周期内由于干旱比较严重,免耕方式结合燕麦-大豆-玉米模式效果较轮作第一个周期有所下降,但NHS、NLS、NH和NL仍分别较T作物水分利用效率增加29.83%、20.51%、6.18%和3.15%,作物产量增加17.52%、13.60%、4.33%和1.95%。因此,在土壤水分基本来源于自然降水的内蒙古旱作区,免耕轮作能够提高土壤蓄水保墒能力,增加作物产量,尤其以免耕秸秆覆盖结合燕麦-大豆-玉米模式效果最佳。     

秸秆覆盖深松对夏玉米田土壤有机碳库的影响

为探究秸秆覆盖深松对土壤有机碳库的影响,采用4种耕作模式处理（深松覆盖、深松不盖、免耕覆盖、免耕不盖）在河南西平进行了连续3年田间试验,研究了不同处理对土壤中有机碳（SOC）、易氧化有机碳（ROC）和溶解性有机碳（DOC）含量的影响。结果表明,4种耕作模式下,SOC、ROC和DOC含量均随着土层的加深而降低;在0~5cm和5~10cm土层,秸秆覆盖处理下SOC、ROC和DOC含量高于不覆盖处理,表现为深松覆盖>免耕覆盖>深松不盖>免耕不盖;而从10~20cm土层以下,免耕处理下SOC、ROC和DOC含量急剧下降,表现为深松覆盖>深松不盖>免耕覆盖>免耕不盖。相关性分析表明,ROC、DOC含量与SOC含量之间分别存在显著和极显著的相关关系,说明土壤ROC和DOC的含量很大程度上与SOC的储量相关。     

地膜覆盖对辣椒地土壤氮素的影响

地膜覆盖在西南地区农业生产中有着广泛的应用,但关于地膜覆盖对土壤养分的研究还比较匮乏,为了揭示地膜覆盖对土壤氮素的影响,于2014 年5—9 月在重庆市北碚区进行了辣椒种植的田间试验,对地膜覆盖条件下辣椒地的土壤水热条件、氮素以及辣椒产量进行观测。相比于对照,试验期间覆膜种植土壤10、20、30 cm平均温度分别提高了2.3、2.8、2.0℃,增温效果显著,而对土壤重量含水量的影响不明显;覆膜种植条件下,土壤耕层全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别为1.30 g/kg、150.83 mg/kg、112.25 mg/kg、105.80 mg/kg,分别比对照处理增加了7.44%、32.84%、88.72%和73.90%;另外,地膜覆盖能够促进植株发育并提高辣椒产量,使其开花坐果期提前4 天,结果时间提前5 天,辣椒产量提高14.11%。实验结果表明,地膜覆盖在改善土壤水热条件、增加土壤氮素含量以及提高作物产量方面具有积极作用。     

Effect of Rainfall Collecting with Ridge and Furrow on Soil Moisture and Root Growth of Corn in Semiarid Northwest China

A plastic‐covered ridge and furrow farming of rainfall collecting (RC) system were designed to increase water availability to corn for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. This system comprised two elements: the ridge mulched by plastic film that acts as a rainfall harvesting zone and the furrow as a planting zone. To adopt this system for large‐scale use in the semiarid region and bring it into full play, it is necessary to test the appropriate rainfall range for RC farming. A field study (using corn as an indicator crop) combined with rainfall simulation was conducted to determine the effect of RC on soil moisture, root characteristic parameters and the yield of corn under three different rainfall levels (230, 340 and 440 mm) during the growing seasons of 2006 and 2007. The results indicated that with the rainfalls ranging within 230–440 mm, the soil moisture at 0–100 cm depth for RC system in furrows was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of conventional flat (CF for control) practice. At 100–200 cm soil depth, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between soil moisture in the RC₂₃₀ plots and in the CF₂₃₀ plots during the corn growing seasons, while the soil moisture both in the RC₃₄₀ and RC₄₄₀ plots were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the CF₃₄₀ and CF₄₄₀ plots. The root length, root surface area, root volume and root dry weight for RC₂₃₀ and RC₃₄₀ plots all significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with CF₂₃₀ and CF₃₄₀ plots, but these root characteristic parameters at 440 mm rainfall slightly decreased compared with those of CF practice. Compared with the CF_230–440 pattern, the increasing amplitude of grain yield under the RC_230–440 pattern diminished with the rainfall increase and there was no obvious yield‐incrementing effect (P > 0.05) between two patterns at 440 mm rainfall in 2006. In comparison with these two farming practices, the RC system not only improved soil moisture of dry farmland, but also promoted the development of corn root systems when the rainfall ranged between 230 and 440 mm. Thus, it could be concluded that the optimal upper rainfall limit for the RC system is below 440 mm in the experiment. For corn, the adoption of the RC practice in the 230–440 mm rainfall area will make the system more effective during the whole growth period and offer a sound opportunity for sustainable farming in semiarid areas.     

Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.     

全膜覆土种植和施肥对旱地苦荞耗水特征及产量的影响

探究全膜覆土种植和施肥水平对半干旱区旱地苦荞土壤耗水特征和产量的影响,于2015—2017年连续3年进行定位试验,全膜覆土种植方式下,设置高量(N 120 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅90 kg hm^-2+K2O 60 kg hm^-2,HF)、中量(N 80 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅60 kg hm^-2+K2O 40 kg hm^-2,MF)、低量(N 40 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅30 kg hm^-2+K2O 20 kg hm^-2,LF)和零施肥(ZF),以传统露地种植不施肥为CK,共5个处理,以明确全膜覆土种植和施肥对半干旱区苦荞的耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,苦荞全膜覆土种植后集雨保墒效果明显,能够改善土壤水分环境,增加花前贮水,LF能够根据不同降水年型和土壤水分状况调控苦荞花前花后土壤耗水,在干旱年LF较ZF、MF、HF、CK能够提高苦荞花后土壤贮水量2.8~23.5 mm,增加花前0~100 cm土层土壤剖面水分耗散量26.3~32.4 mm,增加生育期总耗水量44.5 mm,提高耗水模系数、耗水强度,显著增加成熟期干物质量1.2%~58.8%、灌浆期叶面积指数4.1%~68.5%,增加单株粒重1.6%~61.6%,提高籽粒饱满率0.6%~29.2%,增加生物量1.1%~182.5%,提高产量1.1%~130.4%,提高水分利用效率0.3%~102.7%。可见,旱地苦荞全膜覆土种植低量施肥处理贮水效果明显,能够达到水肥耦合作用,且能够根据降水等环境条件调控植株生育期耗水,显著提高苦荞生物产量、产量和水分利用效率,是适宜于半干旱区苦荞增产增效的栽培模式。