Deformation and Failure in Wet Clay Soil: Part 2, Soil Bin Experiments

Tests of soil cutting by wide tines were conducted in wet clay soil. Force-displacement curves were obtained and the soil deformation patterns were observed and analysed with the help of a painted grid. The tine experiment showed that the soil deformation pattern depended on the tool rake angle (the angle between the tine face and the horizontal soil surface). For small rake angles, soil deformed in a narrow zone leading up from the tool tip and there were tensile cracks near the tool tip. For bigger rake angles, soil in front of the tool failed by distortion with small shear lines and big soil-soil slip lines. For rake angles equal to or bigger than 90° an elliptical wedge formed. Passive earth pressure theory did not describe the deformations observed in these wet clay soil conditions.     

Soil Dynamics of Single and Multiple Tines at Speeds up to 20 km/h

A force prediction model has been developed for single and multiple tines at speeds at which inertial effects are signficant. The soil worked by the tines is assumed to obey the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. The model can be extended to estimate the dynamic forces in adhesive soils by revising tine rake angle to account for geometry changes resulting from the soil body adhering to the tine.Results of experiments carried out between speeds of 1 and 20 km/h are reported for both frictional (laboratory) and cohesive (field) soils and comparisons are made between theoretical and measured values. The predicted forces agreed with experimental data and in the majority of cases the magnitude of the difference between the predicted and experimental data was less than the least significant difference between treatment means at the 0·05 probability level.     

Tillage Tool Design by the Finite Element Method: Part 2. Experimental Validation of the Finite Element Results with Soil Bin Test

Laboratory soil bin tests of subsoiler cutting in a sandy loam soil were carried out in order to validate the results obtained from the finite element calculations reported in Part 1 of this study. Measured results of subsoiler draught force and soil failure dimension taken on the surface were presented for four combinations of the subsoiler shank rake angle and chisel angle. Soil bin tests also measured the variation of draught force with subsoiler displacement. It was observed that the angle of both the subsoiler parts affected the dimensions of the surface soil failure and the magnitude of subsoiler draught force.Finite element method predictions of the subsoiler draught force as well as the extent of surface soil failure agreed well with measurements made in the soil bin. The predicted draught force for all subsoiler types exceeded the measured ones. The overprediction error ranged from 11·76 to 20·04%. The finite element model provided a good approximation to the maximum upward soil movement for the experiments. Better finite element method predictions of the front soil failure was obtained for the two subsoiler designs with a small chisel angle of 15° than for the designs with chisel angles of 23 and 31°. Among the four investigated subsoiler types the best subsoiler design was devised, which required the lowest draught and developed good soil loosening qualities as estimated by soil volume change. This subsoiler had a shank of 75° rake angle and an inclined chisel of 15° angle. Keeping a good soil loosening performance was attributed to the smaller shank rake angle of 75°, which indicated that the shank played an important role for the determination of the quality of soil loosening.     

Influence of working depth of a curved rigid tine on the mixture of fragments produced by deep ripping a texture-contrast soil

A curved, rigid tine with a 50 mm wide point was used to deep rip a texture-contrast soil at different depths of working. The soil had a sandy clay loam A horizon, about 90 mm deep, over a dense clay B horizon; both horizons were drier than their lower plastic limit when ripped. The depth of working varied from 100 to 500 mm and the analysis was done on the loose soil from the lower part of the trough formed by the tine, below the lower boundary of the A horizon. The size and horizon-of-origin of the fragments were measured and their volume recorded as a proportion of the total volume at the water content when ripped. The smaller (0·5 to 2 mm) fragments from the A horizon moved more easily towards the bottom of the trough, but their proportion declined as working depth increased. Fragments from the B horizon with diameter less than a tenth of the point width declined with working depth, whereas soil from the same horizon with more than a tenth of the point width increased with working depth. These different size classes of fragments may have been produced by different soil failure processes induced by the tine. Below a depth of 300 mm the mixture had a relatively constant composition; this depth seemed to correspond to the “critical depth” of working of the tine. The amount of mixing of soil from the two horizons was more than was anticipated from initial visual inspection of the contents of the trough.     

An experimental investigation into factors influencing the soil injection of sewage sludge

Injection techniques for applying sewage sludge to grassland were investigated. The results have shown injection to be a viable technique for the application of sewage sludge under UK conditions. The technique is also suitable for the application of agricultural slurry, since the physical characteristics of both sewage sludge and slurry are similar.Research has shown an acceptably uniform grass response can be obtained from 280 mm wide winged times operating at a depth of 150 mm and spacing of 650 mm, when the soil is in the moist friable to plastic consistency state. Immediate rolling of the injected zone improved the crop response in the vicinity of the injector path, provided surface contamination was avoided.Injection on sloping land should be conducted downslope, rather than across, to ensure adequate machine stability, providing that maximum application rates are not exceeded. Sludges with dry solids contents in excess of 6% can be injected at application rates of 140 m³/ha into slopes of 12°, without down-slope seepage occurring. Rates should, however, be reduced for sludges with lower dry solids content, depending upon field slope.Increasing the injector leg rake angle reduced surface disturbance, with little effect on the resulting draught and vertical forces, until rake angles in excess of 100° were reached. Vibration of the injector tine using a rotating eccentric mass reduced the draught force under dry, brittle soil conditions, but not under more plastic field conditions.     

Optimization of the Design of Subsoiling and Pressurized Fluid Injection Equipment

There are two different design objectives for subsoilers with pressurized fluid injection, for use as pan-breakers or injectors respectively. A large soil failure is desirable when it is used as a pan-breaker and little soil failure is advantageous when it is used as an injector. This paper determines optimum shapes of pan-breaker and injector, where the draught can be reduced by injecting pressurized air (about 1·2 MPa at the air tank) from a nozzle port at the tip of the chisel.The results show that the optimum pan-breaker with fluid injection should have a rake angle of 45 to 60°, a chisel thickness of 50 × 50 mm, and a heel position at 100 mm. The optimum injector with fluid injection should have a rake angle of 90°, a shank thickness of less than 15 mm, a chisel length of 250 mm, a chisel thickness of 30 × 30 mm, and a heel position at 100 mm.     

土壤耕作部件极窄刀齿与土壤作用关系研究

随着保护性耕作技术和低扰动土壤处理技术的发展,新型土壤耕作部件越来越多地采用窄类或极窄类刀齿形式。通过理论分析和室内土槽试验,对矩形齿和三角形齿两种极窄刀齿贯入土壤造成的土壤失效机理、刀齿工作时的主要阻力来源、刀齿形状尺寸参数对贯入阻力的影响以及刀齿贯入阻力预测模型进行了研究。结果发现,极窄刀齿在贯入土壤过程中,土壤与刀齿相互作用产生应力场和速度场,土壤主要受到刀齿的挤压而失效;刀齿所受阻力可以通过相互作用过程中产生的力学分量进行预测,特别是该预测模型能够较好地反映刀齿在不同深度下所受阻力的变化趋势,研究还发现在土壤参数一定的情况下,极窄刀齿所受阻力与刀齿和土壤的接触面积直接相关,极窄刀齿的形状尺寸参数是其受力的重要影响因素。     

Tillage Tool Design by the Finite Element Method: Part 1. Finite Element Modelling of Soil Plastic Behaviour

The finite element method calculations of draught and vertical forces, soil deformation and normal pressure distribution on subsoiler face were reported for four subsoiler types. A non-linear, three-dimensional, finite element analysis of the soil cutting process by a standard medium-deep subsoiler based upon the Drucker–Prager elastic-perfectly plastic material model was used. The mathematical construction of the Drucker–Prager model was presented. The material non-linearity of soil was dealt with using an incremental technique. Inside each step, the Newton–Raphson iteration method was utilized. The geometrical non-linearity was solved by using the small strain assumption. A comparison of subsoiler forces for calculations made with the small strain assumption and the updated Lagrange formulation of large displacement was reported for subsoiler cutting in a sandy soil. It was shown that the small strain assumption was more convenient for solving the geometrical non-linearity of a soil tilled down to relatively deep horizons.The theoretical results showed that a well coordinated angle combination of the two parts of the subsoiler made a large reduction in the draught and vertical forces of the subsoiler with a shank angle of 75° and a chisel angle of 15°. On the soil surface in front of the shank, the soil was deformed to produce a wedge-shaped soil upheaval. A maximum upward surface movement of 23·7 cm was calculated when soil tilling was performed with this design of subsoiler. For all the geometrical types of subsoiler studied, concentrations of normal pressure at the outer linking edges between the two parts of the subsoiler, as well as on the bottom corners of the chisel, indicated that during manufacturing these parts should be better supported against wear and deformation. The smallest chisel angle of 15° reduced considerably the pressure values at these two parts, whereas changing the shank rake angle from 90 to 75° only assisted in reducing the pressure values at the outer linking edges.     

以砂鱼蜥头部为原型的仿生深松铲尖设计与离散元仿真

为解决传统深松机具触土部件破土困难、耕作阻力大等问题,以砂鱼蜥头部为仿生原型,采用逆向工程技术对其特殊几何特征进行提取,将量化后的几何结构特征应用于深松铲尖的设计,以期减小深松铲作业阻力和能耗。依据不同特征曲面,设计了3种仿生铲尖试样,并与凿型铲尖试样进行性能对比。建立离散元模型,求解不同铲尖垂直贯入土壤阻力;制备试样,通过万能试验机进行土壤垂直贯入实测试验;将模拟结果和实测试验结果进行对比,结果表明离散元仿真分析和实测试验结果吻合较好,最大贯入阻力的相对误差为2.47%～3.91%。使用离散元法分析仿生铲尖和凿型铲尖（T-S）在土壤分层情况下的相互作用,证实仿生铲尖比凿型铲尖具有更低的所需牵引力,其中仿生铲尖B-S-2减阻效果最好,相对于凿型铲尖,其减阻率为8.34%～19.31%。离散元分析揭示砂鱼蜥头部仿生曲线特殊的曲率变化对破土阻力有显著影响,仿生铲尖改变了土壤颗粒的流动方向,减小了铲尖上方土壤扰动范围,从而降低所需牵引力。在3种作业速度和3种耕作深度下对阻力的仿真结果与土槽试验结果进行对比,误差为10.83%～17.06%。     

斥水性砂土水-气形态及其对斥水-亲水转化的影响分析

处于地球表面的土壤,尤其是耕作层土壤,受外界因素影响其接触角可能会发生改变。通过试验对不同接触角的壤质砂土中的孔隙水-气形态分布状况进行研究,试验结果表明:砂土颗粒与孔隙水间的接触角增大会使表层土壤中水封闭土层厚度减小,但接触角增大到一定值后,水封闭层的厚度不再发生变化。随着接触角的增大,气封闭层的厚度不断减小。与连续固体表面不同,砂土颗粒的接触角小于90°甚至降低至36°也会出现明显的斥水现象,但随着砂土中饱和度的增大,斥水现象会消失,砂土斥水与亲水转化时对应的饱和度与水封闭向双开敞转化时对应的饱和度基本一致,因此,砂土亲水与斥水转化时对应的临界含水率与孔隙水气分布形态密切相关,通过理想模型对两种不同水-气形态下土壤的基质吸力变化分析可以发现,产生这种现象是因为当土壤由水封闭变为双开敞时,水-气交界面在液体侧的曲率中心消失(接触角小于90°),气-液界面引起的基质吸力恒为"正"。     

Force Measurements on Driven Discs

Experiments were carried out under controlled conditions in a soil bin containing sandy-loam soil to study the effects of varying the speed ratio (ratio of peripheral disc speed to forward speed), disc angle and tilt angle settings, on the performance of adriven disc. The hydraulically powered disc provided speed ratios from −3 (backward) through approximately 1 (free wheeling) to 6 (forward). Disc angles were varied from 20 to 65°, from the direction of travel, and tilt angles from −15 to 30° with respect to the vertical. It was observed that there was a major reduction in draught force and specific draught resistance in all cases when disc speed increased from freely rotating to forward speed ratios of approximately 3. Driving a disc in the reverse direction reduced penetration resistance at certain angle settings. Backward-driven discs were also found to reduce side forces on the concave side of the disc and increase those on the convex side. Total power consumption and specific total power increased significantly when the disc was driven in either direction. The angle setting also affected the driven-disc performance. The optimum angle setting in terms of minimizing force and power requirements occurred at a disc angle between 35 and 50° with approximately 0° tilt angle. Observations of soil disturbance showed that driving a disc either backward or forward improved soil mixing and pulverization characteristics.     

无驱动式自动调平水田埋秆起浆整地机设计与试验

为解决东北稻区秸秆全量还田条件下,现有驱动式搅浆机存在动力消耗大、严重破坏土壤结构并使得秸秆漂浮等问题,设计了一种无驱动式自动调平水田埋秆起浆整地机,机具前排星形耙片细碎土壤并掩埋秸秆,后排轧滚进一步碎土埋秆,平地装置平整地表,由电液控制系统实现自动调平,能够为水稻插秧作业创造优良地块条件。通过理论分析和优化设计,确定了优化后星形耙片的各项结构参数和排列方式;设计了带有齿板和刀齿的轧滚,倾斜布置的齿板和直立的刀齿分别对土壤进行横向与纵向的滑切,可提高碎土埋秆效果;改进设计了平地板,〖JP2〗确定了板高为150mm,并针对前进速度、板宽、推压角开展了仿真试验,得到最优工作参数为：前进速度2.4km/h、板宽290mm、推压角44°;采用中心不动法的调平策略,设计了基于倾角传感器和PID算法的自动调平电液控制系统,实现了自动调平系统的快速平稳控制。田间试验结果表明,整机作业后地表平整度为0.73cm,秸秆覆盖率为91.4%,压茬深度为5.98cm,泥浆度为1.18g/cm3,机具各项指标均优于国家标准,该设计可为东北稻区秸秆全量还田条件下水整地机具研究提供参考。     

雨滴打击对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀特征的影响

基于模拟降雨试验和纱网覆盖消除雨滴打击作用的试验方法,研究雨滴打击对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀特征的影响。试验包括3种黄土高原代表性的侵蚀性降雨强度(50、75、100 mm/h)和3个细沟侵蚀发生最常见的坡度(10°、15°和20°)。结果表明,与有雨滴打击试验处理相比,纱网覆盖消除雨滴打击后,坡面径流稳定产流率和含沙量均明显减小;坡面侵蚀量和细沟侵蚀量分别减少28.1%~47.7%和20.2%~38.6%;而细沟侵蚀对坡面侵蚀的贡献率增加。消除雨滴打击后,坡度对细沟侵蚀的影响与有雨滴打击时相同,而降雨强度对细沟侵蚀的影响增加。有、无雨滴打击试验处理的细沟密度和割裂度均随着降雨强度和坡度的增加而增大;而细沟倾斜度的变化较为复杂,所以细沟密度和割裂度可作为描述细沟形态的最佳指标。试验结果还表明,雨滴打击对细沟沟槽形状也有间接影响,即消除雨滴打击后,细沟宽度和深度的变异程度减小,沟槽形状更为规则。同时,有雨滴打击试验处理的细沟宽深比随着坡度和降雨强度的增加而减小,而无雨滴打击试验处理的细沟宽深比随着坡度的增加而减小,随着降雨强度的增加呈微弱的增加趋势。     

立旋式驱动型联合整地机的设计与试验

针对新疆常规联合整地机对黏重土壤播前整地作业耙深稳定性差、碎土率低及地表平整度低等问题,在结合新疆农业对播前整地作业要求、土壤特性等因素的基础上,设计了一种立旋式驱动型联合整地机,并完成整机的加工试制.通过对关键零部件的设计及理论分析,确定了传动系统、平土杠和钉齿镇压辊等零部件的结构参数,并通过运动分析确定耙齿转速为4...     

协拨组合式玉米条带秸秆清理装置设计与试验

针对现有条带秸秆清理装置集行效果差、秸秆清理率低等问题，提出了一种协拨组合式条带秸秆清理方案，从力学角度对比分析不同齿形清秸轮拨送秸秆的过程，设计了一种径向锐化协拨清秸轮，清秸轮半径为162.5 mm、齿数为12、齿长为65 mm。开展了协拨组合式条带秸秆清理装置的仿真试验，以径向锐化清秸轮的工作参数为影响因素，秸秆清理率为指标，开展离散元仿真试验，分析了清秸轮工作过程中秸秆运动、土壤扰动及秸秆清理率的变化。结果表明，试验因素对秸秆清理率的影响由大到小为侧倾角、前进速度、前倾角，当机具前进速度为7.8 km/h、清秸轮前倾角为31.7°、侧倾角为13.4°时，秸秆清理率最高为91.62%。开展了协拨组合式条带秸秆清理装置和整机的作业性能田间试验，结果表明协拨组合式条带秸秆清理装置工作稳定，秸秆清理率为87%～90%,实现了条带秸秆清理装置的设计目标。     

油菜直播机旋切式微垄种床制备装置设计与试验

针对长江中下游油菜适播期持续干旱或降雨导致土壤含水率波动大影响油菜成苗的实际情况,探究油菜农机农艺融合模式,提出一种旋耕碎土、两侧开畦沟、厢面旋切微垄、微垄表面播种的油菜微垄直播工艺,设计一种油菜直播机旋切式微垄种床制备装置。根据油菜直播株行距配置、根系生长特点,结合垄作土壤水热特性,确定微垄几何尺寸;基于运动学解析腹板端点旋切土壤的运动规律和腹板滚动包络线,从结构角度定性分析被动旋转过程并确定回转半径、腹板数量、腹板顶角范围;利用DEM-MBD耦合仿真,进行单因素试验和正交旋转回归试验,从土壤角度定量研究了腹板数量、腹板顶角、旋切深度、前进速度对微垄成形的影响规律,并得到装置腹板数量分别为6和8的较优工作参数组合;田间试验使用Trimble TX8三维激光扫描仪重构装置作业后微垄厢面,与仿真结果进行对比分析。结果表明,腹板数量分别为6和8时较优工作参数组合为：腹板顶角、旋切深度、有效沟深分别为28.00°、100 mm、83.59 mm和26.50°、92 mm、64.26 mm,田间试验微垄沟深和微垄距平均值为103.08、85.16 mm和332.92、266.88 mm,与仿真...     

指盘式搂草机动力学仿真及结构寻优试验

玉米秸秆的搂集清理工作劳动密集度高且费时,如果雨天没有及时收获,很容易导致秸秆的变质[1].现阶段玉米秸秆基本上由搂草机搂集,由于作物和耕种方式的不同,引进国外的搂草机存在适应性问题,且搂草机搂集的玉米秸秆含土量大、漏搂率高.针对这一问题,设计了多参数可调节的指盘搂草机实验台,在满足搂草机整机结构及工作原理的基础上,对...     

A Geometrical Analysis of Inclined and Tilted Spherical Plough Discs

An analysis is presented of the effect of disc geometry in relation to its areas of contact with soil at the working depth, treating the disc as a segment of a thin spherical shell. In addition, the effects of the disc angle of tilt, the disc angle of inclination to its direction of motion and the working depth are examined in detail. Shallow and deep disc concavities are considered. A presentation is made of formulae derived for disc critical angle and depth and for bearing and pressure areas of contact with the soil on vertical and horizontal planes. In addition, a study was made of the overlapping of soil working areas when adjacent discs are working in a gang arrangement. The effects of inside and outside sharpening of the circumferential edge of the disc are also examined.For the practical range of tilt angle (15° to 25°) and disc angle (35° to 55°) it is shown that the bearing area of the rear spherical area of discs is zero, so there is no soil contact with the rear surface of the disc. The vertical pressure area is only slightly affected by tilt angle and there is little difference for the two disc concavities. Disc angle and working depth have significant effects on this area. The horizontal presssure area is not affected by disc angle over its practical range. It has larger values for the 81 mm concavity than for the 51 mm concavity and is significantly influenced by tilt angle and working depth. Discs working in a gang, have overlapping of the areas of soil cut for disc angles and spacings (180 to 300 mm) adopted in practice. The area cut by an individual disc is not markedly affected by disc angle. Inside and outside sharpening does not significantly affect the overall findings concerning critical disc parameters. The flat bevelled surface formed by outside sharpening will generally be in contact with soil over the practical range of tilt and disc angles.     

马铃薯曲面式播种开沟器仿生设计与试验

针对马铃薯播种开沟器高速作业条件下作业阻力大、回土深度浅、干湿土易混合等问题,基于黄鳍金枪鱼下颚流线型曲线,采用水平直元线法将原有曲线重构为三维曲面,设计一种仿黄鳍金枪鱼下颚曲线的曲面式开沟器。根据马铃薯种植深度的农艺要求,当最大作业深度为150mm时,采用滑切原理确定了最大刃口角为132°,元线角为27°。为探究起土角对开沟器作业性能的影响,以作业阻力为评价指标,进行单因素试验,确定了分土板的起土角为45°。通过分析种薯下落到地表时的相对位移确定上挡土板的长度。干湿土分层仿真试验表明,开沟器作业不扰乱土层顺序。田间多工况对比试验表明,在开沟深度为100、125、150mm,作业速度为3.6、5.4、7.2km/h条件下,曲面式开沟器比芯铧式开沟器、靴式开沟器平均作业阻力减小18.3%、33.4%,平均回土深度增加70.4%、91.7%。田间性能对比试验表明,在开沟深度为150mm,作业速度为7.2km/h条件下,曲面式开沟器比芯铧式开沟器、靴式开沟器种沟中土壤含水率增加3.5%、4.7%,曲面式开沟器能减少干湿土混合,曲面式开沟器比芯铧式开沟器、靴式开沟器种薯横向偏移系数减小9.5%、10.1%,满足马铃薯种植开沟的农艺要求。     

东北地区土壤温度和湿度空间变异特性研究

于2015年4月在黑龙江农垦赵光农场,使用20套无线传感器网络节点部署在赵光农场一面积为33.4 hm 2 的玉米地块,并通过2个手持式移动节点进行加密测量。根据这一方案,获得了从4月5—29日在240 m×240 m、120 m×120 m、60 m×60 m和30 m×30 m网格下的土壤温度和土壤湿度数据。在此基础上,基于统计半方差函数理论和GIS空间Kriging插值方法分别分析了土壤温度和土壤湿度各向同性、各向异性变化特征及分布模式。结合土壤温度和土壤湿度在不同尺度下的Kriging插值结果,确定了两者最佳采样间距。试验结果表明,土壤温度和土壤湿度的半方差函数分别适用于球形模型和指数模型,两者均有很强的空间自相关。其中,土壤温度自相关距离为51.56 m,土壤湿度的自相关距离为154.16 m。土壤温度在45°、90°方向变化明显大于0°、135°方向;土壤湿度拟合决定系数( R 2 )为0.77,在0°、135°方向上变化较大,土壤温度和土壤湿度最佳采样间距分别为60 m和100 m。