化学计量学在农药残留分析中的应用与进展

本文对近几年来化学计量学方法在农药残留分析测试中的应用进行了评述．指出了化学计量学在农药残留分析中的重要性及应用前景。     

果蔬中农药残留检测技术研究进展

对目前水果、蔬菜中农药残留分析检测方法及其前处理过程以及快速检测技术作了综述。固相萃取（SPE）、超临界流体萃取（SFE）等新的萃取方法已逐渐代替了液-液萃取（LLE）等传统提取方法。色谱技术是农药残留分析中的重要手段。气相色谱（GC）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）及其联用技术是现阶段农药残留分析中的主要检测方法。指出了今后该领域的研究方向。     

利用气相色谱法检测豆类蔬菜中14种有机磷农药残留

选用安捷伦7890A-FPD,DB-1701毛细管色谱柱分离,样品用乙酸乙酯提取,氮吹水浴浓缩温度为45℃,建立14种有机磷农药在豆类蔬菜中的残留分析方法。结果表明:14种农药在0.01～1.0μg/mL范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999,在18 min内能够完全分离;14种有机磷农药的回收率均在80%～100%范围内,其相对标准偏差均低于10,该方法适用于豆类蔬菜中14种有机磷农药残留的同时检测。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定葵花籽中28种农药残留

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)测定葵花籽中咯菌腈、氯氰菊酯、异丙甲草胺等28种农药残留的方法。样品经乙腈提取,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)及固相萃取(SPE)净化,GCMS/MS测定,多反应监测模式(MRM)分析,外标法定量。结果表明:采用凝胶渗透色谱及固相萃取净化可有效排除大部分干扰成分;在0.01~0.5 mg/L范围内,28种农药的峰面积与对应的质量浓度间呈良好的线性关系,决定系数R2>0.994;在50、100和200 μg/kg 3个添加水平下,各农药的平均回收率在74%~120%之间,相对标准偏差在0.9%~9.5% (n=5)之间,定量限在0.2~7.6 μg/kg之间。该方法灵敏、准确、可靠,能满足农药残留检测的要求,可用于监测葵花籽生产过程中的农药残留。     

Measurement of pesticide residues in peppers by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy

BACKGROUND: Peppers are a frequent object of food safety alerts in various member states of the European Union owing to the presence in some batches of unauthorised pesticide residues. This study assessed the viability of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for the measurement of pesticide residues in peppers. Commercially available spectrophotometers using different sample‐presentation methods were evaluated for this purpose: a diode‐array spectrometer for intact raw peppers and two scanning monochromators fitted with different sample‐presentation accessories (transport and spinning modules) for crushed peppers and for dry extract system for infrared analysis (DESIR), respectively. RESULTS: Models developed using partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS2‐DA) correctly classified between 62 and 68% of samples by presence/absence of pesticides, depending on the instrument used. At model validation, the highest percentage of correctly classified samples—75 and 82% for pesticide‐free and pesticide‐containing samples respectively—were obtained for intact peppers using the diode‐array spectrometer. CONCLUSION: The results obtained confirmed that NIRS technology may be used to provide swift, non‐destructive preliminary screening for pesticide residues; suspect samples may then be analysed by other confirmatory analytical methods. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄瓜中10种农药残留

建立了黄瓜中氟啶虫酰胺、丁苯吗啉、氟吡菌酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈、环酰菌胺、氟吡菌胺、唑嘧菌胺、氟吗啉、烯肟菌酯和烯肟菌胺10种农药残留的QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品采用QuEChERS方法,经乙腈涡旋振荡提取,无水硫酸镁和氯化钠盐析后,取5 mL提取液,加入含125 mg PSA、900 mg无水MgSO₄和25 mg GCB的组合净化剂进行净化,采用Agilent HP-5 MS Ultra Inert色谱柱分离,气相色谱-串联质谱仪多反应监测 (MRM) 模式测定,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。结果表明:在检测浓度范围内,10种农药的质量浓度与其对应的峰面积间呈良好线性关系,决定系数均大于0.99;10种农药的平均回收率在76%~105%之间,相对标准偏差在4.0%~12%之间,定量限在0.001~0.05 mg/kg之间。该方法简便、快速、可靠,适用于黄瓜中10种农药残留的快速检测和分析确证。     

QuEChERS-气相色谱法检测苎麻及其土壤中8种有机磷农药残留

建立了采用QuEChERS-气相色谱快速检测苎麻及其土壤中8种有机磷农药残留的方法。样品用乙腈或乙腈-超纯水提取,苎麻叶样品用N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)配合石墨化炭黑(GCB)净化,土壤和苎麻杆样品经PSA净化,最后用丙酮置换乙腈,气相色谱-FPD检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在0.05～0.5 mg/kg添加水平范围内,8种农药在土壤、苎麻杆和苎麻叶样品中的平均添加回收率在71.1%～114.2%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.2%～14.6%,检出限(LOD)在0.006～0.016 mg/kg之间,定量限(LOQ)在0.020～0.050 mg/kg之间。该方法准确、快速、方便,适用于有机磷类农药在苎麻叶、苎麻杆和土壤中的残留检测。     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水体中29种农药的残留量

建立了水体中29种农药的固相萃取-气相色谱检测方法。以Envi-18固相萃取小柱提取水样中的各种农药,上样体积为200 mL,洗脱溶剂为正己烷-丙酮(1∶1,体积比)。在添加水平为0.1、1.0和10 μg/L时,水样中29种农药的添加回收率为60%~111%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~6.4%,方法的检出限(LOD)为5~50 ng/L。所建立方法准确、灵敏、快速,符合水体中多种农药残留检测分析的要求,且对水体中低浓度残留农药的检测效果较好。     

分子印迹传感技术在农药残留检测中的应用研究进展

传统的大型仪器检测及免疫检测等农药残留检测方法存在周期长、成本高、操作复杂等局限性。近年来随着分子印迹技术和微电子技术的发展,分子印迹传感技术作为一种新的农药残留检测方法,因其具有快速、实时、操作简便、灵敏度高及特异性好等优点,目前已被应用于多数种类杀虫剂及部分除草剂和植物生长调节剂的残留检测,显示出了广阔的发展前景。文章从原理和方法方面综述了分子印迹传感技术与电化学、光学以及质量敏感技术联用在农药残留检测领域的研究应用进展,并对该技术的未来发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

Application of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to pesticide fate and transport: an overview

Pesticide transport models are tools used to develop improved pesticide management strategies, study pesticide processes under different conditions (management, soils, climates, etc) and illuminate aspects of a system in need of more field or laboratory study. This paper briefly overviews RZWQM history and distinguishing features, overviews key RZWQM components and reviews RZWQM validation studies. RZWQM is a physically based agricultural systems model that includes sub-models to simulate: infiltration, runoff, water distribution and chemical movement in the soil; macropore flow and chemical movement through macropores; evapotranspiration (ET); heat transport; plant growth; organic matter/nitrogen cycling; pesticide processes; chemical transfer to runoff; and the effect of agricultural management practices on these processes. Research to date shows that if key input parameters are calibrated, RZWQM can adequately simulate the processes involved with pesticide transport (ET, soil-water content, percolation and runoff, plant growth and pesticide fate). A review of the validation studies revealed that (1) accurate parameterization of restricting soil layers (low permeability horizons) may improve simulated soil-water content; (2) simulating pesticide sorption kinetics may improve simulated soil pesticide concentration with time (persistence) and depth and (3) calibrating the pesticide half-life is generally necessary for accurate pesticide persistence simulations. This overview/review provides insight into the processes involved with the RZWQM pesticide component and helps identify model weaknesses, model strengths and successful modeling strategies.     

中欧蔬菜农药登记和限量标准差异及技术壁垒措施解析——以西兰花为例

我国出口欧盟的蔬菜产品屡受欧盟技术性贸易壁垒的限制。本文以农药残留超标出口受阻的典型蔬菜品种西兰花为例,研究中欧农药残留限量标准及农药登记情况,通过对比西兰花农药登记情况、农药残留限量标准、农药管理差异,分析中欧差距,为应对技术性贸易壁垒提出以下建议:加快建立和完善中国特色的农药登记和农药残留限量标准法规;增强农药信息开放性;积极应对欧盟WTO/SPS通报;以及设置贸易壁垒限制劣质产品的进口。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定9种绿叶类蔬菜中36种农药多残留的基质效应

应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法 (UPLC-MS/MS) 研究了香菜、木耳菜、油麦菜、冬苋菜、蕹菜、生菜、芹菜、菠菜和茼蒿等9种绿叶菜类蔬菜中36种农药多残留的基质效应及影响因素。比较了QuEChERS方法中不同吸附剂对基质效应的影响,并比较了经QuEChERS方法、氨基柱净化法和未经净化直接检测3种前处理方法在UPLC-MS/MS检测模式下基质效应的差异。结果表明:N-丙基乙二胺 (PSA) 对绿叶菜中主要影响基质效应的杂质净化效果较好;QuEChERS净化法优于其他2种,样品经QuEChERS法净化后,36种农药在木耳菜、油麦菜、冬苋菜、蕹菜和生菜中均为弱基质效应,可直接采用试剂标准品进行定量分析。对于基质效应明显的蔬菜和农药,建议采用基质匹配标准曲线进行定量分析;针对一些基质效应较强的农药,在灵敏度和仪器检出限允许的前提下,可适当采用稀释法补偿基质效应。     

Immobilization of the pesticide 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on a silica gel surface

A route for the immobilization of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) on silica gel has been developed. In the first step the precursor was prepared by reacting the silylating agent 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine with silica gel. Nitrogen analysis of this anchored compound showed the presence of 1.16 mmol of amine groups per gram of support. The herbicide was covalently bonded to the amine groups previously anchored onto silica gel. Infrared, [¹³C] and [²⁹Si] NMR spectra supported the reaction between the nitrogen of the amine group of the anchored silica with the carbon on the para‐position of the aromatic ring of 2,4‐D. The reaction yield, 90.3%, was confirmed through elemental analysis. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Determination of residual 2,4,5-T in vegetables by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorometric detection after derivatization with 2-(2,3-naphthalimino)ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (NE-OTf)

2,4,5-T was extracted with acetone at below pH 1·0 and the extract was concentrated. After adding 100 g litre^-1 sodium chloride solution to the residual solution, 2,4,5-T was extracted with ethyl acetate+hexane (20+80 by volume). The extract was evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in acetonitrile. 18-crown-6, potassium fluoride and NE-OTf were added to the acetonitrile solution and then allowed to react at 50°C for 20 min. The product was injected to a HPLC with ultraviolet detection operated at 259 nm and fluorometric detection at 394 nm emission and 259 nm excitation. The determination limits of the 2,4,5-T derivative in the sample were 20 μg litre^-1 with UV detection and 10 μg litre^-1 with fluorometric detection. © 1997 SCI.     

The pesticide module of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM): testing and sensitivity analysis of selected algorithms for pesticide fate and surface runoff

The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a one-dimensional, numerical model for simulating water movement and chemical transport under a variety of management and weather scenarios at the field scale. The pesticide module of RZWQM includes detailed algorithms that describe the complex interactions between pesticides and the environment. We have simulated a range of situations with RZWQM, including foliar interception and washoff of a multiply applied insecticide (chlorpyrifos) to growing corn, and herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, flumetsulam) with pH-dependent soil sorption, to examine whether the model appears to generate reasonable results. The model was also tested using chlorpyrifos and flumetsulam for the sensitivity of its predictions of chemical fate and water and pesticide runoff to various input parameters. The model appears to generate reasonable representations of the fate and partitioning of surface- and foliar-applied chemicals, and the sorption of weakly acidic or basic pesticides, processes that are becoming increasingly important for describing adequately the environmental behavior of newer pesticides. However, the kinetic sorption algorithms for charged pesticides appear to be faulty. Of the 29 parameters and variables analyzed, chlorpyrifos half-life, the Freundlich adsorption exponent, the fraction of kinetic sorption sites, air temperature, soil bulk density, soil-water content at 33 kPa suction head and rainfall were most sensitive for predictions of chlorpyrifos residues in soil. The latter three inputs and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil and surface crusts were most sensitive for predictions of surface water runoff and water-phase loss of chlorpyrifos. In addition, predictions of flumetsulam (a weak acid) runoff and dynamics in soil were sensitive to the Freundlich equilibrium adsorption constant, soil pH and its dissociation coefficient.